Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2024View details →

Data and Code for "Urban socioeconomic variation influences the ecology and evolution of trophic interactions"

Data and code required for all analyses in Urban socioeconomic variation influences the ecology and evolution of trophic interactions.  <a href="../api/files/5ca97a29-9947-482a-9095-5a54c40c57f0/Gall_Data_2022_new.csv">Gall_Data_2022_new.csv</a> contains data for gall predation and diameter measurements. <a href="../api/files/5ca97a29-9947-482a-9095-5a54c40c57f0/Goldrod_Gall_Density.csv">Goldrod_Gall_Density.csv</a> contains goldenrod and gall density measurements for each site. <a href="../api/files/5ca97a29-9947-482a-9095-5a54c40c57f0/GallSitesFinal.csv">GallSitesFinal.csv</a> contains location data for all study sites. <a href="../api/files/5ca97a29-9947-482a-9095-5a54c40c57f0/DisseminationAreaCodes.csv">DisseminationAreaCodes.csv</a> contains codes for each site location needed to obtain census data. Full descriptions of data are included in <a href="../api/records/10702694/draft/files/README.txt/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">README.txt</a> The script <a href="../api/records/10640975/draft/files/DataCleaning.R/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DataCleaning.R</a> assembles the above four datasets with environmental and census data to produce the final dataset: <a href="../api/files/5ca97a29-9947-482a-9095-5a54c40c57f0/MartinElGalmady%26Johnson2023_cleandataset.csv">MartinElGalmady&Johnson2023_cleandataset.csv</a> and the supplemental dataset with galls with early larval death removed: <a href="../api/records/10640975/draft/files/NoELD_dataset.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NoELD_dataset.csv</a> <a href="../api/records/10640975/draft/files/Analysis.R/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Analysis.R</a> provides the code for conducting analyses and producing figures using the <a href="../api/files/5ca97a29-9947-482a-9095-5a54c40c57f0/MartinElGalmady%26Johnson2023_cleandataset.csv">MartinElGalmady&Johnson2023_cleandataset.csv</a> dataset (or the <a href="../api/records/10640975/draft/files/NoELD_dataset.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NoELD_dataset.csv</a> for supplemental analyses with early larval death removed). Detailed descriptions of the final dataset are included in <a href="../api/records/10702694/draft/files/cleandataset_metadata.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">cleandataset_metadata.csv</a> (NoELD_dataset has the same rows and columns as the full dataset).  All code was run in R verison 4.2.2

Dataset of 'Unequal Impacts of Urban Industrial Land Expansion on Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions'

This dataset is an integral component of the research presented in 'Unequal Impacts of Urban Industrial Land Expansion on Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions' by Yoo et al., 2024. It encompasses: 1. Links to two publicly accessible datasets: <ul> <li>Industrial land mapping data derived from Google Earth Engine.</li> <li>Data employed in a longitudinal analysis to evaluate the effects of urban industrial land expansion on CO2 emissions and economic growth.</li> </ul> 2. Comprehensive input data utilized in Mixed Effects Random Forest (MERF) longitudinal modeling to assess the separate impacts on CO2 emissions and economic growth in developing and developed regions. 3. Python scripts provided for: <ul> <li>Executing MERF longitudinal modeling.</li> <li>Computing SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values to interpret the contributions of each predictor variable.</li> <li>Generating figures that visually summarize the findings for both developing and developed regions.</li> </ul>   The manuscript is available at: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01375-x">https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01375-x</a> <div> <div> </div> </div>

Organic compost belowground and floral diversity aboveground interactively shape natural enemies in urban gardens

Plant diversity aboveground can exert top-down pressure on herbivores by attracting predatory insects, while organic soil amendments rich in beneficial microbes can limit herbivores from the bottom up by enhancing plant defensive chemistry. Aboveground and belowground forces always operate simultaneously to shape herbivore pressure, but understanding how they interact is a longstanding and persistent challenge. Here, we examine how organic composts mediate effects of plant diversity across trophic levels, using zucchini plants (Cucurbita pepo) as a study system. Over two field seasons, we manipulated vermicompost treatments in 18 experiments in school gardens that varied in surrounding plant and floral resource diversity, and measured responses of insect herbivores and their natural enemies. Vermicompost strengthened a positive relationship between flower richness and foliar-feeding omnivores, suggesting that robust reservoirs of omnivores at flower-rich sites mounted stronger responses to compost-treated host plants. Predators increased with flower richness, but were not affected by vermicompost. Net outcomes of vermicompost and plant diversity were neutral for herbivores. Synthesis and Applications: Altogether, our results reveal that bottom-up factors protecting plants are modified by their environmental context, and may more effectively attract natural enemies in landscapes with diverse floral resources. Therefore, we recommend augmentation of biodiversity aboveground (i.e. floral resources) together with biodiversity belowground (organic soil amendments) to strengthen crop protection.

