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2,395 results for “Contrast”
Contrasting selection pressure on body and weapon size in a polygynous megaherbivore
<p>Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a common morphological trait in ungulates, with polygyny considered the leading driver of larger male body mass and weapon size. However, not all polygynous species exhibit SSD, while molecular evidence has revealed a more complex relationship between paternity and mating system than originally predicted. SSD is, therefore, likely to be shaped by a range of social, ecological and physiological factors. We present the first definitive analysis of SSD in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius ) using a unique morphological dataset collected from 2994 aged individuals. The results confirm that hippos exhibit SSD, but the mean body mass differed by only 5% between the sexes, which is rather limited compared with many other polygynous ungulates. However, jaw and canine mass are significantly greater in males than females (44% and 81% heavier, respectively), highlighting the considerable selection pressure for acquiring larger weapons. A predominantly aquatic lifestyle coupled with the physiological limitations of their foregut fermenting morphology likely restricts body size differences between the sexes. Indeed, hippos appear to be a rare example among ungulates whereby sexual selection favours increased weapon size over body mass, underlining the important role that species-specific ecology and physiology have in shaping SSD.</p>
Data from: Trophic plasticity of mixotrophic corals under contrasting environments
<p>1. Mixotrophic organisms can derive nutrition from both auto- and heterotrophy, which allows them to use a variety of trophic pathways to sustain their metabolic demands under variable conditions. Therefore, when facing environmental change, these organisms are expected to demonstrate an intrinsic ability to acclimatise through trophic plasticity.</p> <p>2. Scleractinian corals are ecologically important mixotrophs, but understanding their trophic plasticity has been impaired by an oversimplification toward inconsistent proxies of coral diet and overlooking intraspecific variability.</p> <p>3. Here, we applied a Bayesian analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data to determine the trophic niches of six common species of scleractinian corals and their associated endosymbionts, and combined it with an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to identify trophic behaviours and strategies.</p> <p>4. We found a variable amount of nutritional plasticity identified by different trophic behaviours within and between mixotrophic corals living under the same environmental conditions. Further, we observed changes in trophic plasticity across environmental conditions. Corals from variable environments had larger host and endosymbiont niches than corals from stable environments. In addition, deeper corals had niches indicating a greater degree of heterotrophy than shallow corals. Collectively, corals exhibited distinct trophic strategies by promoting trophic niche differentiation along the mixotrophic continuum and conspecific individual colonies displayed high trophic variation.</p> <p>5. Our results provide a foundation to understand how mixotrophic organisms may adjust their nutrition in response to ongoing global environmental change and the consequential modification of benthic assemblages.</p>
Sediment Cascade Database: Post wildfire effects on Mediterranean and contrasting ecosystems
<p>This review examines the effects of wildfire in Mediterranean and contrasting ecosystems through the concept of sediment cascade (i.e. the dynamic transfer of sediments across different landscape compartments, linking sources, transport channels and sedimentation areas in an interconnected ecosystem). The main objective of the current review was to synthesize current knowledge while identifying critical gaps in our understanding of the interactions between these factors (wildfire, erosion, and contaminants).</p> <p>The database compile all the Journal articles related to post-wildfire erosion under Mediterranean climates, to sediment sources, biodiversity (i.e. with a focus on environmental DNA), and contaminants were retrieved from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science database as of 9 September 2025. </p> <p>The search used specific keyword combinations for each topic. For soil erosion, "erosion," "wildfire," "soil," "sediment," and "Mediterranean" yielded 99 articles. For sediment sources, "sediment," "wildfire," and "tracers" identified 20 articles. Biodiversity searches using " environmental", "DNA", "wildfire", and "ecosystems" resulted in 23 articles. Finally, three keyword combinations on firefighting impacts (e.g., "fire-retardant" and "fire-suppressant" with "wildfire" and "ecosystems") identified 19 articles.</p>
FIGURE 3 in A review of the genus Litinium Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Enoplida: Oxystominidae) with descriptions of four new species from two contrasting habitats
FIGURE 3. Litinium curticauda sp. n., holotype male. A: entire; B: anterior body; C: anterior end; D: posterior end. Arrow indicates a longitudinal slit in the cuticle where cephalic seta is inserted (lo.sl.). Scale bars: A 500 µm; B 100 µm; C, D 20 µm.
