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Fig. 5 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 5. Phyllosoma larva of Chelarctus virgosus, stage VI. A, ventral view; B, ventral view of eye, antennule and antenna; C, 2nd maxillule, 1st and 2nd maxilliped; D, distal end of 2nd maxilliped; E, ventral view of 1st maxillule; F, ventral view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen; G, dorsal view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen.

Fig. 4 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 4. Phyllosoma larva of Chelarctus virgosus, stage V. A, ventral view; B, ventral view of eye, antennule and antenna; C, 2nd maxillule, 1st and 2nd maxilliped; D, distal end of 2nd maxilliped; E ventral view of 1st maxillule; F, ventral view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen; G, dorsal view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen.

Fig. 2 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree drawn using the Kimura-2-parameter distances for each of the partial COI sequences between the subfamily Scyllarinae species. Scyllarides brasiliensis was used as the outgroup. Closed squares indicate the phyllosoma specimens analyzed in this study. Bootstrap values of> 50% (from 1000 replicates) are shown at each node.

Fig. 1 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 1. Survey area and collection locations for the phyllosoma larvae sampled by the three research vessels: RV Shunyo-maru (SHU), Koyo-maru (KY), and RV Hakuho-maru (KH). Closed red circles indicate the sampling stations where Scyllarinae phyllosomas were collected. The specimens analyzed in this study were collected from the large circle stations. See table 1 for specimen ID.

Fig. 13 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 13. Phyllosoma larva of?Chelarctus sp-1, stage VI. A, ventral view; B, ventral view of eye, antennule and antenna; C, 2nd maxillule, 1st and 2nd maxilliped; D, distal end of 2nd maxilliped; E, ventral view of 1st maxillule; F, ventral view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen; G, dorsal view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen.

Fig. 3 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 3. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree drawn using the Kimura-2-parameter distances for each of the partial 16S rDNA sequences for species belonging to the subfamily Scyllarinae. Scyllarides brasiliensis was used as the outgroup. Closed squares indicate the phyllosoma specimens analyzed in this study. Bootstrap values of> 50% (from 1000 replicates) are shown at each node.

Fig. 7 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 7. Phyllosoma larva of Chelarctus virgosus, stage VIII. A, ventral view; B, ventral view of eye, antennule and antenna; C, 2nd maxillule, 1st and 2nd maxilliped; D, distal end of 2nd maxilliped; E ventral view of 1st maxillule; F, ventral view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen; G, dorsal view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen.

Fig. 12 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 12. Phyllosoma larva of?Chelarctus sp-1, stage V. A, ventral view; B, ventral view of eye, antennule and antenna; C, 2nd maxillule, 1st and 2nd maxilliped; D, distal end of 2nd maxilliped; E, ventral view of 1st maxillule; F, ventral view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen; G, dorsal view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen.

Fig. 10 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 10. Phyllosoma larva of Chelarctus aureus, stage VIII. A, ventral view; B, ventral view of eye, antennule and antenna; C, 2nd maxillule, 1st and 2nd maxilliped; D, distal end of 2nd maxilliped; E ventral view of 1st maxillule; F, ventral view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen; G, dorsal view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen.

Fig. 15 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 15. Phyllosoma larva of?Chelarctus sp-1, stage VIII. A, ventral view; B, ventral view of eye, antennule and antenna; C, 2nd maxillule, 1st and 2nd maxilliped; D, distal end of 2nd maxilliped; E ventral view of 1st maxillule; F, ventral view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen; G, dorsal view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen.

Fig. 9 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 9. Phyllosoma larva of Chelarctus aureus, stageVII. A, ventral view; B, ventral view of eye, antennule and antenna; C, 2nd maxillule, 1st and 2nd maxilliped; D, distal end of 2nd maxilliped; E ventral view of 1st maxillule; F, ventral view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen; G, dorsal view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen.

