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2,001 results for “x-rays”
Data from: Inner ear morphology of diadectomorphs and seymouriamorphs (Tetrapoda) uncovered by high-resolution x-ray microcomputed tomography, and the origin of the amniote crown group
The origin of amniotes was a key event in vertebrate evolution, enabling tetrapods to break their ties with water and invade terrestrial environments. Two pivotal clades of early tetrapods, the diadectomorphs and the seymouriamorphs, have played an unsurpassed role in debates about the ancestry of amniotes for over a century, but their skeletal morphology has provided conflicting evidence for their affinities. Using high-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomography, we reveal the three-dimensional architecture of the well preserved endosseous labyrinth of the inner ear in representative species belonging to both groups. Data from the inner ear are coded in a new cladistic matrix of stem and primitive crown amniotes. Both maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses retrieve seymouriamorphs as derived non-crown amniotes and diadectomorphs as sister group to synapsids. If confirmed, this sister group relationship invites re-examination of character polarity near the roots of the crown amniote radiation. Major changes in the endosseous labyrinth and adjacent braincase regions are mapped across the transition from non-amniote to amniote tetrapods, and include: a ventral shift of the cochlear recess relative to the vestibule and the semicircular canals; cochlear recess (primitively housed exclusively within the opisthotic) accommodated within both the prootic and the opisthotic; development of a distinct fossa subarcuata. The inner ear of seymouriamorphs foreshadows conditions of more derived groups, whereas that of diadectomorphs shows a mosaic of plesiomorphic and apomorphic traits, some of which are unambiguously amniote-like, including a distinct and pyramid-like cochlear recess.
In vivo x-ray diffraction and simultaneous EMG reveal the timecourse of myofilament lattice dilation and filament stretch
<p>Muscle function within an organism depends on the feedback between molecular and meter-scale processes. Although the motions of muscle's contractile machinery are well described in isolated preparations, only a handful of experiments have documented the kinematics of the lattice occurring when multi-scale interactions are fully intact. We used time-resolved X-ray diffraction to record the kinematics of the myofilament lattice within a normal operating context: the tethered flight of Manduca sexta. As the primary flight muscles of M. sexta are synchronous, we used these results to reveal the timing of in vivo cross-bridge recruitment, which occurred 24 ms (s.d. 26) following activation. In addition, the thick filaments stretched an average of 0.75% (s.d. 0.32) and thin filaments stretched 1.11% (s.d. 0.65). In contrast to other in vivo preparations, lattice spacing changed an average of 2.72% (s.d. 1.47). Lattice dilation of this magnitude significantly affects shortening velocity and force generation, and filament stretching tunes force generation. While the kinematics were consistent within individual trials, there was extensive variation between trials. Using a mechanism-free machine learning model we searched for patterns within and across trials. Although lattice kinematics were predictable within trials, the model could not create predictions across trials. This indicates that the variability we see across trials may be explained by latent variables occurring in this naturally functioning system. The diverse kinematic combinations we documented mirror muscle's adaptability and may facilitate its robust function in unpredictable conditions.<br> <br> </p>
X-ray microtomography volume rendering of the antennae of Baltelater bipectinatus gen. et sp. nov., holotype, 6685 (MAIG).
<p>X-ray microtomography volume rendering of the antennae of <em>Baltelater bipectinatus </em>gen. et sp. nov. from Eocene Baltic amber, holotype, 6685 (MAIG).</p>
X-ray microtomography volume rendering of the habitus of Baltelater bipectinatus gen. et sp. nov., holotype, 6685 (MAIG).
<p>X-ray microtomography volume rendering of the habitus of <em>Baltelater bipectinatus </em>gen. et sp. nov. from Eocene Baltic amber, holotype, 6685 (MAIG).</p>
Electron concentration and ionization rate profiles during solar X-ray flares
<p>The files contain eletron concentration <em>Ne</em> and ionization rate <em>q</em> profiles during solar X-ray flares that occurred on 24-25 October 2013 and 9-10 June 2014. The altitude range is 50-90 km.</p> <p>Values of eletron concentration and ionization rate were calculated on six VLF paths: from European transmitters GBZ, ICV, FTA, GQD, DHO, TBB to Mikhnevo geophysical observatory (55°N 38°E).</p> <p>The data is presented as MATLAB files. Each .mat file contains data and variable "description" with data's structure information.</p>
X-ray microtomography volume rendering of the aedeagus of Baltelater bipectinatus gen. et sp. nov., holotype, 6685 (MAIG).
