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Fig. 11 in Trichomycterus maracaya, a new catfish from the upper rio Paraná, southeastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with notes on the T. brasiliensis species-complex

Fig. 11. Trichomycterus sp. of the T. brasiliensis species-complex (LIRP 818), Brazil: São Paulo: município de Cássia dos Coqueiros, ribeirão da Boiada, rio Pardo basin (21º17'40"S 47º08'49"W). a, juvenile, 32.8 mm SL; b, presumed adult, 60.4 mm SL.

Fig. 5 in Trichomycterus maracaya, a new catfish from the upper rio Paraná, southeastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with notes on the T. brasiliensis species-complex

Fig. 5. Cranium and Weberian complex of Trichomycterus maracaya (LIRP 4381), 43.9 mm SL, paratype. Dorsal view. Abbreviations: AF, anterior fontanel; AN, antorbital; AP, autopalatine; EP, epioccipital; FR, frontal; LE, lateral ethmoid; i1, infraorbital sensory branch 1; i3, infraorbital sensory branch 3; i10-11, infraorbital sensory branches 10 and 11; ME, mesethmoid; MX, maxilla; NA, nasal; PF, posterior fontanel; PM, premaxilla; po1-2, postotic sensory branches 1 and 2; PS, posttemporosupracleithrum; PT, pterotic; s1, supraorbital sensory branch 1; s3, supraorbital sensory branch 3; s6, supraorbital sensory branch 6 (epiphyseal branch); RF, foramen for ramus lateralis accessorius facialis; "SO", tendon-bone supraorbital; SP+PO+PN, sphenoticprootic-pterosphenoid complex bone; SU, parietosupraoccipital; WC, Weberian capsule. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Fig. 1 in Trichomycterus maracaya, a new catfish from the upper rio Paraná, southeastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with notes on the T. brasiliensis species-complex

Fig. 1. Trichomycterus maracaya. (ZUEC 6137), 48.8 mm SL, holotype; Morro do Ferro, município de Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil.

Fig. 4 in Trichomycterus maracaya, a new catfish from the upper rio Paraná, southeastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with notes on the T. brasiliensis species-complex

Fig. 4. Head of Trichomycterus maracaya in dorsal view (LIRP 4381), 51.3 mm SL, paratype, showing pattern composed of two-layered blotches and spots (densely packed lower layer drawn as regularly spaced lighter dots, and loosely grouped upper layer drawn as irregularly spaced darker dots). Abbreviations: i1, infraorbital sensory branch 1; i3, infraorbital sensory branch 3; i10-11, infraorbital sensory branches 10 and 11; ll1-2, lateral line sensory branches 1 (supracleithral sensory branch) and 2; po1-2, postotic sensory branches 1 and 2; s1, supraorbital sensory branch 1; s3, supraorbital sensory branch 3; s6, supraorbital sensory branch 6 (epiphyseal branch). Scale bar = 4 mm.

Fig. 6 in Trichomycterus maracaya, a new catfish from the upper rio Paraná, southeastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with notes on the T. brasiliensis species-complex

Fig. 6. Left suspensorium and opercular series of Trichomycterus maracaya (LIRP 4381), 43.9 mm SL, paratype. Lateral view. Abbreviations: HY, hyomandibula; IO, interopercle; MT, metapterygoid; OP, opercle; PO, preopercle; QU, quadrate. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 10 in Trichomycterus maracaya, a new catfish from the upper rio Paraná, southeastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with notes on the T. brasiliensis species-complex

Fig. 10. View of the type locality of Trichomycterus maracaya, a streamlet with limonite bed at the foothill of the Morro do Ferro (about 46º31'50''S, 21º46'45''W), município de Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil.

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Fig. 1 in The late Miocene Phractocephalus catfish (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from Urumaco, Venezuela: additional specimens and reinterpretation as a distinct species

Fig. 1. The living "cajaro" or "pirarara" Phractocephalus hemioliopterus, a specimen about 130 cm captured in the Orinoco river basin by an artisanal fisherman. Photo courtesy of K. Arnal (www.kikearnal.com).

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Fig. 5 in The late Miocene Phractocephalus catfish (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from Urumaco, Venezuela: additional specimens and reinterpretation as a distinct species

Fig. 5. Osteological features of †Phractocephalus nassi new species and the living Phractocephalus hemioliopterus ANSP 179559; a, b, left opercle of †P. nassi, paratype, UNEFM-PF-0158, Urumaco Formation (middle member), El Hatillo; c, d, left opercle of P. hemioliopterus ANSP 179559 from the Amazon river; e, f, right pectoral girdle of †P. nassi, paratype, UNEFM-PF-0363, Urumaco Formation (middle member), El Mamón; g, left broken cleithrum of †P. nassi, paratype, UNEFM-PF-0158, Urumaco Formation (upper member), Tío Gregorio; h, left pectoral spine of †P. nassi, paratype, UNEFM-PF-0311, Urumaco Formation (middle member), El Mamón; i, j, pectoral left girdle and spine of P. hemioliopterus ANSP 179559 from the Amazon river; k, l, right suspensorium of †P. nassi, UNEFM-PF-0158, Urumaco Formation (middle member), El Hatillo; m, n, left suspensorium of P. hemioliopterus ANSP 179559 from the Amazon river. Scale equal to 20 mm.

