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10,812 results for “novels”
Varied female and male courtship behavior facilitated the evolution of a novel sexual signal
<p><span><span>Sexual selection can contribute to speciation when signals and preferences expressed during mate choice are coupled within groups, but come to differ across groups (generating assortative mating). When new sexual signals evolve, it is important to investigate their roles in both mate location and courtship contexts, as both signaling functions are critical in mate choice. In previous work, researchers identified two new male morphs (silent and purring) in Hawaiian populations of the Pacific field cricket, </span><span>Teleogryllus oceanicus.</span><span> These morphs likely evolved because they protect males from an acoustically orienting parasitoid, yet still obtain some reproductive success. But, it remains unknown how purring morphs function in close courtship encounters. We compared the relative success of the very recently evolved purring morph to that of the ancestral and silent morphs during courtship encounters. Purring males produce a novel courtship song and were not as successful in courtship as the ancestral type, but were mounted by females as often and as quickly as the obligately silent morph that arose and spread ~20 years ago. Purring males initiate courtship more quickly than other morphs, and females from populations where purring is common exhibit higher overall mounting rates. Thus, differences in the behavior of purring males and of females from populations where purring is common may have facilitated the origin of this novel sexual signal. We found no assortative mating between males of a given morph and females from their own population, and so we hypothesize that multiple male types will be maintained within the species because each achieves fitness in different ways. </span></span></p>
Development of Novel Ultra-High Performance Engineered Cementitious Composites (UHP-ECC) for Durable and Resilient Transportation Infrastructure
<p>The objective of this study was to develop novel UHP-ECC materials utilizing readily available ingredients in Region 6 for the construction and repair of transportation infrastructure. Phase one of this study focused on the development of ultra-high strength cementitious matrices by evaluating the effects of ingredient selection and mixture proportioning on the materials’ compressive strength. Variables evaluated included the mass ratios of silica fume to fly ash (SF/FA), supplementary cementitious materials to cement (SCMs/C), and ordinary sand to microsilica sand (OS/MS). Phase two of the study focused on the development of UHP-ECC materials. To this end, based on the knowledge gained from phase one, two ultra-high strength cementitious matrices (one with and one without SF) were formulated and their fracture properties were evaluated through fracture toughness test. Furthermore, fiber-bridging properties of ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMW) polyethylene (PE) fiber in the developed cementitious matrices were evaluated through single crack tensile test (SCTT). Four different composites were produced by reinforcing the selected cementitious matrices with 1.5 and 2 vol.% UHMW PE fiber. Fresh and hardened properties of the developed composites were assessed by means of flowability test, compressive strength test, uniaxial tensile test, and flexural performance test. Results from phase one showed that SF/FA had the most relevant effect on compressive strength, followed by SCMs/C, and OS/MS. Furthermore, increments in SF/FA produced improvements in strength, whereas increments in SCMs/C and OS/MS reduced strength. Experimental results from phase two indicated that the use of SF and the increase in fiber content generally had a negative effect on the fresh and hardened properties of the composites. These observations were credited to a worsening fiber distribution when using silica fume and/or increasing fiber content. Three UHP-ECC materials utilizing readily available ingredients were successfully developed (i.e., mixtures FA25-f1.5, FA25-f2, and FA20SF5-f2). These materials simultaneously exhibited ultra-high compressive strength (>120 MPa) and ECC-like ductility (tensile strain capacity >2%). The average crack width for all mixtures ranged between 61-131 μm. Mixture FA25-f1.5, which displayed the best mechanical properties, exhibited a compressive strength of 133.1 MPa, flexural strength of 21.4 MPa, tensile strength of 10.3 MPa, tensile strain capacity of 4.3%, and an average crack width of 115.3 μm. Importantly, this mixture did not incorporate silica fume or microsilica sand and used low fiber content (i.e., 1.5 vol.%).</p>