<p>X-ray microtomography volume rendering of the aedeagus of <em>Baltelater bipectinatus </em>gen. et sp. nov. from Eocene Baltic amber, holotype, 6685 (MAIG).</p>
Nanoscale Crystal Grain Characterization via Linear Polarization X-ray Ptychography: Raw data
<p>File Description:</p> <p>energy_rot1.dat, energy_rot2.dat</p> <p>List of energies that were taken in the spectroscopy scans of two sample orientations. Unit is KeV.</p> <p> </p> <p>P5_rot1_amp.tif, P5_rot2_amp.tif:</p> <p>Tiff stacks of absorption images of the sample scanned across Vanadium K-edge at two perpendicular orientations relative to beam polarization. Pixel values are in range of [0,20000], which equal [Normalized transmission]*20000.</p> <p> </p> <p>P5_rot1_phase.tif, P5_rot2_phase.tif:</p> <p>Tiff stacks of phase images of the sample scanned across Vanadium K-edge at two perpendicular orientations relative to beam polarization. Pixel values equal [Real part of refractive index(Delta)]*[Factor]*10000, the factor is given in separate files.</p> <p> </p> <p>delta_factor_rot1.dat, delta_factor_rot2.dat</p> <p>List of factors to calculate delta values from phase images for each energy. The factor has no unit.</p>
Micro X-ray CT time-series (4D dataset)
<p>The CGLS reconstruction from a time-series with 21 tomograms each collected with 91 projections. For the reconstruction the Savu Python package was used (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.32840). We acknowledge Diamond Light Source for the time on I13-2 under proposal mt9396.</p>
Complete set of raw and processed datasets, as well as associated Jupyter notebooks for analysis, associated with manuscript entitled: "The MOUSE project: a practical approach for obtaining traceable, wide-range X-ray scattering information"
<p>This dataset is a complete set of raw, processed and analyzed data, complete with Jupiter notebooks, associated with the manuscript mentioned in the title. </p> <p>In the manuscript, we provide a ``systems architecture''-like overview and detailed discussions of the methodological and instrumental components that, together, comprise the "MOUSE" project (<strong>M</strong>ethodology <strong>O</strong>ptimization for <strong>U</strong>ltrafine <strong>S</strong>tructure <strong>E</strong>xploration). Through this project, we aim to provide a comprehensive methodology for obtaining the highest quality X-ray scattering information (at small and wide angles) from measurements on materials science samples. </p>
Experimental Data for "Seismic wave attenuation and dispersion due to partial fluid saturation: Direct measurements and numerical simulations based on X-Ray CT"
<p>Experimental Data from a Berea sandstone sample. Includes X-ray CT scans and mechanical response of sample.</p> <p>Abstract</p> <p>Quantitatively assessing seismic attenuation caused by fluid pressure diffusion (FPD) in partially saturated rocks is challenging because of its sensitivity to the spatial fluid distribution. To address this challenge we performed depressurisation experiments to induce the exsolution of carbon dioxide from water in a Berea sandstone sample. In a first set of experiments we used medical X-ray computed tomography (CT) to characterise the fluid distribution. At an equilibrium pressure of ~1 MPa and applying a fluid pressure decline rate of ~0.6 MPa per minute, we allowed a change in saturation of less than 1 %. The gas was heterogeneously distributed along the length of the sample, with most of the gas exsolving near the sample outlet. In a second set of experiments, at the same pressure and temperature, following a very similar exsolution protocol, we measured the frequency dependent attenuation and modulus dispersion between 0.1 and 1000 Hz using the forced oscillation method. We observed significant attenuation and dispersion in the extensional and bulk deformation modes, however not in the shear mode. Lastly, we use the fluid distribution derived from the X-ray CT as an input for numerical simulations of FPD to compute the attenuation and modulus dispersion. The numerical solutions are in close agreement with the attenuation and modulus dispersion measured in the laboratory. Our methodology allows for accurately relating attenuation and dispersion to the fluid distribution, which can be applied to improving the seismic monitoring of the subsurface.</p>
FIGURES 14–17. X in Groehnaltica batophiloides, a new genus and species of flea-beetles (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) from Baltic amber, described using X-ray microtomography
FIGURES 14–17. X-ray μCT renderings of Groehnaltica batophiloides holotype, C 7806 [GPIH], aedeagus: 14—dorsal view; 15—ventral view; 16—lateral view; 17—ventro-lateral view.
