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Fig. 6 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 6. Comparison of phylogenetic trees and of the three hypotheses of hyaenodont origin and dispersals with focus on the Sinopinae and Proviverrinae. A. African origin with subsequent dispersals of the Sinopinae and Proviverrinae into Europe, and of the Sinopinae from Europe to North America. A 1. The phylogenetic tree based on the cladistics analysis of Solé et al. (2014b). A 2. Faunal dispersals during the early Eocene based on the hypothesis of an African origin for the Hyaenodonta. B. Asian origin with subsequent dispersals of Sinopinae and Proviverrinae into Europe, and of Tinerhodon from Europe to Africa. B 1. The phylogenetic tree based on the cladistics analysis of Rana et al. (in press); the position of the Group A is variable—we represent only two of the four possible positions: the basal position implies two dispersal events from Laurasia to Africa, while the more inclusive position implies one single event. B 2. Faunal dispersals around the Paleocene–Eocene transition based on the hypothesis of an Asian origin for the Hyaenodonta. C. Multiregional origin with subsequent dispersals of the Sinopinae from Asia to North America through Europe, and of the Proviverrinae from Africa to Europe. C 1. The phylogenetic tree based on the abstract of Morlo et al. (2010). C 2. Faunal dispersals during the early Eocene based on the hypotheses of an Asian origin for the Sinopinae (Hyaenodontida) and of an African one for the Proviverrinae (Proviverroidea). The phylogeny of Rana et al. in press) is, however, consistent with either an African or an Asian origin for the Hyaenodonta; only the Asian origin is discussed here; the position of Tinerhodon in C 1 is our hypothesis because this taxon is not discussed by Morlo et al. (2010). Abbreviations: A, Africa; L, Laurasia. Bolded, taxa that mainly radiated in Africa; asterisks, paraphyletic subfamilies in Rana et al. (in press). A 2 –C 2 are adapted from Ron Blakey, Eocene, http://www2.nau. edu/rcb7/050Marect.jpg.

Fig. 4. Proviverrine mammal Eoproviverra eisenmanni Godinot, 1981 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 4. Proviverrine mammal Eoproviverra eisenmanni Godinot, 1981 from early Eocene, Rians, France; MNHN.F.RI 400, left m2; labial (A), occlusal (B), and lingual (C) views.

Fig. 7 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 7. Geographic localisation of the Asian hyaenodonts mentioned in the text, and distributions of the Limnocyoninae and Indohyaenodontinae. Both the geographic distributions of the Limnocyoninae and Indohyaenodontinae include the Mongolian specimen PSS 20-124. Adapted from Ron Blakey, Eocene, http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/050Marect.jpg.

Fig. 3 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 3. Proviverrine mammal Parvagula palulae Lange-Badré in Godinot et al., 1987 from Fournes (A, C, D) and Fordones (B), France, early Eocene. A. UM/FNR 53, right fragmentary dentary bearing p4; labial (A 1), lingual (A2), and occlusal (A3) views. B. UM/FDN 153, left trigonid of m1?; occlusal (B 1), labial (B2), and lingual (B3) views. C. UM/FNR 52, left trigonid of m1?; occlusal (C1), labial (C2), and lingual (C3) views. D. UM/FNR 51, right m1?; labial (D 1), occlusal (D2), and lingual (D3) views. The frame distinguishes the sole specimen from Fordones.

Fig. 1 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 1. Eocene palaeogeographic map showing the possible localisation of Rians, Palette, Fournes, Fordones, and Le Quesnoy (France), Dormaal and Erquelinnes (Belgium), Silveirinha (Portugal), and Abbey Wood (England). The earliest proviverrines are restricted to the Southern European Province, while the sinopines are mainly located in the Northern European Province. Redrawn from Marandat et al. (2012: fig. 1).

Fig. 5 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 5. Comparison of the p4 (A, C) and m1 (B, D) of the early Eocene Proviverrinae and Sinopinae. A, B. Parvagula palulae Lange-Badré in Godinot et al., 1987 from Fournes, France. A. UM/FNR 53, right p4; occlusal (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. UM/FNR 51, right m1; occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C, D. Prototomus minimus Smith and Smith, 2001 from Dormaal, Belgium. C. IRSNB M1286, right p4; lingual (C1) and occlusal (C2) views. D. IRSNB M1287, left m1; lingual (D1) and occlusal (D2) views, reversed. Not to scale.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Research data supporting the publication "Hierarchy of Topological Transitions in a Network Liquid"

This dataset contains the data used to produce each of the figures in the manuscript "Hierarchy of Topological Transitions in a Network Liquid" published in PNAS. The dataset includes configuration files for the dendrimer system generated via NPT Monte Carlo simulations and the topological analysis of the networks formed by the dendrimer particles.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

The optical absorption in semiconductor to semimetal PtSe2 arises from direct transitions - Supporting data

