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Real-space imaging of an anisotropic atomic charge of σ-hole by means of Kelvin probe force microscopy
<p>Data set for the publication with the title 'Real-space imaging of an anisotropic atomic charge of σ-hole by means of Kelvin probe force microscopy'.</p> <p>An anisotropic charge distribution on individual atoms, such as σ-holes, may strongly affect the material and structural properties of systems. However, the spatial resolution of such anisotropic charge distributions on an atom represents a long-standing experimental challenge. In particular, the existence of the σ-hole on halogen atoms has been demonstrated only indirectly through the determination of the crystal structures of organic molecules containing halogens or via theoretical calculations, but its direct experimental visualization has not yet been reported . Here we demonstrate that Kelvin probe force microscopy with a properly functionalized probe can image the anisotropic charge of the σ-hole and of a quadrupolar charge of a carbon monoxide molecule. This achievement opens a new way to characterize biological and chemical systems where anisotropic atomic charges play a decisive role.</p>
Fast grip force adaptation to friction relies on localized fingerpad strains
<p>Humans can quickly adjust their grip force to a change in friction at the object-skin interface during dexterous manipulation in a precision grip. To perform this adjustment, they rely on the feedback of the mechanoreceptive afferents innervating the fingertip skin. Because these tactile afferents encode information related to skin deformation, the nature of the feedback signaling a change in friction must somehow originate from a difference in the way the skin deforms when manipulating objects of different frictions. To better characterize the origin of the underlying sensory events, we asked human participants to perform a grip-lifting task with a manipulandum equipped with an optical imaging system. This system enabled to monitor fingertip skin strains through transparent plates of glass that had different levels of friction. We observed that, following an unexpected change in friction, participants adapted their grip force within 370ms after contact with the surface. By comparing the deformation patterns when unexpectedly switching from a high to a low friction condition, we found a significant increase in skin deformation inside the contact area arising over 100ms before the motor response, during the loading phase, suggesting that local and partial deformation patterns prior to lift-off are used in the nervous system to adjust the grip force as a function of the frictional condition.</p>
Figure 12 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 12. Right mandibular ramus of Pteranodon sp. AMNH 153 in medial view, (A) whole view of posterior region of the ramus, (B) and (C) close-ups corresponding to the rectangles shown in (A). Scale bar = 10 mm. Arrowheads indicate muscle scars. Abbreviations: glfo, glenoid fossa; san, surangular; rapr, retroarticular process.
Figure 15 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 15. Right mandibular ramus of Pteranodon sp. (A) YPM 1175, (B) YPM 1175 (detail of scars) and (C) YPM 2738 in medial view. Arrowheads indicate muscle scars. Scale bars = 10 mm. Abbreviations: adfo, adductor fossa; glfo, glenoid fossa; rapr, retroarticular process.
Figure 18 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 18. Mandibular rami of Pteranodon sp. in lateral view. A, YPM 2487. B, YPM 2476. C, YPM 1175. D, YPM 2738. Arrowheads indicate muscle scars. Scale bars = 10 mm. Abbreviations: glfo, glenoid fossa; rapr, retroarticular process.
Figure 8 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 8. Palatal bones in occlusal view of Caupedactylus ybaka holotype (MN 4726-V). Scale bar = 10 mm. Arrowhead indicates pterygoid fossa. Abbreviations: ec, ectopterygoid; m, maxilla; pplf, postapalatinal fenestra; pty, pterygoid; stf, subtemporal fenestra.
Figure 4 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 4. Upper temporal regions of (A) Tropeognathus mesembrinus holotype (BSPG 1987 46) in left lateral view, (B) Anhanguera blittersdorffi (MN 4805-V) in right lateral view, (C) Pteranodon longiceps (YPM 2594) in left lateral view, and (D) Ludodactylus sibbicki (SMNK PAL 3828) in right lateral view. The arrowheads mark the adductor ridges. Scale bars = 20 mm. Abbreviations: f, frontal; fpcr, frontoparietal crest; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; op, opisthotic; or, orbit; r, right; sq, squamosal; utf, upper temporal fenestra.
Figure 1 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 1. Graphic representation of the method for calculating mechanical advantage of each muscle group using the skull of Ta. wellnhoferi. This image shows only its temporal musculature, taken as an example, in (A) right lateral view and (B) palatal view. Green line: inlever. Red line: outlever. Yellow lines: lines of action in each represented plane. Pink area: two-dimensional representations of muscle extension in lateral view (A) and the palatal plane (B). The latter is equivalent to the CSA.
Figure 20 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 20. Absolute bite force and bite force quotients of the analysed pterodactyloids. A, comparison of the absolute values of anterior bite force, given in Newtons (N). B, comparison of bite force quotients. Skulls not to scale.
Figure 3 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 3. Upper temporal regions of Thalassodromeus sethi holotype (DGM 1476-R) in (A) dorsal and (B) right lateral view; and (C) of Tapejara wellnhoferi (SMNK 1137) in right lateral view. All scale bars = 20 mm. Abbreviations: f, frontal; fpcr, frontoparietal crest; or, orbit; utf, upper temporal fenestra.
Figure 13 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 13. Left mandibular ramus of Pteranodon sp. (A) YPM 2487, (B) LACM 51130 and (C) YPM 2401, in medial view. Arrowheads indicate muscle scars. Scale bars = 10 mm. Abbreviations: adfo, adductor fossa; an, angular; glfo, glenoid fossa; rapr, retroarticular process.