FIGURES 4–7. X in Groehnaltica batophiloides, a new genus and species of flea-beetles (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) from Baltic amber, described using X-ray microtomography
FIGURES 4–7. X-ray μCT renderings of Groehnaltica batophiloides holotype, C 7806 [GPIH], habitus: 4—right lateral view; 5—dorsal view; 6—left lateral view; 7—caudal view. Scale bar represents 0.4 mm.
FIGURES 1–3 in Groehnaltica batophiloides, a new genus and species of flea-beetles (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) from Baltic amber, described using X-ray microtomography
FIGURES 1–3. Photomicrographs of Groehnaltica batophiloides holotype, C 7806 [GPIH]: 1—habitus, left lateral view; 2— habitus right lateral view; 3—right metatibia and metatarsus, lateral view. Scale bars represent: 0.4 mm for Figs. 1 and 2; 0.2 mm for Fig. 3.
FIGURES 10–13. X in Groehnaltica batophiloides, a new genus and species of flea-beetles (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) from Baltic amber, described using X-ray microtomography
FIGURES 10–13. X-ray μCT renderings of Groehnaltica batophiloides holotype, C 7806 [GPIH], details of head and prothorax: 10—dorsal view; 11—ventral view; 12—frontal view; 13—right lateral view. Abbreviations: as—antennal socket, c—clypeus, fcl—postantennal callus, fcr—frontoclypeal carina, la—labrum, m—mandible, mp3–mp4—maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4 respectively, o—orbit, os—orbital sulcus, p—prosternal intercoxal process, pc—procoxa, scs—supracallar sulcus, sos—supraorbital sulcus. Scale bar represents 0.4 mm.
FIGURES 8–9. X in Groehnaltica batophiloides, a new genus and species of flea-beetles (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) from Baltic amber, described using X-ray microtomography
FIGURES 8–9. X-ray μCT renderings of Groehnaltica batophiloides holotype, C 7806 [GPIH], habitus: 8—ventral view; 9—ventral view without legs, showing details of thorax and abdomen. Scale bar represents 0.4 mm.
Datasets for "Insight into ductular reaction in obstructive biliary disease from a three-dimensional perspective using ex vivo X-ray phase contrast computed tomography"
<p>Phase-contrast CT of BDL rats liver-8 week</p>
Datasets for "Insight into ductular reaction in obstructive biliary disease from a three-dimensional perspective using ex vivo X-ray phase contrast computed tomography"
<p>Phase-contrast CT of BDL rats liver-6 week</p>
Datasets for "Insight into ductular reaction in obstructive biliary disease from a three-dimensional perspective using ex vivo X-ray phase contrast computed tomography"
<p>Phase-contrast CT of BDL rats liver-control group</p>
Datasets for "Insight into ductular reaction in obstructive biliary disease from a three-dimensional perspective using ex vivo X-ray phase contrast computed tomography"
<p>Phase-contrast CT of BDL rats liver-4 week</p>
Data from: X-rays and virtual taphonomy resolve the first Cissus (Vitaceae) macrofossils from Africa as early diverging members of the genus
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Fossilized seeds similar to Cissus (Vitaceae) have been recognized from the Miocene of Kenya, though some were previously assigned to the Menispermaceae. We undertook a comparative survey of extant African Cissus seeds to identify the fossils and consider their implications for the evolution and biogeography of Cissus and for African early Miocene paleoenvironments. METHODS: Micro-computed tomography (µCT) and synchrotron-based X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) were used to study seed morphology and anatomy. Virtual taphonomy, using SRXTM data sets, produced digital fossils to elucidate seed taphonomy. Phylogenetic relationships within Cissus were reconstructed using existing and newly produced DNA sequences for African species. Paleobiology and paleoecology were inferred from African nearest living relatives. KEY RESULTS: The fossils were assigned to four new Cissus species, related to four modern clades. The fossil plants were interpreted as climbers inhabiting a mosaic of riverine woodland and forest to more open habitats. Virtual taphonomy explained how complex mineral infill processes concealed key seed features, causing the previous taxonomic misidentification. Newly sampled African species, with seeds most similar to the fossils, belong to four clades within core Cissus, two of which are early diverging. CONCLUSIONS: Virtual taphonomy, combined with X-ray imaging, has enabled recognition of the first fossil Cissus and Vitaceae from Africa. Early-divergent members of the core Cissus clade were present in Africa by at least the early Miocene, with an African origin suggested for the Cissus sciaphila clade. The fossils provide supporting evidence for mosaic paleoenvironments inhabited by early Miocene hominoids.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.