Data supporting the findings of the work: M. Tharrault, S. Ayari, M. Arfaoui, E. Desgué, R. Le Goff, P. Morfin, J. Palomo, M. Rosticher, S. Jaziri, B. Plaçais, P. Legagneux, F. Carosella, C. Voisin, R. Ferreira and E. Baudin, The optical absorption in semiconductor to semimetal PtSe2 arises from direct transitions, <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.01847">arXiv:2311.01847 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci]</a>.   The sample names in this study match those used in the Raman spectroscopy focused study <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ad1e79">https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ad1e79</a>. Data from that study can be accessed at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8256907">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8256907</a>. See the Supplemental Material for extra details.   Files available: Optical absorption spectroscopy.zip: reflectance, transmittance, real and imaginary 2D optical conductivity for exfoliated and MBE samples. Differential reflectance with temperature.zip: differential reflectance Delta R / R pour 4 exfoliated thin samples and temperatures from 290K to 440K. Layers label attribution.txt: number of layers for each sample. Selected samples fig1.txt: list of samples displayed in the figure 1 of the publication. Band diagrams.zip: Band diagrams for GGA-computed 1-12L and AB stacked bilayers as well as GW and HSE06 computed 1L and the k-points path used for the diagrams. Optical conductivity DFT.zip: real 2D optical conductivity and jDOS computed using GGA-IPA for 1-12L and AB stacked bilayers. Optical absorption 1L different models.csv: GGA-IPA, GW-IPA, GW-BSE and HSE06-IPA real 2D optical conductivities for the monolayer. 1L optical absorption with temperature DFT.csv: 2D real optical conductivity of 1L PtSe2 computed with EPW/ZG Quantum Espresso package for T = 0 K to 450 K. 1L electronic spectral function with temperature.zip: electronic spectral function for 1L PtSe2 for T = 0, 300 and 450 K. Atomic orbitals decomposition.zip: band diagrams and the corresponding orbital components, as displayed in Supplemental Material. Electronic bandgap correction.txt: GGA computed bandgaps and corrected by the energy shift.

Data supporting publication: Continuous spectral and coupling-strength encoding with dual-gradient metasurfaces

Dataset for "Continuous spectral and coupling-strength encoding with dual-gradient metasurfaces" Figure 1 to Figure 5.

Mechanical data in support of "Permeability Partitioning through the Brittle-to-Ductile Transition and its Implications for Supercritical Geothermal Reservoirs"

This folder contains 4 files with the nechanicakl data produced during the study titled "Mechanical data in support of "Permeability Partitioning through the Brittle-to-Ductile Transition and its Implications for Supercritical Geothermal Reservoirs". Each file correspond to an experiment ran at a different temperature: LG200C.txt: Lanhelin Granite, T = 200C, strain rate 10-6, Initial length = 42.32 mm LG400C.txt: Lanhelin Granite, T = 400C, strain rate 10-6, Initial length = 41.68 mm LG600C.txt: Lanhelin Granite, T = 600C, strain rate 10-6, Initial length = 41.78 mm LG800C.txt: Lanhelin Granite, T = 800C, strain rate 10-6, Initial length = 41.77 mm All data files contain the following columns: time (s), confining pressure (bar), displacement (mm), vertical load (kN), temperature (C), upstream pore pressure (bar), downstream porepressure (bar).

Biomechanical filtering supports efficient tactile encoding in the human hand

This repository contains the data and code used to produce the results in the publication "Biomechanical filtering supports efficient tactile encoding in the human hand." If you use these data or code, please cite our publication. Full citation: N. Tummala, G. Reardon, B. Dandu, Y. Shao, H. P. Saal, and Y. Visell, "Biomechanical filtering supports efficient tactile encoding in the human hand". bioRxiv, 2024. doi: 10.1101/2023.11.10.565040   Abstract From Manuscript Touching an object elicits skin oscillations that are biomechanically transmitted throughout the hand, driving responses in thousands of tactile receptors, including numerous exquisitely sensitive Pacinian corpuscles (PCs). Accepted descriptions of PC functionality characterize their response properties as highly stereotyped, based on experimental data gathered when stimuli are applied near the receptor. However, during natural touch, spiking activity in the majority of PCs is evoked by transmitted skin oscillations that are modified by biomechanical filtering. This filtering mechanism, stemming from dispersive wave dynamics in the skin, bears some similarity to the pre-neuronal filtering of auditory signals by the basilar membrane, a mechanical process that is instrumental to perception. Thus, we sought to clarify how skin biomechanics might influence tactile information encoding in the periphery. We used vibrometry imaging and computational neural experiments to examine the influence of biomechanical filtering on neural activity in whole-hand PC populations. We observed complex, location- and frequency-dependent patterns of filtering that were shaped by tissue mechanics and hand morphology. This source of biomechanical modulation diversified PC population spiking activity and enhanced tactile information encoding efficiency. These findings indicate that biomechanics furnishes a pre-neuronal mechanism that facilitates efficient tactile encoding and processing.