Coupling Novel Soil Moisture-Suction Sensors and UAV Photogrammetry Technology to the Performance of Highway Embankments
<p>The movement of water plays a critical role in the mechanical performance and service life of transportation infrastructure, especially for pavement subgrades and highway embankments consisting of high-plasticity, expansive soils that saturate and ultimately lead to infrastructure distress. Shallow slides along highway embankments are ubiquitous across Region 6 because long-term wetting and drying cycles considerably weaken these compacted soils. In the aftermath of heavy rains, pore-water pressures increase to a critical threshold such that a failure occurs. The implications of embankment failures range from repeated maintenance repairs to long-term road closures. A comprehensive approach to model highway embankments comprising of laboratory testing, setup, and field data collection using unmanned aerial vehicles has been proposed in this study.</p>
Influence of pollen dispersal and mating pattern in domestication of intermediate Wheatgrass, a novel perennial food crop
<p>Intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) is a perennial forage grass that is currently being domesticated as a grain crop. It is a primarily wind-pollinated outcrossing species and expresses severe inbreeding depression when self-pollinated. Characterization of pollen dispersal, mating parameters, and change in genetic diversity due to pollen movement is currently lacking in IWG. In this study, we examined pollen dispersal in an IWG selection nursery by evaluating 846 progeny from 15 mother plants and traced their parentage to 374 fathers. A set of 2500 genomic loci was used to characterize the population. We assigned paternity to 769 (91%) progeny and the average number of fathers per mother plant was 37, from an average of 56 progeny examined per mother. An extensive number (80%) of pollination events occurred within 10 m of the mother plants. Pollination success was not correlated with trait attributes of the paternal genotypes. Mating system analysis confirmed that IWG is highly out-crossing and inbreeding was virtually absent. Neither genetic diversity nor the genome-estimated trait values of progeny were significantly affected by pollinator distance. The distance of pollinator in an IWG breeding nursery therefore was not found to be a major contributor in maintaining genetic diversity. These findings reveal the pollen dispersal model in IWG for the first time and its effect on genetic diversity, which will be valuable in designing future IWG breeding populations. Information generated and discussed in this study could be applied in understanding gene flow and genetic diversity of other open-pollinated species.</p>
Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) physiological response to novel thermal and hypoxic conditions at high elevations
<p>Many species have not tracked their thermal niches upslope as predicted by climate change, potentially because higher elevations are associated with abiotic challenges beyond temperature. To better predict if organisms can continue to move upslope with rising temperatures, we need to understand their physiological performance when subjected to novel high elevation conditions. Here, we captured Anna's hummingbirds – a species expanding their elevational distribution in concordance with rising temperatures – from across their current elevational distribution and tested their physiological response to novel abiotic conditions. First, at a central aviary within their current elevational range, we measured hovering metabolic rate to assess their response to oxygen conditions and torpor use to assess their response to thermal conditions. Second, we transported the hummingbirds to a location 1200 meters above their current elevational range limit to test an acute response to novel oxygen and thermal conditions. Hummingbirds exhibited lower hovering metabolic rates above their current elevational range limit, suggesting lower oxygen availability may reduce performance after an acute exposure. Alternatively, hummingbirds showed a facultative response to thermal conditions by using torpor more frequently and longer. Finally, post-experimental dissection found that hummingbirds originating from higher elevations within their range had larger hearts, a potential plastic response to hypoxic environments. Overall, our results suggest lower oxygen availability and low air pressure may be difficult challenges to overcome for hummingbirds shifting upslope due to rising temperatures, especially if there is little to no long-term acclimatization. Future studies should investigate how chronic exposure and acclimatization to novel conditions, as opposed to acute experiments, may result in alternative outcomes that help organisms better respond to abiotic challenges associated climate-induced range shifts.</p>
