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1,032 results for “vertical”
Passive seismic imaging of near vertical structures around the SAFOD site, California, jointly using scattered P and SH waves
<p>1, The P and S velocity model are in the velocity folder which written by binary format (float). The size of the velocity model is 101*101*56(Nx Ny Nz) with a 200 meter grid. The upleft corner is (-10km -10km -1km). The unit of the velocity is km/s.</p> <p>2, The stations and events are in the geometry folder:</p> <p>the format of the file is</p> <p>Number of the stations/events</p> <p>Name of the stations/events, X(km), Y(km), Z(km). </p> <p>the origin of the coordinates system is the bole hole SAFOD, and the local coordinates was rotated by 40.5 degree.</p> <p>The name of the events was the origin time (precise to the minute) of the events.</p> <p>For example:</p> <p>the 1227042400 indicates that </p> <p>Year JulianDay hour minute second</p> <p>2001 227 04 24 00</p> <p>You can get the details and download the waveform at the website https://www.fdsn.org/networks/detail/XN_2000/ and https://www.fdsn.org/networks/detail/BP/</p> <p>2.1) the "events_3.7km_56" includes 56 events that was at the same depth~3.7km, The common station (The TANK Station) gather was shown in figure 6. </p> <p>2.2) "events_all" indicates 560 events that shown in Figure 4, and there are about 10 events not in the SAF, we did not use them, the "events_rm_outlier" are the 546 events we lastly used.</p> <p>2.3) "stations.dat.65" is the combination of the PASO and HRSN that in 20km square area as shown in Figure1.</p>
Data from: Can maternally inherited endosymbionts adapt to a novel host? Direct costs of Spiroplasma infection, but not vertical transmission efficiency, evolve rapidly after horizontal transfer into D. melanogaster
Maternally inherited symbionts are common in arthropods and many have important roles in host adaptation. The observation that specific symbiont lineages infect distantly related host species implies new interactions are commonly established by lateral transfer events. However, studies have shown that symbionts often perform poorly in novel hosts. We hypothesized selection on the symbiont may be sufficiently rapid that poor performance in a novel host environment is rapidly ameliorated, permitting symbiont maintenance. Here, we test this prediction for a Spiroplasma strain transinfected into the novel host Drosophila melanogaster. In the generations immediately following transinfection, the symbiont had low transmission efficiency to offspring and imposed severe fitness costs on its host. We observed that effects on host fitness evolved rapidly, being undetectable after 17 generations in the novel host, whereas vertical transmission efficiency was poorly responsive over this period. Our results suggest that long-term symbiosis may more readily be established in cases where symbionts perform poorly in just one aspect of symbiosis.
Data from: Horizontal and vertical diversity jointly shape food web stability against small and large perturbations
The biodiversity of food webs is composed of horizontal (i.e. within trophic levels) and vertical diversity (i.e. the number of trophic levels). Understanding their joint effect on stability is a key challenge. Theory mostly considers their individual effects and focuses on small perturbations near equilibrium in hypothetical food webs. Here, we study the joint effects of horizontal and vertical diversity on the stability of hypothetical (modelled) and empirical food webs. In modelled food webs, horizontal and vertical diversity increased and decreased stability, respectively, with a stronger positive effect of producer diversity on stability at higher consumer diversity. Experiments with an empirical plankton food-web, where we manipulated horizontal and vertical diversity and measured stability from species interactions and from resilience against large perturbations, confirmed these predictions. Taken together, our findings highlight the need to conserve horizontal biodiversity at different trophic levels to ensure stability.
Data from: Vertical root distribution of individual species in a mountain grassland community: does it respond to neighbours?
1.Vertical differentiation in root placement is one of the potential mechanisms of plant niche differentiation. It can be due to the remarkable plasticity of roots in response to nutrients and neighbours, but most data on it come from pot or garden experiments. The roles of vertical differentiation and of plasticity in it in the field are thus not well known. 2.We examined species-specific root vertical distribution in a montane grassland using quantitative Real-Time PCR. We asked whether individual species differ in their rooting depths, whether such differences are associated with aboveground functional traits (such as height or specific leaf area), and whether they respond to the presence of a competitor. This response was assessed by comparison of species-specific vertical profiles between control plots and plots where the dominant species, Festuca rubra, had been removed. 3.Vertical profiles of individual species varied considerably, from species with most root biomass concentrated in the uppermost (<2 cm) soil layer, through species with uniform vertical distribution, to a species with roots predominantly below 8 cm (Nardus stricta). Species at the fast end of the plant economy spectrum were more likely to place their roots in the uppermost layers. Grassland species thus exploit different parts of the belowground resources in spite of their short stature, minor differences in height aboveground and shallow soil. 4.While belowground and aboveground biomasses of most species were higher in the removal plots, species rooting patterns did not change in response to the removal. The interspecific differences in vertical profiles were thus due to species' innate differences, not to plastic responses to the presence of the dominant species. 5.Synthesis. The findings imply that vertical root differentiation in the field is strong and can contribute to niche differentiation. However, the role of root plasticity in natural systems may be considerably weaker than in artificial systems with few species and strong nutrient gradients. This absence of the plastic response in the field is likely to be due to a fairly homogeneous distribution of nutrients in the soil and to the predominantly symmetric nature of belowground competition.
