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Figure 8 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715
Figure 8 - Geographical distribution of Hirudo medicinalis and Hirudo verbana, based on data published in 2012 (A). In the species Hirudo verbana, a western (w) and an eastern (e) phylogroup has been identified. Occurrence of medicinal leeches in the nest of aquatic birds (B). The photograph shows adult, living specimens of Hirudo medicinalis (with cocoon, see Inset) collected from a nest of a water bird (western marsh harrier, Circus aeruginosus) in Poland (adapted from Kovalenko and Utevsky 2012 [A] and Buczyńsky et al. 2014 [B], respectively).
Figure 6 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715
Figure 6 - Intact (A) and fragmented (B) posterior sucker of an adult alcohol-preserved Hirudo medicinalis. The disk-shaped sucker is largely composed of muscle tissue containing numerous mitochondria. DNA-extractions for mt-sequence analysis (fragments of the gene CO-I) were performed from this part of the body that is not contaminated with the gut content of the blood-sucking annelid.
Figure 5 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715
Figure 5 - Adult and junvenile alcohol-preserved Hirudo medicinalis, and a cocoon in dorsal view (A). The Inset shows the characteristic pigment pattern of a newly hatched individual in dorsal and ventral view, respectively (B).
Figure 3 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715
Figure 3 - Details of the midbody, in dorsal view (A), the head (B) and the anterior sucker (ventral view) (C) of an adult, alcohol-preserved Hirudo medicinalis. As = auterior sucker.
Figure 4 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715
Figure 4 - Lateral view of an adult, alcohol-preserved Hirudo medicinalis (A) and position of the male (♂) and female (♀) gonopores on the ventral side (B), with the tube-like male copulatory organ outside of the body.
Figure 2 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715
Figure 2 - Dorsal and ventral views of a representative, alcohol-preserved specimen of Hirudo medicinalis collected in eastern Germany. The species-specific pigment patterns are visible.
Figure 7 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715
Figure 7 - Two adult, free-living Hirudo medicinalis in the process of sucking blood from an edible frog (Rana esculenta L.). The amphibians usually survive these attacks (adapted from Manzke and Winkler 2012).
Figure 1 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715
Figure 1 - Photograph of living adult specimens of the European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus 1758) and the Mediterranean medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana Carena 1820). The leeches, maintained in pond water, are depicted in dorsal view, with their disk-shaped posterior sucker attached to a petri dish.
Figures 6 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figures 6 - a–d Shells of Benthomodiolus geikotsucola Okutani and Miyazaki, 2007. a exterior of left valve of holotype (NSMT-Mo-7670349), b–d of the dissected paratype (NSMT Mo-76704j).
Figure 3 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figure 3 - Anatomical details of Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. a exhalant aperture interior, b exhalant aperture exterior, c posterior viewed from the ventral, d anterior mantle edge, e middle mantle edge, f labial palps, g the alimentary system and heart.
Figure 7 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figure 7 - Gross anatomy of Benthomodiolus geikotsucola stained with methylene green. a after removal of left valve and mantle, b after further removal of the ctenidium, c diagram of the adductor, pedal and byssal musculature.
Figure 2 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figure 2 - Gross anatomy of Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. a after removal of left valve and mantle, b after further removal of the ctenidium, c diagram of the adductor, pedal and byssal musculature.
Figure 1 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figure 1 - Shells of Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. a–d holotype, a external of left valve, b external of right valve, c internal of left valve, d dorsal (CMNML 097165), e paratype external of right valve (NMW.Z.2015.013.1a).
Figures 5 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figures 5 - a–b Images of the benthic habitat at the Endeavour segment and Middle Valley. a showing a clump of Ridgeia and many dead vesicomyid clams, b a clump of Ridgeia around a sulphide block
Figures 10 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figures 10 - a–e The ctenidium of Benthomodiolus lignocola a gross anatomy, b SEM of whole filaments, c SEM of inter filamentar junction, d SEM of tip of filament, e SEM of polygonal surface of microvilli (Knudsen 1970). Figures 4f–h. The ctenidium of Benthomodiolus geikotsucola. f SEM of a whole filaments gross anatomy, g SEM of inter filamentar junction, h SEM of the polygonal surface.
Figures 4 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figures 4 - a–e The ctenidium of Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. a gross anatomy, b SEM of whole filament, c SEM of tip of a single filament, d SEM of inter filamental junction, e SEM of polygonal surface of microvilli. f–h The ctenidium of Benthomodiolus geikotsucola. f gross anatomy, g SEM of a whole filament, h SEM of the polygonal surface.
Figure 9 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figure 9 - Shells and anatomy of paratypes Benthomodiolus abyssicola Knudsen, 1970 (ZMUC-BIV-30). a exterior of the right valve of the dissected specimen, b interior of left valve, c dorsal view of a small specimen with well preserved periostracal bristles, d gross anatomy, stained with methylene green after removal of right valve, mantle and ctenidium, e pedal and byssal musculature, f diagram of the gross anatomy of a paratype after Kenk in Coan and Valentich-Scott 2012.