Revealing the Sustainability of Novel Food System Technologies: A systematic scoping review
<p>This repository contains the R- script and data files used to generate visualizations for a systematic scoping review on the sustainability of novel food system technologies. </p>
Supplementary tables for the article "A novel approach for discovering correlations between elemental and molecular composition using laser-based spectroscopic techniques"
<p>Table S1. Collection conditions of zooplankton samples. Data in the salinity and temperature columns, separated by a slash sign, are the characteristics of surface and bottom water.</p> <p>Table S2. The results of elemental analysis of zooplankton by ICP-AES and ICP-MS (as provided by IO RAS).</p> <p>Table S3. List of emission signals used to construct spider diagrams.</p> <p>Table S4. List of spectral ranges eliminated from LIBS data to improve the performance of chemometric algorithms.</p> <p>Raw LIBS and Raman spectra of zooplankton.</p> <p> </p>
Sensitization of FOLFOX-resistant colorectal cancer cells via the modulation of a novel pathway involving protein phosphatase 2A
<p>The treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) with FOLFOX shows some efficacy, but these tumors quickly develop resistance to this treatment. We have observed an increased phosphorylation of AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1 and levels of p21 in FOLFOX-resistant CRC cells. We have identified a small molecule, NSC49L, that stimulates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, downregulates the AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1-axis, and inhibits p21 translation. We have provided evidence that NSC49L- and TRAIL-mediated sensitization is synergistically induced in p21-knockdown CRC cells, which is reversed in p21-overexpressing cells. p21 binds with procaspase 3 and prevents activation of caspase 3. We have shown that TRAIL induces apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3 by NSC49L-mediated downregulation of p21 translation, and thereby cleavage of procaspase 3 into caspase 3. NSC49L does not affect global protein synthesis. These studies provide a mechanistic understanding of NSC49L as a PP2A agonist, and how its combination with TRAIL sensitizes FOLFOX-resistant CRC cells.</p>
Evolution of a novel female reproductive strategy in Drosophila melanogaster populations subjected to long term protein restriction
<p>Reproductive output is often constrained by availability of macronutrients, especially protein. Long term protein restriction, therefore, is expected to select for traits maximizing reproduction even under nutritional challenge. We subjected four replicate populations of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> to a complete deprivation of yeast supplement, thereby mimicking a protein restricted ecology. Following 24 generations, compared to their matched controls, females from experimental populations showed increased reproductive output early in life, both in presence and absence of yeast supplement. The observed increase in reproductive output was without associated alterations in egg size, development time, pre-adult survivorship, body mass at eclosion, and lifespan of the females. Further, selection was ineffective on lifelong cumulative fecundity. However, females from experiment regime were found to have a significantly faster rate of reproductive senescence following the attainment of the reproductive peak early in life. Therefore, adaptation to yeast deprivation ecology in our study involved a novel reproductive strategy whereby females attained higher reproductive output early in life followed by faster reproductive aging. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the cleanest demonstration of optimization of fitness by fine tuning of reproductive schedule during adaptation to a prolonged nutritional deprivation.</p>
Dopamine activity in the tail of the striatum, DeepLabCut and MoSeq during novel object exploration
<p>In this study, we characterized dynamics of novelty exploration using multi-point tracking (DeepLabCut) and behavioral segmentation (MoSeq). Mice were habituated in an arena, and then a object was placed at the corner of the arena. We compared 4 groups of mice: one with presentation of a novel object (stimulus novelty), one with a presentation of a familiar object (contextual novelty), one with presentation of a novel object after ablation of dopamine neuorns that project to the tail of the striatum (TS), and one with presentation of a novel object after sham surgery. With a separate group of mice, dopamine activity in TS was recorded during novelty exploration.</p>