Global Observation-based LInear Vorticity Vertical Velocities (OLIV3) over vertical levels
<p>Observation-based Linear Vorticity Vertical Velocities (OLIV3) estimates from observation-based geostrophic velocities within the global themocline during the 1993-2019 period at annual frequency.</p> <p>The beta-plane geostrophic OLIV3 fields are computed following the indefinite depth-integrated geostrophic linear vorticity balance methodology described in <em>Cortés-Morales and Lazar, 2024, </em><em>Diego Cortés Morales, 2023 [thesis] and Cortés-Morales et al., (submitted) </em>applied to the ARMOR3D [<em>Mulet et al., 2013; https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/product/MULTIOBS_GLO_PHY_TSUV_3D_MYNRT_015_012</em>] geostrophic meridional velocities. The boundary condition used is the Ekman pumping vertical velocities computed from ERA5 wind stress [DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7]. The velocity field is quality-flagged based on the relative error and interannual correlation coefficient between $w_g$ and $w_{tot}$ in an OGCM perfect model test (<em>Cortés-Morales et al., (submitted)</em>).</p> <p>----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>Geographical coverage: Global Ocean</p> <p>Grid and horizontal spatial resolution: Evenly spaced 0.25º grid</p> <p>Vertical levels: 50 levels from 0 to 5000 meters depth</p> <p>Temporal resolution: Annual (1993-2019)</p> <p>-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>lon (2D): Longitude</p> <p>lat (2D): Latitude</p> <p>verlev(1D): Vertical level</p> <p>time (1D): Year</p> <p>w_oliv3 (4D): Beta-plane geostrophic vertical velocities</p> <p>flag_time_var (3D): Flag based on correlation coeffcient between geostrophic and total vertical velocties from OGCM</p> <p>flag_time_mean (3D): flag based on relative error between geostrophic and total vertical velocties from OGCM</p>
Vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of planktonic cyanobacteria communities in a water column of deep mesotrophic Lake Geneva
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Database obtained through numerical modelling comprising short-term vertical displacements around a shaft excavated in London Clay
<p>The database was generated via finite element axisymmetric analysis of the excavation of a shaft in London Clay. It includes vertical displacements troughs around the shaft (from 0.1m to a radial distance equal to 2xShaft depth) extracted at depth intervals of 0.1xShaft depth, from the surface to the shaft depth. </p>
High-Precision Vertical Deformation Model of the Chinese Mainland Constrained by Leveling and GNSS
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Buddha - 100K Vertices Decimation
Learn how to use open source Meshroom in this step by step tutorial on the Sketchfab Blog: https://sketchfab.com/blogs/community/tutorial-meshroom-for-beginners Low-poly version of the [default pipeline result](https://skfb.ly/6HNN9). The original model has been simplified using an automatic decimation process within Meshroom, to limit the number of vertices to a maximum of 100K. It has been cleaned up in Meshlab (bounding box cut-out) and retextured in Meshroom. **Details** - Meshroom 2019.1.0 - Input: 220 images - Camera: Sony A7S II Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Internal tides vertical structure and steric sea surface height signature south of New Caledonia revealed by glider observations
<p>Data to reproduce the figures of the manuscript <em>Internal tides vertical structure and steric sea surface height signature south of New Caledonia revealed by glider observations</em>, accepted for publication in Ocean Science.</p>
MODES DATA - vertical structure functions v2
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Figure 2 from: de Oliveira Dias C, de Araujo AV, Bonecker SLC (2018) Vertical distribution and structure of copepod (Arthropoda: Copepoda) assemblages in two different seasons down to 1,200 m in the tropical Southwestern Atlantic. Zoologia 35: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e13886
Figure 2 Study area showing sampling stations.
Figure 3 in Diurnal vertical distribution of zooplankton in a newly formed reservoir (Tahtalı Reservoir, Kocaeli): the role of abiotic factors and chlorophyll a
Figure 3. Distribution of zooplankton sampled on 22 and 23 May 2010 from the Tahtalı Reservoir.