Data from: Evolutionary change in flight-to-light response in urban moths comes with changes in wing morphology

Moths and other insects are attracted by artificial light sources. This flight-to-light behaviour disrupts their general activity focused on finding essential habitat resources, such as mating partners, and increases predation risk. It thus has substantial fitness costs. In illuminated urban areas, spindle ermine moths Yponomeuta cagnagella were reported to have evolved a reduced flight-to-light response. Yet, the specific mechanism remained unknown, and was hypothesized to involve either changes in visual perception or general flight ability or overall mobility traits. Here, we test whether spindle ermine moths from urban and rural populations—with known differences in flight-to-light response—differ in flight-related morphological traits. Urban individuals were found to have on average smaller wings than rural moths, which in turn correlated with a lower probability of being attracted to an artificial light source. Our finding supports the reduced mobility hypothesis, which states that reduced mobility in urban areas is associated with specific morphological changes in the flight apparatus.

Urban wild meat consumption across southern forested Cameroon and the limited effect of COVID-19 on wild meat consumption patterns

Overexploitation of wildlife is pervasive in many tropical regions, and in addition to being a significant conservation and sustainability concern, it has received global attention given discussions over the origins of zoonotic disease outbreaks. Where unsustainable, consumption of wild meat by urban residents has been identified as a major socio-environmental challenge, given it is a significant driver of wildlife declines. Yet, information on urban wild meat consumers and possible ways to target conservation interventions remains lacking. Using one of the largest datasets of urban wild meat consumers (1,391) collected through structured questionnaires in 20 towns and cities, we model the demographic, psychographic, and spatial factors associated with wild meat consumption patterns in Cameroon. We find that nearly half of the sampled consumers ate wild meat once per week or more, and find that the probability of being a frequent consumer was greater among men, those living in smaller towns, and those who do not consider there to be a link between eating wild meat and disease. Threatened pangolin species are highly preferred among urban consumers, and most consumers do not consider there to be a link between COVID-19 and pangolins. Most respondents had eaten wild meat since the beginning of COVID-19 and had not reduced their wild meat consumption due to COVID-19. For the first time, we show that consumers with beliefs against a link between wild meat consumption and disease and those with greater income were less likely to have decreased their wild meat consumption. We identified stakeholders including teachers and religious/community leaders as potentially appropriate messengers for demand-reduction campaigns, with television and radio being the most trusted communication channels among wild meat consumers. Crucially, our study advances the current scientific understanding of the factors that influence wild meat consumption frequency and change due to COVID-19 by urban consumers (particularly health beliefs and settlement size). We discuss how our results could be used to inform the design of wild meat demand-reduction interventions to bring the consumption of wild meat towards sustainability in Cameroon, and how our approach is applied pan-tropically.

Interviewing users of services of selected urban areas (Granada)

As part of the EU project SAFE (https://eusafe.fa.uni-lj.si/), University of Granada investigated living conditions and infrastructure offers in Granada (Spain) in order to work out possible suggestions for improvement. Students of University of Granada conducted a survey in Granada in March 2024. The dataset is a compilation of the raw data.

Interviewing users of services of selected urban areas (Bydgoszcz)

As part of the EU project SAFE (https://eusafe.fa.uni-lj.si/), WSG University investigated living conditions and infrastructure offers in Bydgoszcz (Poland) in order to work out possible suggestions for improvement. Students of WSG University conducted an oral survey of passers-by in Bydgoszcz in January 2024. The dataset is a compilation of the raw data.