Figure 8 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 8. Cross-sections of adult Corydoras aeneus. Only the right half of each section is shown. A, halfway along lower jaw; B, at posterior end of lower jaw (39.0-mm SL) (black indicates bone, dark grey indicates cartilage, light grey indicates muscle, stippled areas indicate nerves). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 6 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 6. Cross-sections of subadult Ancistrus cf. triradiatus. Only the right half of each section is shown. A, at lower jaw; B, at hyoid bar (33.5-mm SL) (black indicates bone, dark grey indicates cartilage, light grey indicates muscle, stippled areas indicate nerves). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 4 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 4. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the head of an 8.0-mm SL Ancistrus cf. triradiatus free-living embryo. Only the skeleton and the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature are shown, as well as the principal nerve branches in the jaw region (the buccal branches have been omitted). A, dorsal view (left half of neurocranium removed); B, ventral view (left suspensorium, hyoid and mandibular arch removed); C, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 1 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 1. Schematic lateral view of jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in (A) Ancistrus cf. triradiatus and (B) Corydoras aeneus. Redrawn from Schaefer & Lauder (1986) and adjusted according to Geerinckx et al. (2007b). Names as featured in the current paper.

Figure 2 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 2. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the head of a 6.1-mm SL Ancistrus cf. triradiatus embryo. Only the skeleton and the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature are shown. A, dorsal view (left half of neurocranium removed); B, ventral view (left suspensorium, hyoid and mandibular arch removed); C, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 7 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 7. Cross-sections of larval Corydoras aeneus. Only the right half of each section is shown. A, anterior to lower jaw; B, at lower jaw (A, B: 4.9-mm SL); C, at lower jaw; D, posterior to lower jaw (C, D: 9.3-mm SL) (black indicates bone, dark grey indicates cartilage, light grey indicates muscle, stippled areas indicate nerves). Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Figure 5 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 5. Cross-sections of embryonic Ancistrus cf. triradiatus. Only the right half of each section is shown (only adductor mandibulae complex in E). A, at lower jaw; B, at posterior side of hyoid bar (A, B: 8.0-mm SL); C, at lower jaw; D, at anterior side of hyoid bar (C, D: 12.4-mm SL); E, at anterior side of hyoid bar (10.2-mm SL) (black indicates bone, dark grey indicates cartilage, light grey indicates muscle, stippled areas indicate nerves). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 6 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 6. Results of phylogenetic analyses of the morphology data set. A, majority rule consensus topology of four equally parsimonious trees. Numbers above branches represent non-parametric bootstrap support, numbers below are Bremer (1988) decay indices. Species groups and subgenera recognized by Taylor (1969) are indicated as follows: E = Elegans group, FB = Funebris group, FR = Furiosus group, H = Hildebrandi group, M = Miurus group, N = Noturus, R = Rabida, S = Schilbeodes. B, Bayesian consensus topology; asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities ± 0.95.

Figure 8 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 8. Results of phylogenetic analyses of the combined (morphology + cyt b + RAG2) data set. A, single most parsimonious tree resulting from parsimony analyses including (offset box at left) and excluding Noturus trautmani. Numbers above branches indicate non-parametric bootstrap support, numbers below branches correspond to node numbers in Table 2 which outlines partitioned Bremer (1988) support for each node. Nodes recovered in the morphologyonly analysis are indicated by an open circle, molecular analysis by a closed circle and both analyses by an open square. Clades recognized in this study are indicated as follows: a = albater, e = elegans, fb = funebris, fr = furiosus, g = gyrinus, h = hildebrandi, r = rabida. B, Bayesian consensus topology from analyses including (offset box at left) and excluding N. trautmani. Asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities ± 0.95. Nodes recovered with posterior probabilities ± 0.95 in the morphology-only analysis are indicated by an open circle, molecular analysis by a closed circle and both analyses by an open square.

Figure 7 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 7. Results of phylogenetic analyses of the molecular (cyt b + RAG2) data set. A, single most parsimonious tree resulting from parsimony analysis. Numbers above branches indicate non-parametric bootstrap support, numbers below are Bremer (1988) decay indices. B, Bayesian consensus topology; asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities ± 0.95.

Figure 5. A, B in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 5. A, B, tripus and os suspensor, ventral view, anterior at top. A, Noturus maydeni, JFBM 40815; B, N. funebris, JFBM 43002. C–E, caudal vertebrae, lateral view, anterior at left. C, N. funebris, JFBM 43002; D, N. gladiator, JFBM 40771; E, N. elegans, JFBM 41047. c1 = vertebral centrum 1; CC1 = complex centrum – Weberian apparatus; osus = os suspensor; tr = tripus. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 4 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 4. Weberian complex and associated dorsal fin structures, dorsal view, anterior at bottom. A, Noturus munitus, JFBM 43107; B, N. maydeni, JFBM 39170; C, N. gilberti, JFBM 42496; D, N. funebris, JFBM 43002. dsp1 = dorsal fin spine 1; dsp2 = dorsal fin spine 2; np1 = nuchal plate 1; np2 = nuchal plate 2; ns4 = neural spine 4; pr1 = proximal radial 1; tp4 = transverse process fourth vertebra; tp5 = transverse process fifth vertebra. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Scale bar = 1 mm.