FIGURE 6 in A review of the genus Litinium Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Enoplida: Oxystominidae) with descriptions of four new species from two contrasting habitats
FIGURE 6. Pictorial guide for valid Litinium species. Caricatured images of species taken from published descriptions: abyssorum—orig.; aequale—Gerlach, 1958; bananum—Gerlach, 1956; curticauda—orig.; obtusilobus—Bussau, 1993; parmatum—Wieser, 1954; profundorum—orig.; quangi—orig.; subterraneum—Tchesunov et al., 2010; volutum—Gerlach, 1962.
FIGURE 5 in A review of the genus Litinium Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Enoplida: Oxystominidae) with descriptions of four new species from two contrasting habitats
FIGURE 5. Litinium profundorum sp. n., holotype male. A: entire; B: anterior body; C: anterior end; D: posterior body. Arrow indicates the internal thickened cuticular layer (int.thick.cut.) in the tail terminus. Scale bars: A 200 µm; B 100 µm; C, D 10 µm.
FIGURE 2 in A review of the genus Litinium Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Enoplida: Oxystominidae) with descriptions of four new species from two contrasting habitats
FIGURE 2. Litinium quangi sp. n., anteriors and tails. A: holotype male, anterior body end; B: allotype female, anterior body end; C: holotype male, posterior body end; D: allotype female, tail. Scale bars: 20 µm.
FIGURE 4 in A review of the genus Litinium Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Enoplida: Oxystominidae) with descriptions of four new species from two contrasting habitats
FIGURE 4. Litinium abyssorum sp. n. A: holotype male, entire; B: allotype female, entire; C: holotype male, anterior end; D: anterior end of the allotype female; E: anterior end of the allotype female, optical section; F: holotype male, posterior body; G: allotype female, tail. Arrows indicate somatic papillae in longitudinal slits in the cuticle (lo.sl.), gubernaculum (gub.), left vestigial spicule (l.sp.). Scale bars: A, B 300 µm; C–G 10 µm.
FIGURE 1 in A review of the genus Litinium Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Enoplida: Oxystominidae) with descriptions of four new species from two contrasting habitats
FIGURE 1. Litinium quangi sp. n., entire and anterior body. A: holotype male, entire; B: allotype female, entire; C: holotype male, anterior body; D: allotype female, anterior body. Scale bars: A, B 500 µm; C, D 100 µm.
FIGURE 4. Dasydytes lamellatus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A–B, D in New data on Brazilian semiplanktonic gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida)
FIGURE 4. Dasydytes lamellatus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A–B, D: Ventral View, C: egg, E: Dorsal view. at: anterior cilia tuft; ca–b: cephalic long spines; db: dorsal cilia band; ta–tb: trunk spines; pt: posterior cilia tuft; r: rear spine; vt1–3: ventral cilia tufts.
FIGURE 1. Dasydytes lamellatus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A in New data on Brazilian semiplanktonic gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida)
FIGURE 1. Dasydytes lamellatus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A: Dorsal view, B: Ventral view, spined scales at posterior protuberance, C: Ventral motile spines with two lamella-like denticles, D: Ventral spine groups inserted at the head and trunk, E: Lateral view, F: egg. at: anterior tuft; ca–cb: cephalic long spines; db: cephalic dorsal cilia band; de: denticle; lt: lateral tuft; ss: short spines; ta–tb: trunk spines; r: rear spine.
FIGURE 7. Neogossea acanthocolla differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A–B in New data on Brazilian semiplanktonic gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida)
FIGURE 7. Neogossea acanthocolla differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A–B: dorsal view, C–E: Lateral view, F–G: Dorsal view. ac: anterior constriction; at: anterior cilia tuft; br: neck brush spines; cs: cephalic short spines; db: dorsal cilia band; mv: median ciliary tuft; pb: posterior bulb; ts: trunk scales.
FIGURE 2. Dasydytes lamellatus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A in New data on Brazilian semiplanktonic gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida)
FIGURE 2. Dasydytes lamellatus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A: Dorsal view, B: Ventral view, ciliature tufts, C: lateral ciliature tuft, D: E: Cephalic ciliature. at: anterior cilia tuft; ca–cb: cephalic long spine; ce: cephalion; db: dorsal cilia band; lt: lateral cilia tuft; ta–tb: trunk spines; r: rear spine; ss: short spines; ta: trunk spines; vt1–3: ventral cilia tufts.