Rapid responses of bees and butterflies but not birds to targeted urban road verge habitat enhancements

Cities provide opportunities for biodiversity conservation through the design of urban greenspaces as wildlife habitat. A significant proportion of urban public land is narrow linear road verges, though their small size and harsh environmental conditions (e.g. high soil temperatures) may limit their ability to support plants and animals. We worked with a municipal government in a highly urbanised area to test whether conversion of standard road verges (e.g. lawn) to predominantly native understorey plants (forbs, grasses, and shrubs) selected for their abilities to tolerate harsh growing conditions and provide habitat increased the abundance and richness of bees, butterflies, and birds. We used a before-after-control-impact experiment and characterised temporal dynamics of biodiversity responses one year prior to planting and four years post planting. We also tested whether traits known to influence species responses to urbanisation (body size and feeding specialisation) mediated responses to road verge plantings. Bee species richness and abundance increased at experimental plantings in the first post-planting year and remained stable thereafter despite fluctuations at control sites. Butterfly abundance but not richness increased, and there was no evidence of bird responses to plantings. Larger bee species, which are known to be most negatively impacted by urbanisation, benefited more from the road verge plantings, while there was no effect of feeding specialisation. Bird and butterfly traits did not mediate responses to plantings. Synthesis and applications: Road verges comprise a significant proportion of urban green spaces, and our results suggest that despite their small sizes and harsh environmental conditions they can provide habitat for bees and to a lesser extent butterflies. We demonstrated that habitat value can be rapidly enhanced by converting standard road verges to native understorey plants, and that these benefits may be greatest for the bee species most negatively impacted by urbanisation. Modifications such as additional plant species or wider verges may be required for urban road verges to provide habitat for a greater range of taxa including birds and butterflies.

Data from: Effects of microclimate on disease prevalence across an urbanization gradient

Increased temperatures associated with urbanization (the "urban heat island" effect) have been shown to impact a wide range of traits across diverse taxa. At the same time, climatic conditions vary at fine spatial scales within habitats due to factors including shade from shrubs, trees, and built structures. Patches of shade may function as microclimate refugia that allow species to occur in habitats where high temperatures and/or exposure to ultraviolet radiation would otherwise be prohibitive. However, the importance of shaded microhabitats for interactions between species across urbanized landscapes remains poorly understood. Weedy plants and their foliar pathogens are a tractable system for studying how multiple scales of climatic variation influence infection prevalence. Powdery mildew pathogens are particularly well suited to this work, as these fungi can be visibly diagnosed on leaf surfaces. We studied the effects of shaded microclimates on rates of powdery mildew infection on Plantago host species in (1) "pandemic pivot" surveys in which undergraduate students recorded shade and infection status of thousands of plants along road verges in urban and suburban residential neighborhoods, (2) monthly surveys of plant populations in 22 parks along an urbanization gradient, and (3) a manipulative field experiment directly testing effects of shade on growth and transmission of powdery mildew. Together, our field survey results show strong positive effects of shade on mildew infection in wild Plantago populations across urban, suburban, and rural habitats. Our experiment suggests that this relationship is causal, where microclimate conditions associated with shade promote pathogen growth. Overall, infection prevalence increased with urbanization despite a negative association between urbanization and tree cover at the landscape scale. These findings highlight the importance of taking microclimate heterogeneity into account when establishing links between macroclimate or land use context and the prevalence of disease.

Distances between Brazilian Social Housing and Urban Services

This database presents the results of a survey conducted through research using the Google Maps Platform API for grocery stores, drugstores, bank branches, lottery agencies, public schools, health centers, and parks services in a sample of 2241 social housing developments built under Brazilian government programs. It was developed to evaluate the quality of urban insertion of social housing by the HabLabEEE project. Esta base de dados apresenta os resultados de um levantamento realizado por meio de pesquisa com API do Google Maps Platform por serviços de mercado, farmácia, banco, lotérica, escola pública, posto de saúde e parque em uma amostra de 2241 conjuntos habitacionais construídos no âmbito de programas governamentais brasileiros. Foi desenvolvida para avaliar a qualidade da inserção urbana das HIS brasileiras pelo projeto HabLabEEE.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Feb 2024View details →

Data from: Beyond the metropolis: street tree communities and resident perceptions on ecosystem services in small urban centers in India