A novel nematode species from the Siberian permafrost shares adaptive mechanisms for cryptobiotic survival with C. elegans dauer larva
<p>Some organisms in nature have developed the ability to enter a state of suspended metabolism called cryptobiosis<sup>1</sup> when environmental conditions are unfavorable. This state-transition requires the execution of complex genetic and biochemical programs<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup>, that enables the organism to survive for prolonged periods. Recently, nematode individuals have been reanimated from Siberian permafrost after remaining in cryptobiosis. Preliminary analysis indicates that these nematodes belong to the genera <em>Panagrolaimus</em> and <em>Plectus</em><sup>4</sup>. Here, we present precise radiocarbon dating indicating that the <em>Panagrolaimus</em> individuals have remained in cryptobiosis since the late Pleistocene (~46,000 years). Phylogenetic inference based on our genome assembly and a detailed morphological analysis demonstrate that they belong to an undescribed species, which we named <em>Panagrolaimus n. sp</em>. Comparative genome analysis revealed that the molecular toolkit for cryptobiosis in <em>Panagrolaimus n. sp. </em>and in <em>C. elegans</em> is partly orthologous. We show that biochemical mechanisms employed by these two species to survive desiccation and freezing under laboratory conditions are similar. Our experimental evidence also reveals that <em>C. elegans</em> dauer larvae can remain viable for longer periods in suspended animation than previously reported. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that nematodes evolved mechanisms potentially allowing them to suspend life over geological time scales.</p>
Quantification of transgene expression in GSH AAVS1 with a novel CRISPR/Cas9 based approach reveals high transcriptional variation
<p>Inderbitzin, Loosli and colleagues employ a novel method to construct and extensively characterize DNA barcode libraries and apply CRISPR/Cas9 technology for targeted insertion into the safe harbor gene AAVS1 in Jurkat cells. This technique revealed high fluctuations in gene expression in AAVS1, spanning over two logs.</p>
Landscape connectivity and genetic structure in a mainstem and a tributary stonefly (Plecoptera) species using a novel reference genome
<p>Abstract Understanding how environmental variation influences population genetic structure can help predict how environmental change influences population connectivity, genetic diversity, and evolutionary potential. We used riverscape genomics modelling to investigate how climatic and habitat variables relate to patterns of genetic variation in two stonefly species, one from mainstem river habitats (Sweltsa coloradensis) and one from tributaries (Sweltsa fidelis) in 40 sites in northwest Montana, USA. We produced a draft genome assembly for S. coloradensis (N50 = 0.251 Mbp, BUSCO &gt; 95% using "insecta_ob9" reference genes). We genotyped 1930 SNPs in 372 individuals for S. coloradensis and 520 SNPs in 153 individuals for S. fidelis. We found higher genetic diversity for S. coloradensis compared to S. fidelis, but nearly identical genetic differentiation among sites within each species (both had global loci median FST = 0.000), despite differences in stream network location. For landscape genomics and testing for selection, we produced a less stringently filtered data set (3454 and 1070 SNPs for S. coloradensis and S. fidelis, respectively). Environmental variables (mean summer precipitation, slope, aspect, mean June stream temperature, land cover type) were correlated with 19 putative adaptive loci for S. coloradensis. but there was only one putative adaptive locus for S. fidelis (correlated with aspect). Interestingly, we also detected potential hybridization between multiple Sweltsa species which has never been previously detected. Studies like ours, that test for adaptive variation in multiple related species are needed to help assess landscape connectivity and the vulnerability of populations and communities to environmental change.</p>
Dataset (III) related to publication: Discrepancy in interactions and conformational dynamics of pregnane X receptor (PXR) bound to an agonist and a novel competitive antagonist