FIGURE 6. Haltidytes pseudosquamosus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A in New data on Brazilian semiplanktonic gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida)
FIGURE 6. Haltidytes pseudosquamosus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A: Dorsal view, B: Dorsal view, ciliature tufts, C: Dorsal view, spines path, D, E: Cephalic ciliature. at: anterior cilia tuft; db: dorsal cilia band; nb: neck sensory bristle; nf: nefridia; pt: posterior cilia tuft.
FIGURE 5. Haltidytes pseudosquamosus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A in New data on Brazilian semiplanktonic gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida)
FIGURE 5. Haltidytes pseudosquamosus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A: Dorsal view, B: Ventral view, spines insertion, C: Dorsal view, spines insertion, D, dorsal view, spine paths, E: posterior spine denticle. de: denticles; nf: nefridia; ta–d: trunk spines.
Elemental bioimaging and transcriptomics – no evidence of altered gene expression after single injection of Gadolinium-based contrast agents in mice cerebellum
<p>single read RNA data for GBCA study</p>
CLAIRE: contrastive learning-based batch correction framework for better balance between batch mixing and preservation of cellular heterogeneity
<p>Source code, datasets and outputs. </p>
Multispecies colour polymorphisms associated with contrasting microhabitats in two Mediterranean wrasse radiations
<p>Intraspecific colour polymorphisms present unique opportunities to study fundamental evolutionary questions, such as the link between ecology and phenotype, mechanisms maintaining genetic diversity and their putative role in speciation. Wrasses are highly diverse in ecology and morphology and harbour a variety of colour polymorphic species. In the Mediterranean Sea, wrasses of the tribe Labrini evolved two species radiations each harbouring several species with a brown and a green morph. The colour morphs occur in complete sympatry in mosaic habitats with rocky outcrops and Neptune grass patches. Morph-specific differences had not been characterized yet and the evolutionary forces maintaining them remained unknown. With genome-wide data for almost all Labrini species, we show that species with colour polymorphisms are distributed across the phylogeny, but show evidence of hybridization. This suggests that the colour morphs are either ancient and have been lost repeatedly<span>, that </span>they have evolved repeatedly or have been shared via hybridisation. Focusing on two polymorphic species, we find that each colour morph is more common in the microhabitat providing the best colour match and that the morphs exhibit additional behavioural and morphological differences further improving crypsis in their respective microhabitat. We find little evidence for genetic differentiation between the morphs in either species. Therefore, we propose that these colour morphs represent a multi-niche polymorphism as an adaptation to the highly heterogeneous habitat. Our study highlights how colour polymorphism can be advantageous in mosaic habitats and that Mediterranean wrasses are an ideal system to study trans-species polymorphisms, i.e. polymorphisms maintained across several species, in adaptive radiations.</p>
Figure 4. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)
Figure 4. A, geographic distribution of Leptocoma aspasia haplotypes in Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. Each circle represents an island and the fractions within the circle the haplotypes found on that island, proportioned to represent the frequency of each haplotype. The haplotypes are named according to the species-level divisions suggested by ABGD and coloured to represent the clades supported by our phylogenetic analyses. B, TCS haplotype network of Leptocoma haplotypes. Each circle represents a unique ND2–ND3 haplotype, sized to represent how many birds carried that haplotype. The hatch marks represent mutations between haplotypes, also given as numbers in brackets for the wider divergences. The unfilled, white nodes represent hypothetical ancestral states. C, Bayesian consensus tree of Leptocoma haplotypes. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probabilities.
Figure 1. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)
Figure 1. A, map of the Indo-Pacific region with study regions marked inside boxes. The range of the olive-backed sunbird is shaded horizontally in yellow, the range of the black sunbird vertically in purple, both according to BirdLife International. Seas deeper than 200 m are represented by a darker blue. Biogeographic barriers (Wallace, 1863; Lydekker, 1896) are represented with red lines. B, map of south-east Sulawesi and the Wakatobi Islands in Wallacea, with olive-backed sunbird sampling sites marked with yellow downward-pointing triangles, black sunbird sampling sites with purple upward-pointing triangles. C, map of Australia and New Guinea on the Sahul Shelf, with olive-backed sunbird sampling sites marked with yellow downward-pointing triangles, black sunbird sampling sites with purple upward-pointing triangles. D, map of the Bismarck Archipelago with the sampling site of the B10K black sunbird marked with a purple triangle.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.