This dataset includes road transect characteristics, tree data and interview data (linked through transect number) from two cities in India - Kochi and Panjim, collected in 2019-2020 as part of the study: Beyond the metropolis: street tree communities and resident perceptions on ecosystem services in small urban centers in India

Data used in manuscript Direct CO2 emissions and uptake at neighbourhood scale over the urban area of Beijing

This dataset provides the data used in the manuscript "Direct CO2 emissions and uptake at neighbourhood scale over the urban area of Beijing". The folders are: 1. Modelled_CO2_Flux   This folder contains a portion of modelled CO2 fluxes generated by SUEWS. Fc is the net CO2 flux, FcPhoto the CO2 uptake by vegetation, FcRespi the CO2 release from soil and vegetation respiration, FcMetab the CO2 emissions from human metabolism, FcBuild the CO2 emissions from the local fuel combustion in buildings. Longitudes and latitudes denote the centroid of grid.     1.1 Fc_annual_2016_g_C_m-2_yr-1.nc is the annual CO2 fluxes in g C m-2 year-1.     1.2 Fc_monthly_2016_g_C_m-2_mon-1.nc is the monthly CO2 fluxes in g C m-2 month-1.     1.3 Fc_annual_2016_g_C_m-2_yr-1.tiff is the annual Fc (g C m-2 year-1) provided in GeoTiff format.     1.4 6_ring_EPSG4326 contains the ESRI Shapefile defining the study area (with the 6th Ring Road in Beijing as the boundary). 2. ModelRun   This folder includes SUEWS source code (Järvi et al., 2011; Ward et al., 2016; Järvi et al., 2019) and a model run sample.     2.1 SUEWS_SourceCode is a folder including SUEWS V2020b source Fortran codes. For detailed descriptions, readers are referred to SUEWS webpage (https://suews.readthedocs.io/en/latest/). Enter "make" through the command line and a SUEWS executive will be built under ".../ModelRun/Release".     2.2 EvaluationRun is a folder including the SUEWS run for model performance evaluation. To conduct a quick model run to reproduce the results demonstrated in the manuscript, use command line "./SUEWS_V2020b".  3. Observations   The unit for CO2 flux (Fc) is μmol m-2 s-1 under this folder.     3.1 co2_flux_140m_2016_rm_QC.csv is the Fc observations after quality control and resampled to hourly resolution.     3.2 Fc_gapfilled_with_MeanDC.csv is the Fc time series for the year 2016 gap-filled with the Mean Diurnal Cycle method on a seasonal basis.   Contact information: zhengyingqi@mail.iap.ac.cn [References] Järvi, L., Grimmond, C. S. B., & Christen, A. (2011). The surface urban energy and water balance scheme (SUEWS): Evaluation in Los Angeles and Vancouver. Journal of Hydrology, 411(3-4), 219-237. Ward, H. C., Kotthaus, S., Järvi, L., & Grimmond, C. S. B. (2016). Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS): development and evaluation at two UK sites. Urban Climate, 18, 1-32. Järvi, L., Havu, M., Ward, H. C., Bellucco, V., McFadden, J. P., Toivonen, T., ... & Grimmond, C. S. B. (2019). Spatial modeling of local‐scale biogenic and anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in Helsinki. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(15), 8363-8384.

Data from: Contrasting heat tolerance of evergreen and deciduous urban woody species during heat waves

The increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves caused significant damages to urban woody species, and the different leaf structures between evergreen and deciduous species may be closely related to leaf heat tolerance. However, whether the different leaf structural traits of evergreen and deciduous plants contribute to their different responses under heat waves is still unclear. During the record-breaking and long-lasting 2022 summer heat waves in China, we investigated the relationships between leaf thermal indices and leaf structural traits of 36 urban woody species in four cities along the Yangtze River. We found that all the four thermal indices were significantly but weakly related with leaf damage status. The critical temperature that causes the initial 15% damage to photosystem II (Tcrit) may serve as a sensitive measure of heat tolerance. Evergreen species suffered less leaf damage during the heat waves and exhibited higher leaf heat tolerance, thicker leaves than deciduous species. Tcrit was significantly correlated with leaf mass per area, leaf thickness and thickness of spongy tissue. Synthesis: Urban woody species with high Tcrit, leaf mass per area, and leaf thickness tend to be more tolerant to heat stress. This study provides insights for predicting leaf heat tolerance of urban woody plants in subtropical China and their physiological and ecological responses to severe heat waves.