Figure 8 from: Oliver PG (2015) Description and morphology of the "Juan de Fuca vent mussel", Benthomodiolus erebus sp. n. (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae): "Phylogenetically basal but morphologically advanced". Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.5417
Figure 8 - Shells and anatomy of Benthomodiolus lignocola Dell, 1987. a exterior of the right valve of the holotype (MNNZ M.075023), b-d the shell of the dissected paratype MNNZ M-075248/1, e–g gross anatomy stained with methylene green. e after removal of left valve and mantle, f after further removal of the ctenidium, g diagram of the adductor, pedal and byssal musculature.
Fig. 1. Morphological diversity across Solanum. A in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters
Fig. 1. Morphological diversity across Solanum. A, Annual herb (Morelloid clade, S. weddellii Phil.); B, Herbaceous vine (Herpystichum clade, S. brevifolium Dunal); C, Woody vine (Tomato clade, S. juglandifolium Dunal); D, Single-stemmed shrub (Pteroidea clade, S. mite Ruiz & Pav.); E, Shrub (Torva clade, S. glutinosum Dunal); F, Tree (Crinitum clade, S. sycophanta Dunal); G, Simple glandular trichomes (Tomato clade, S. habrochaites S.Knapp & D.M.Spooner); H, Stellate glandular trichomes (Torva clade, S. asperolanatum Ruiz & Pav.); I, Mix of simple glandular (short) and eglandular (long) trichomes (Tomato clade, S. arcanum Peralta); J, Stellate glandular trichomes (Erythrotrichum clade, S. aciculare Sw.); K, Needle-like prickles on calyx (EHS clade, S. dasyphyllum Schumach. & Thonn.); L, Broad-based prickles on trunk (Crinitum clade, S. kioniotrichum Bitter ex J.F.Macbr.); M, Homomorphic stamens, most common state in Solanum (Anarrhichomenum clade, S. appendiculatum Dunal); N, Apical and basal anther modifications (i.e., horn-like projections; Normania clade, S. trisectum Dunal); O, Apical anther modifications (i.e., appendages; Tomato clade, S. corneliomulleri J.F.Macbr.); P, Enlarged anther connectives (Pachyphylla clade, S. betaceum Cav.); Q, Deeply stellate purple corollas (Pachyphylla clade, S. sycocarpum Mart. & Sendtn.); R, Broadly stellate purple corollas (EHS clade, S. linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M.L.Jaeger); S, Rotate purple corollas with abundant interpetalar tissue (Herpystichum clade, S. trifolium Dunal); T, Deeply stellate yellow-green corollas lacking interpetalar tissue (Pteroidea clade, S. anceps Ruiz & Pav.); U, Campanulate pale lilac corollas (Morelloid clade; S. fiebrigii Bitter); V, Urceolate white-purple corollas (Pachyphylla clade, S. diversifolium Dunal); W, Bilaterally symmetric corollas with heteromorphic anthers (Normania clade, S. trisectum Dunal); X, Bilaterally symmetric corollas with heteromorphic anthers (Androceras clade; S. grayi Rose var. grandiflorum Whalen); Y, Obovoid, apically pointed fleshy berries (Thelopodium clade, S. thelopodium Sendtn.); Z, Globose fleshy berries with colour variation through maturation from yellow (unripe) to red (fully mature; Cyphomandropsis clade, S. amotapense Svenson); AA, Globose orange berries (Reductum clade, S. reductum C.V.Morton); AB, Globose black berries (Morelloid clade, S. longifilamentum Särkinen & P.Gonzáles); AC, Obovoid, apically pointed brown berries (Herpystichum clade, S. limoncochaense Tepe); AD, Globose blue berries (Dulcamaroid clade, S. flaccidum Vell.). — Photo vouchers: A, Särkinen & al. 4038; B, Tepe & al. 3061; C, Fajardo & al. 3998; D, Särkinen & al. 4822; E, Knapp & al. 10594; F, Tepe & al. 2327; G, Särkinen & al. 4524; H, Knapp & al. 10336; I, Särkinen & al. 4503; J, Gouvêa 280; K, Vorontsova & al. 151; L, Melchor Castro & Gonzáles 1446; M, Knapp & al. 10156; N, Nijmegen 984750158; O, Knapp & al. 10212; P, Tepe s.n.; Q, Bohs s.n.; R, Knapp s.n.; S, Tepe & al. 2684; T, Fajardo & al. 3982; U, Barboza & al. 3548; V, Bohs 2341 (cult. from seeds of Benítez de Rojas 2744); W, cult. Madeira, no collection voucher; X, Vallejo-Marín 08-s-78; Y, Melchor Castro & Gonzáles 1454; Z, Särkinen & al. 4508; AA, Barboza & al. 3516; AB, Särkinen s.n.; AC, Tepe & al. 2627; AD, Giacomin & al. 1737. Photographs by S. Knapp (E, H, M, N, R, O, U, AA), T. Särkinen (A, C, D, G, I, T, Z, AB), P. Gonzáles Arce (L, Y), E. Tepe (B, F, K, P, S, AC), L. Bohs (Q, V), Y.F. Gouvêa (J), M. Vallejo-Marín (X), M. Benedito (W), and L. Giacomin (AD).
Fig. 5 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters
Fig. 5. Evolution of labile morphological traits (vegetative) in Solanum with 50–100 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Specialised underground organs; B, Prickles; C, Trichome structure; D, Leaf division. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.
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