Fig. 6 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 6. Phyllosoma larva of Chelarctus virgosus, stage VII. A, ventral view; B, ventral view of eye, antennule and antenna; C, 2nd maxillule, 1st and 2nd maxilliped; D, distal end of 2nd maxilliped; E, ventral view of 1st maxillule; F, ventral view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen; G, dorsal view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen.

Fig. 8 in Molecular Identification of Mid to Final Stage Slipper Lobster Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) Collected in the Pacific with Descriptions of Their Larval Morphology.

Fig. 8. Phyllosoma larva of Chelarctus aureus, stage VI. A, ventral view; B, ventral view of eye, antennule and antenna; C, 2nd maxillule, 1st and 2nd maxilliped; D, distal end of 2nd maxilliped; E ventral view of 1st maxillule; F, ventral view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen; G, dorsal view of 5th pereiopod and abdomen.

Fig. 7 in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 7. Nucleotide divergences of the cnidarians 18S and 28S rDNAs (datasets used in Table 1) based on corrected p-distances. Genetic distances between each paired sequence were calculated by the Kimura 2-parameter model, where a total of 16 cnidarian species were compared. Statistical analysis showed that the 18S rDNA divergences were significantly different from those of 28S rDNA (Student t-test, P <0.05, N = 66).

Fig. 6 in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic relationships of the family Pelagiidae, including the genera Chrysaora, Pelagia and Sanderia, inferred from 18S rDNA (A), 28S rDNA (B) and morphological characters (C), which were redrawn from Fig. 95 in Morandini and Marques (2010). Phylogenetic trees of the rDNAs were constructed using the maximum-likelihood (ML) algorithms with the GTR+G model. A jellyfish Cyanea capillata (the family Cyaneidae) was used as the outgroup. Additional Bayesian trees generated similar branch patterns. The first and second numbers at the nodes display bootstrap proportions (BP) and posterior probabilities (PP) obtained in the ML and Bayesian analyses, respectively. Branch lengths are proportional to the scale given. Thick lines represent congruent branches between 18S and 28S, and morphological systematics.

Fig. 4. A in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 4. A dot matrix comparison of rDNA sequences between Chrysaora pacifica (KY 212123) and Aurelia coerulea (EU276014). Color scale bars represent consecutive sequence length of some regions detected similarly between the two sequence pairs. The open boxes in matrices indicate rDNA coding regions such as 18S, 5.8S, and 28S.

Fig. 2. A in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 2. A schematic representation of the single unit of rDNA (A), and GC content (%), nucleic acid distribution (% thymine), sequence complexity, and entropy (dS) in 100-bp windows across the entire rDNA nucleotides of Chrysaora pacifica (B). In the full rDNA (A), solid boxes indicate the ribosomal RNA genes and thin lines represent ITS or IGS. Nucleotide sequences in length and GC composition of each locus are represented near a line by calculation from a single unit of rDNA. The putative transcription start site is represented by an arrow; solid inverted-triangles represent sub-repeats in IGS.

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships between jellyfishes within the order Semaeostomeae inferred from nearly complete 18S in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships between jellyfishes within the order Semaeostomeae inferred from nearly complete 18S rDNA (A) and partial 28S rDNA sequences (B) with maximum-likelihood (ML) algorithms. ML analyses of 18S and 28S were used as the nucleotide substitution model of GTR+G. Two hydrozoans (Hydractinia echinata and Podocoryne carnea for 18S rDNA; Astrohydra japonica and Melicertissa sp. for 28S) were included as the outgroups. Additional Bayesian analysis generated similar topology of the tree compared with the ML tree. Posterior probabilities (PP) from the analyses were incorporated into the ML tree to support the strength of each branch. The first and second numbers at the nodes display bootstrap proportions (BP) (> 50%) in ML and PP (> 0.50) in Bayesian, respectively. Branch lengths are proportional to the scale given. *Represents controversial species names, because they were suspected as different species by Bayha et al. (2017).

Fig. 1 in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 1. Live Chrysaora pacifica in natural habitat: basolateral (A and B), lateral (C) and apical view (D).