Data from: Global distribution of siphonophores across horizontal and vertical oceanic gradients
<p>This study gives a worldwide view of where siphonophores live in the ocean, using DNA data from samples collected during a global expedition. We looked at 77 samples from different depths and oceans. We found about a quarter of all known siphonophore species, some in places they hadn’t been seen before. In total, we identified 42 species. Some species were found to have wider distributions than previously thought. The study also looked at variations within species. Siphonophores with a certain feature (pneumatophores) were less common in shallower waters but more common in deeper waters. This is the first time that this kind of DNA data has been used to study these creatures, showing it’s a useful method for studying organisms that are often damaged when collected with nets.</p> <p>This dataset supports the original research published under the same title: Global distribution of siphonophores across horizontal and vertical oceanic gradients. </p>
Data from: The vertical distribution and control of microbial necromass carbon in forest soils
<p><span><b>Aim:</b> Forest soils contain large amounts of terrestrial organic carbon (C), but the formation pathway of soil organic C (SOC) remains unclear. Recent evidence suggests that microbial necromass is a significant source of SOC, yet a global quantitative assessment across the whole-soil profile is lacking. We aimed to assess the vertical distribution and control of microbial-derived SOC in forest soils.</span></p> <p><span><b>Location:</b> Global forests.</span></p> <p><span><b>Time period:</b> 1996-2019.</span></p> <p><span><b>Major taxa studied:</b> Soil microbial necromass carbon.</span></p> <p><span><b>Methods:</b> We evaluated the proportions of fungal and bacterial necromass C in total SOC in the litter layer, O horizon soil, and various depths of mineral soil in forests using microbial biomarker (glucosamine and muramic acid) data.</span></p> <p><span><b>Results:</b> The total microbial necromass C increased significantly with soil depth, ranging from 30% of SOC in O horizon soil to 62% of SOC in mineral soils below 50 cm. However, only bacterial necromass C followed this increasing trend with soil depth; fungal necromass C showed little variation across the whole-soil profile. Higher fungal and bacterial necromass C was observed in soils with lower C/N ratios and smaller aggregate sizes. Soil C/N ratio and microbial biomass C dominantly determined microbial necromass C in surface soil (above 20 cm), but soil clay content was the primary factor in subsoil (below 20 cm).</span></p> <p><span><b>Main conclusions: </b>Microbial necromass C accounted for high percentages of the total SOC in forest soils (particularly at depths >20 cm), but its long-term stabilization may be governed by different mechanisms at different soil horizons. Substrate quality regulates microbial activity and then controls biomass turnover in surface soil, while aggregate occlusion could facilitate mineral protection of microbial necromass C in subsoil. These differential controls of microbial-derived organic C could be applied in Earth system studies for predicting soil organic C dynamics in forests.</span></p>
Figure 4 from: Balestra V, Lana E, Carbone C, De Waele J, Manenti R, Galli L (2021) Don't forget the vertical dimension: assessment of distributional dynamics of cave-dwelling invertebrates in both ground and parietal microhabitats. Subterranean Biology 40: 43-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.40.71805
Figure 4 Biodiversity indices for wall and ground cave fauna.
Data and Code for: Evaluation of vertically resolved longwave radiation in SPARTACUS-Urban and the sensitivity to urban surface temperatures
<p>This contains the model outputs and analysis code for the article: Evaluation of vertically resolved longwave radiation in SPARTACUS-Urban and the sensitivity to urban surface temperature, Stretton et al. 2022, Submitted to <em>Geoscientific Model Development</em>.</p>
Three dimensional videos of anti-GluA2, anti-GluA3 and anti-calbindin staining in vertical slices of the mouse retina
<p>Three dimensional videos of anti-GluA2, anti-GluA3 and anti-calbindin staining in vertical slices of the mouse retina</p>
TROPOMI tropospheric vertical column densities of BrO in the Arctic region for spring 2020
<p>The <em>BrO_ship_track_rad150_without_desc_flag.DAT</em> file contains every TROPOMI tropospheric vertical column density (VCD) BrO pixel of an orbit within a 150 km radius of the research vessel Polarstern between 20.03. - 15.04.2020.</p> <p>The <em>S5P_bro_stratoscorrected_1403_1404_0125deg_without_desc.nc</em> file contains the TROPOMI tropospheric vertical column densities (VCDs) of BrO, averaged over the 14.03. - 14.04.2020 time period on a 0.125° x 0.125° grid from 55 to 90° north latitude.</p>
Liquid water content and vertical velocity from RICO-based LES simulations
<p>The RICO-based simulations by implementing the LES module of WRF model 4.0 generate the raw data. The simulation continued for 40 hours with a time step of 0.5 second. The domain size is 12.8×12.8×4 km<sup>3</sup>, with a resolution of 50 m and 40 m in the horizontal and vertical orientation, respectively. The outputs during 8~40 hour were retained every 20 minutes. Two parameters (LWC and vertical velocity) were then extracted by using MATLAB to create the following dataset. Additionally, LWC at 1 min before each moment was also uploaded for tracking. The "q" and "w" in the filename represent LWC and vertical velocity, respectively, and the number in the filename represents the corresponding hour and minute (e.g. "q24_20" means LWC value at 24h20m). The unit of "q" and "w" are "kg/kg" and "m/s' respectively.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.