<p>MD simulation data related to the publication Rashidian et al.: Discrepancy in interactions and conformational dynamics of pregnane X receptor (PXR) bound to an agonist and a novel competitive antagonist. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.020">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.020</a></p> <p>Individual .zip files contain raw-desmond trajectories (-out.cms files and trj-files)</p> <p>dataset I: systems SRL+Co, C-100 and BAY-1797</p> <p>dataset I: each file contains all branched replicas and the main replica.</p> <p>dataset1: C_100_Replica1 contains four branched replicas and the main replica. The two of four branched replicas which stem from the middle of the main replica named: b_c_D1_r1_2285 (corresponding name in the SI data is R1_a) and b_c_D1_2285_r1_2 (corresponding name in the SI data is R1_b).</p> <p>dataset1: C_100_Replica2–5 , each file contains one main replica and the two branches.</p> <p>dataset I: system SRL+Co ;each file contains one main replica</p> <p>dataset I: system BAY-1797; each file contains one main replica</p> <p>dataset II:system SRL ; each file contains one main replica.</p> <p>dataset III:system C-100+Co (compound 100 in presence of SRC-1 coactivator) ; each file contains one main replica.</p>
A novel trophic cascade between cougars and feral donkeys shapes desert wetlands
<p>Introduced large herbivores have partly filled ecological gaps formed in the late Pleistocene, when many of the Earth's megafauna were driven extinct. However, extant predators are generally considered incapable of exerting top-down influences on introduced megafauna, leading to unusually strong disturbance and herbivory relative to native herbivores.</p> <p>We report on the first documented predation of juvenile feral donkeys (<em>Equus africanus asinus</em>) by cougars (<em>Puma concolor</em>) in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of North America. We then investigated how cougar predation corresponds with differences in feral donkey behavior and associated effects on desert wetlands.</p> <p>Focusing on a feral donkey population in Death Valley National Park, we compared donkey activity patterns and impacts between wetlands with and without cougar predation.</p> <p>Donkeys were primarily diurnal at wetlands with cougar predation, thereby avoiding cougars. However, donkeys were active throughout the day and night at sites without predation. Donkeys were ~87% less active (measured as hours of activity a day) at wetlands with predation (p<0.0001). Sites with predation had reduced donkey disturbance and herbivory, including ~46% fewer access trails, 43% less trampled bare ground, and 192% more canopy cover (PERMANOVA, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.22, p=0.0003).</p> <p>Our study is the first to reveal a trophic cascade involving cougars, feral equids, and vegetation. Cougar predation appears to rewire an ancient food web, with diverse implications for modern ecosystems. Our results suggest that protecting apex predators could have important implications for the ecological effects of introduced megafauna.</p>
Multimodal single cell analysis of the paediatric lower airway reveals novel immune cell phenotypes in early life health and disease
<p>RDS files of SingleCellExperiment objects containing raw single cell RNA-seq count data required to replicate the analyses presented at: <a href="https://oshlacklab.com/paed-cf-cite-seq/">https://oshlacklab.com/paed-cf-cite-seq/</a> and described in the pre-print titled: <em>"</em>Multimodal single cell analysis of the paediatric lower airway reveals novel immune cell phenotypes in early life health and disease<em>"</em>.<br> Instructions for how to incorporate the raw data into the analysis can be found at: <a href="https://oshlacklab.com/paed-cf-cite-seq/gettingStarted.html">https://oshlacklab.com/paed-cf-cite-seq/gettingStarted.html</a> and the complete analysis code and additional data files can be cloned/downloaded from: <a href="https://github.com/Oshlack/paed-cf-cite-seq">https://github.com/Oshlack/paed-cf-cite-seq</a>.</p>
Data from: Convergent mosaic brain evolution is associated with the evolution of novel electrosensory systems in teleost fishes
<p><span><span><span><span>Brain region size generally scales allometrically with total brain size, but mosaic shifts in brain region size independent of brain size have been found in several lineages and may be related to the evolution of behavioral novelty. African weakly electric fishes (Mormyroidea) evolved a mosaically enlarged cerebellum and hindbrain, yet the relationship to their behaviorally novel electrosensory system remains unclear. We addressed this by studying South American weakly electric fishes (Gymnotiformes) and weakly electric catfishes (<em>Synodontis</em> spp.), which evolved varying aspects of electrosensory systems, independent of mormyroids. If the mormyroid mosaic increases are related to evolving an electrosensory system, we should find similar mosaic shifts