Figure 17 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 17. Left mandibular rami in lateral view. A, Thalassodromeus sethi holotype (DGM 1476-R). B, Anhanguera araripensis holotype (BSPG 1982 89). C, Ludodactylus sibbicki holotype (SMNK PAL 3828). Arrowhead indicates muscle scars. Scale bars = 20 mm. Abbreviations: sanfo, surangular fossa.
Figure 2 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 2. Jaw muscle reconstruction of the analysed taxa, with skulls in lateral and palatal views. These reconstructions are based on the present work and were used as the basis for calculating CSA, α, β, inlever and outlever. Pink represents the temporal musculature; green, M. adductor mandibulae posterior; and blue, the pterygoideus musculature. A, B, Caupedactylus ybaka (based on Kellner, 2013). C, D, Tapejara wellnhoferi (based on Kellner, 1989; 2004). E, F, Dsungaripterus weii (based on Young, 1984). G, H, Thalassodromeus sethi (based on Kellner & Campos, 2002; Pêgas et al., 2018). I, J, Tupuxuara leonardii (based on Kellner, 2004; Pinheiro & Schultz, 2012). K, L, Tropeognathus mesembrinus (based on Wellnhofer, 1987). M, N, Anhanguera blittersdorffi (based on Kellner & Tomida, 2000). O, P, Pteranodon longiceps (based on Bennett, 2001). Q, R, Nyctosaurus gracilis (based on Williston, 1902; Bennett, 2003). All scale bars = 200 mm.
Figure 14 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 14. Left mandibular ramus of (A) Pteranodon sp. YPM 1179, (B) Pteranodon longiceps YPM 2594 and (C) YPM 2594 in detail in medial view. Arrowheads indicate muscle scars. Scale bars = 10 mm. Abbreviations: adfo, adductor fossa; glfo, glenoid fossa; rapr, retroarticular process.
Figure 11 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 11. Mandibular rami of anhanguerids in medial view: Anhanguera araripensis holotype (BSPG 1982 89) (A) left ramus and (B) right ramus; and (C) Tropeognathus mesembrinus holotype (BSPG 1987 46) left ramus. Arrowheads indicate muscle scars. Scale bars = 20 mm. Abbreviations: adfo, adductor fossa; ang, angular; glfo, glenoid fossa; part, prearticular; rapr, retroarticular process; san, surangular.
Figure 9. A in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 9. A, right mandibular ramus of Aymberedactylus cearensis holotype (MN 7596-V) in ventral view. B, left mandibular ramus of Aymberedactylus cearensis holotype in ventral view and (C) medial view. Arrowheads indicate muscle scars. Scale bars = 20 mm. Abbreviations: adfo, adductor fossa; ang, angular; art, articular; d, dentary; rapr, retroarticular process; san, surangular.
Figure 16 in Reconstruction of the adductor chamber and predicted bite force in pterodactyloids (Pterosauria)
Figure 16. Mandibular rami in dorsal view. A, Aymberedactylus cearensis holotype (MN 7596-V), right ramus. B, Thalassodromeus sethi holotype (DGM 1476-R), left ramus. C, Anhanguera araripensis holotype (BSPG 1982 89), left ramus. D, Pteranodon sp. YPM 2410, left ramus. E, Pteranodon sp. LACM 51130, left ramus. Arrowheads indicate muscle scars. Scale bars = 10 mm. Abbreviations: adfo, adductor fossa; defo, fossa depressoria; lc, lateral cotyle; mc, medial cotyle; rapr, retroarticular process.
POPS+83%popc lipid bilayer simulation at T298K ran CHARMM_GUI force field and Gromacs
<p>POPS+83%popc lipid bilayer simulation at T298K ran CHARMM_GUI force field and Gromacs. 100ns long trajectory.</p>
Deep Hyper Suprime-Cam Images and a Forced Photometry Catalog in W-CDF-S
<p>These are the data products associated with the Ni et al. (2018) research note: "Deep Hyper Suprime-Cam Images and a Forced Photometry Catalog in W-CDF-S", Ni Q., Timlin J., Brandt W.N., Yang G., 2018, RNAAS, in press. </p>
Data for: Aridity and chronic anthropogenic disturbance as organizing forces of fruit-feeding butterfly assemblages in a Caatinga dry forest
<p><span>Anthropogenic disturbances and climate change are expected to reorganize biodiversity on multiple ecological levels from populations to ecosystems, especially in arid and semiarid regions due to environmental filtering imposed by water stress. This paper examines the individual and combined effects of chronic anthropogenic disturbance and increased aridity on the structure of fruit-feeding butterfly assemblages in a human-modified landscape of Caatinga dry forest, in the northeast of Brazil. Butterflies were recorded monthly across old-growth forest stands and their assemblages were described in terms of taxonomic and functional community-level attributes confronted with different levels of chronic disturbance and aridity. Butterfly assemblages were species-poor but had high species replacement (turnover) along both the chronic disturbance and aridity gradients. We observed a negative effect of aridity on the alpha and beta diversity of butterfly assemblages. Butterfly assemblages across forest stands exposed to high levels of chronic disturbance and aridity had a nested structure. Functional diversity (Rao's Q) and the community-weighted means (CWM) of ocellus-bearing species and monocot-feeding larvae were negatively and positively affected by increased aridity and chronic disturbance, respectively. Our findings suggest that aridity and its combination with chronic disturbance have a drastic effect on the structure of butterfly assemblages in the Caatinga dry forest. These findings highlight that rainfall and chronic disturbances as major drivers of biological reorganization in human-modified landscapes. As aridity increases, Caatinga tends to support taxonomically and functionally impoverished and highly distorted assemblages.</span></p>
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