Self-Learning Vehicle Detection Dataset for Urban Environments

This dataset was collected as part of a research study aimed at enhancing vehicle detection algorithms through a self-learning approach tailored for urban environments. The primary objective was to minimize dependency on extensive manual labeling and improve adaptability and effectiveness in dynamic urban conditions. The study utilized urban camera infrastructures to gather real-time traffic data, focusing on a diverse range of vehicle types. The dataset includes images captured from traffic cameras situated at the intersection of Calle de Alcalá and Calle de Velázquez in Madrid, Spain, operated by the Madrid City Council. Data collection spanned from November 30, 2023, to December 6, 2023, covering daytime traffic between 8:30 hours and 18:00 hours. A total of 770 images were captured at approximately 5-minute intervals. This dataset specifically targets five vehicle types: buses, cars, motorcycles, trucks, and vans, chosen to encompass a wide range of vehicle sizes, shapes, and functionalities commonly encountered in city traffic. A subset of 134 images was manually labeled, into sets for training, validation (fine-tuning phase), and validation (self-training phase). The remaining 653 images were labeled automatically via the self-learning process proposed in the research.

Urbanization numerical experiment in Shanghai: WRF model outpts

<div>A numerical experiment was conducted using the WRF model to explore the impacts of urbanization and urban growth on convective rainfall in the subtropical city of Shanghai (China). Details on the experiment and results are summarized in the paper by Qi et al. (2024) entitled: "Contradictory influences of urbanization on intense convective rainfall in a subtropical city".</div> <div> </div> <div>The data is stored in NetCDF format and contains rainfall, moisture, temperature, and omega variables for the three scenarios explored in the paper.</div>

Trade-offs in habitat use and occupancy of bats across the gradient of urbanization and seasons

Urbanization, occurring across a gradient from low- to high-density development, is a primary driver of landscape change that can affect biodiversity. Animals balance trade-offs in obtaining resources and avoiding anthropogenic disturbances across the gradient of urbanization to maximize their fitness. However, additional research is necessary to understand seasonal variations in how animals respond to urbanization, particularly in arid regions, where resource availability shifts drastically across seasons. Our objective was to evaluate the response of a suite of bat species to urbanization and whether species shift their response to urbanization across seasons. We predicted that the response of bats to urbanization would differ among species, with some species being more sensitive to urbanization than others. We also predicted that bat species would increase use of moderate and highly urbanized areas in the summer season, where food and water resources were assumed to be greater compared to wildland areas. To evaluate these predictions, we used a stratified random sampling design to sample 50 sites with stationary acoustic bat monitors across the gradient of urbanization in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, USA during four seasons. We identified a total of 14 bat species during 1000 survey nights. Consistent with predictions, bat species exhibited different responses to urbanization, with most species exhibiting a negative relationship with urbanization, and some species exhibiting a quadratic or positive relationship with urbanization. Counter to predictions, most species did not appear to shift their response to urbanization across seasons. Differences in the response of bat species to urbanization was likely related to species traits (e.g., wing morphology and echolocation call characteristics) and behavioral strategies that influence a species' susceptibility to anthropogenic disturbances and ability to access available resources in urbanized areas. Consistent with predications, plant productivity and water were important for some species in the summer season. Ultimately, to promote the management and conservation of bats, it is likely important to maintain resources in urbanized areas for bats that are more tolerant of urbanization and to conserve areas of undeveloped high-quality habitat with low anthropogenic disturbance in wildland areas for bats that are sensitive to urbanization.

Data for "Willingness of rural and urban citizens to undertake pollinator conservation actions across three contrasting European countries"

Data for: "Willingness of rural and urban citizens to undertake pollinator conservation actions across three contrasting European countries" by Costanza Geppert, Cristiano Franceschinis, Thijs P.M. Fijen, David Kleijn, Jeroen Scheper, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Mara Thiene, Lorenzo Marini (2024) People and Nature. This dataset was obtained by administering an online questionnaire in Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.