in gymnotiforms and <em>Synodontis</em>. Using micro-computed tomography scans, we quantified brain region scaling for multiple electrogenic, electroreceptive, and non-electrosensing species. We found mosaic increases in cerebellum in all three electrogenic lineages relative to non-electric lineages and mosaic increases in torus semicircularis and hindbrain associated with the evolution of electrogenesis and electroreceptor type. These results show that evolving novel electrosensory systems is repeatedly and independently associated with changes in the sizes of individual brain regions independent of brain size, which suggests that selection can impact structural brain composition to favor specific regions involved in novel behaviors.</span></span></span></span></p>
Hybridization alters the shape of the genotypic fitness landscape, increasing access to novel fitness peaks during adaptive radiation
<p>Estimating the complex relationship between fitness and genotype or phenotype (i.e. the adaptive landscape) is one of the central goals of evolutionary biology. However, adaptive walks connecting genotypes to organismal fitness, speciation, and novel ecological niches are still poorly understood and processes for surmounting fitness valleys remain controversial. One outstanding system for addressing these connections is a recent adaptive radiation of ecologically and morphologically novel pupfishes (a generalist, molluscivore, and scale-eater) endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We leveraged whole-genome sequencing of 139 hybrids from two independent field fitness experiments to identify the genomic basis of fitness, estimate genotypic fitness networks, and measure the accessibility of adaptive walks on the fitness landscape. We identified 132 SNPs that were significantly associated with fitness in field enclosures. Six out of the 13 regions most strongly associated with fitness contained differentially expressed genes and fixed SNPs between trophic specialists; one gene (<em>mettl21e</em>) was also misexpressed in lab-reared hybrids, suggesting a potential intrinsic genetic incompatibility. We then constructed genotypic fitness networks from adaptive alleles and show that scale-eating specialists are the most isolated of the three species on these networks. Intriguingly, introgressed and<em> de novo</em> variants reduced fitness landscape ruggedness as compared to standing variation, increasing the accessibility of genotypic fitness paths from generalist to specialists. Our results suggest that adaptive introgression and <em>de novo</em> mutations alter the shape of the fitness landscape, providing key connections in adaptive walks circumventing fitness valleys and triggering the evolution of novelty during adaptive radiation.</p>
Salamanders reveal novel trajectories of amphibian MHC evolution
<p><span>Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) code for immune proteins that are crucial for pathogen recognition in vertebrates. MHC research in non-model taxa has long been hampered by its genomic complexity that makes the locus-specific genotyping challenging. The recent progress in sequencing and genotyping methodologies allows an extensive phylogenetic coverage in studies of MHC evolution. Here, we analysed the peptide-binding region of MHC class I in 30 species of salamanders from six families representative of Urodela phylogeny. This extensive dataset revealed an extreme diversity of MHC-I in salamanders, both in terms of sequence diversity (ca. 3000 variants) and architecture (2-22 gene copies per species). The signal of positive selection was moderate and consistent between both peptide binding domains, but varied greatly between genera. Positions of positively selected sites mostly coincided with human Peptide Binding Sites, suggesting similar structural properties of MHC-I molecules across distant vertebrate lineages. Finally, we provided evidence for the common intra-exonic recombination at MHC-I and for the role of life-history traits in the processes of MHC-I expansion/contraction. Our study revealed novel evolutionary trajectories of amphibian MHC and it contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms that generated extraordinary MHC diversity throughout vertebrate evolution.</span></p>
: Enzobiotics –A Novel Therapy For Elimination Of Uremic Toxins In Ckd Patients (EETOX Study)–Multicentric Double-Blinded Randomised Controlled Trial
<p>Supplementary file for <strong>: </strong><strong>Enzobiotics –A Novel Therapy For </strong><strong>Elimination Of Uremic Toxins In Ckd Patients (EETOX Study)–Multicentric Double-Blinded Randomised Controlled Trial</strong></p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.