Data: Exploring the Drivers and Dynamics of Urban Waters: A Case Study of Wuhan from 1980 to 2060

The dataset comprises three main folders: "lulc," "factors," and "results." 1. lulc (Land Use/Land Cover): This folder contains raster data spanning from 1980 to 2020, representing land use and land cover dynamics. The data is stored in TIFF format, with values ranging from 1 to 6 denoting different land cover classes: farmland (1), woodland (2), grassland (3), waters (4), settlements (5), and unused land (6). 2. factors: This folder includes various driving factors influencing water dynamics. It encompasses eleven raster datasets, including Digital Elevation Models (DEM), annual precipitation data, and other relevant variables. The temporal coverage of these factors spans from 1980 to 2020. Additionally, demographic factors such as population data and economic indicators like GDP are available, covering the period from the 1990s to 2020. All datasets are stored in TIFF format with a spatial resolution of 30 meters. 3. results: This folder contains the outcomes of the analysis conducted using the PLUS (Patch Landscape and Urban Growth Model) framework. The results include outputs from the Landscape Ecological Assessment Protocol (LEAP) and the Cellular Automata for Regional Simulation (CARS) modeling. These results offer insights into the spatial and temporal patterns of water dynamics in the study area. The data structure follows a systematic organization to facilitate access and analysis. Each folder contains raster datasets stored in TIFF format, ensuring compatibility and ease of use with common GIS software. The temporal consistency of the datasets allows for longitudinal analysis of water dynamics, while the inclusion of various driving factors provides a comprehensive understanding of the underlying processes. Overall, this dataset offers valuable insights into land-water interactions and their implications for urban planning and water resource management strategies.

Data from: neglected puzzle pieces of urban green infrastructure: richness, cover, and composition of insect-pollinated plants in traffic-related green spaces

Insect-pollinated vascular plants in spontaneous vegetation provide essential ecosystem services and benefit wildlife. However, floral communities associated with traffic-related green spaces are rarely considered valuable elements of urban green infrastructure (UGI). The dataset contains information on species-based floral communities of vascular insect-pollinated plants in traffic-related green spaces in three highly populated Finnish cities. Those are Helsinki (665 558 inhabitants), Tampere (244 029 inhabitants), and Turku (175 645 inhabitants). Data were collected during the mean flowering phenophase of vascular plants in July-August 2022 from two types of locations: (i) urban (city centers) and (ii) suburban (city outskirts), and from three types of traffic-related green spaces: (i) traffic islands, (ii) parking lots, (iii) road verges. The dataset contains information for the 93 vascular insect-pollinated plant species flowering during the survey. Sampling campaign was conducted in 90 sampling sites, and the dataset contains information on the location coordinates. In addition, the dataset possesses information on the amount of garbage pieces (cigarette filters, plastic boxes, or scraps) revealed for each sampling point in traffic-related green spaces.

Data from: Urbanization and primary productivity mediate the predator-prey relationship between deer and coyotes

Predator-prey interactions are important to regulating populations and structuring communities but are affected by many dynamic, complex factors, across larges-scales, making them difficult to study. Integrated population models (IPMs) offer a potential solution to understanding predator-prey relationships by providing a framework for leveraging many different datasets and testing hypotheses about interactive factors. Here, we evaluate the coyote-deer (Canis latrans – Odocoileus virginianus) predator-prey relationship across the state of North Carolina (NC). Because both species have similar habitat requirements and may respond to human disturbance, we considered net primary productivity (NPP) and urbanization as key mediating factors. We estimated deer survival and fecundity by integrating camera trap, harvest, biological and hunter observation datasets into a two-stage, two-sex Lefkovich population projection matrix. We allowed survival and fecundity to vary as functions of urbanization, NPP and coyote density and projected abundance forward to test eight hypothetical scenarios. We estimated initial average deer and coyote densities to be 11.83 (95% CI: 5.64, 20.80) and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.02, 1.45) individuals/km2, respectively. We found a negative relationship between current levels of coyote density and deer fecundity in most areas which became more negative under hypothetical conditions of lower NPP or higher urbanization, leading to lower projected deer abundances. These results suggest that coyotes could have stronger effects on deer populations in NC if their densities rise, but primarily in less productive and/or more suburban habitats. Our case study provides an example of how IPMs can be used to better understand the complex relationships between predator and prey under changing environmental conditions.