Supported data for manuscript: 'Future hydrogen economies imply environmental trade-offs and a supply-demand mismatch' (DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51251-7)

After unpacking the ZIP file, this repository contains the following files: results_lcoh_ecoinvent_391_reference.tif: grid-specific hydrogen production cost (euro/kg H2) for the reference scenario. results_lcoh_SSP2-Base_2050_base.tif: grid-specific hydrogen production cost (euro/kg H2) for the baseline scenario in 2050. results_lcoh_SSP2-PkBudg1150_2050_base.tif: grid-specific hydrogen production cost (euro/kg H2) for the 2°C scenario in 2050. results_lcoh_SSP2-PkBudg500_2050_base.tif: grid-specific hydrogen production cost (euro/kg H2) for the 1.5°C scenario in 2050. results_ghg_kg_h2_ecoinvent_391_reference.tif: grid-specific GHG emissions (kg CO2-eq./kg H2) from hydrogen production for the reference scenario. results_ghg_kg_h2_SSP2-Base_2050_base.tif: grid-specific GHG emissions (kg CO2-eq./kg H2) from hydrogen production for the baseline scenario in 2050. results_ghg_kg_h2_SSP2-PkBudg1150_2050_base.tif: grid-specific GHG emissions (kg CO2-eq./kg H2) from hydrogen production for the 2°C scenario in 2050. results_ghg_kg_h2_SSP2-PkBudg500_2050_base.tif: grid-specific GHG emissions (kg CO2-eq./kg H2) from hydrogen production for the 1.5°C scenario in 2050. main_gen_figures.ipynb: Jupyter Notebook script used to generate the main figures of the manuscript.

FIGURE 2 in Positive allometry for exaggerated structures in the ceratopsian dinosaur Protoceratops andrewsi supports socio-sexual signaling

FIGURE 2. Changes in skull shape in Protoceratops andrewsi. All skulls are drawn to the same total length and are seen in dorsal view (upper row) and right lateral view (lower row). Left to right (with sources in parentheses) small juveniles (Fastovsky et al., 2011), juveniles (MPC-D 100/526), subadults (MPC-D 100534), putative 'female' morph, putative 'male' morph (both Dodson, 1976). The large fenestrae seen in the smallest animals are supratemporal fenestra and are not homologous with the frills of the fenestra in the larger animals.

FIGURE 1 in Positive allometry for exaggerated structures in the ceratopsian dinosaur Protoceratops andrewsi supports socio-sexual signaling

FIGURE 1. Size categories of specimens of Protoceratops andrewsi used in this study. Right to left: young juvenile, juvenile, subadult, adult. Scale bar is 1 m. Image modified from Hone et al. (2014a), original illustration by David Maas.

FIGURE 3 in Positive allometry for exaggerated structures in the ceratopsian dinosaur Protoceratops andrewsi supports socio-sexual signaling

FIGURE 3. Measurements taken from skulls of Protoceratops based on an idealised adult in dorsal view (above) and lateral view (below). Black lines and numbers indicate the measurements taken according to the variable of Dodson (1976). These are: 1, basal skull length; 2, total length (frill length is variable 2 subtracted from variable 1); 8, jugal width; 9, frill width; 13, orbit length; 14, orbit height. The grey lines indicate the maximum and minimum lengths of the frill as measured in juvenile animals. See text for further details.

Including non-growing season emissions of N2O in US maize could raise net CO2e emissions 31% annually: Code and supporting data

Buma B. 2024. "Including non-growing season emissions of N2O in US maize could raise net CO2e emissions 31% annually," Agriculture and Environmental Letters. Code, county level nitrogen application data, and maize off-season emission factor ratio.  For the citations for both the county level data and the maize data, see the manuscript.  Both datasets are also publicly available from their respective citations, but included here for ease of review.

FIGURE 5 in Positive allometry for exaggerated structures in the ceratopsian dinosaur Protoceratops andrewsi supports socio-sexual signaling

FIGURE 5. Life restoration of adult Protoceratops andrewsi (foreground) engaging in speculative display postures, an activity in which non-mature animals (background) do not take part. Artwork by Rebecca Gelernter, who retains the copyright on this image — used with permission.

FIGURE 4 in Positive allometry for exaggerated structures in the ceratopsian dinosaur Protoceratops andrewsi supports socio-sexual signaling

FIGURE 4. Allometric relationships for frill length (1), frill width (2) and the width across the jugal bosses (3). Solid lines show the fitted lines from SMA regression, dashed grey lines show the line of isometry (slope = 1 and intercept = 0). All measurements were originally in mm prior to log transformation.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

supporting files for "What to Choose for Estimating Leaf Water Status - Spectral Reflectance or in vivo Chlorophyll Fluorescence?"

Fig. 1 Workflow and parameters used for comparative analysis. Fig. 2 Representative spectra of diffusive reflectance measured on the adaxial side (RD) of fresh (RWC = 98%), partially desiccated (RWC = 52% or 54%) and severely desiccated leaves (RWC = 5%) of tobacco (A) and barley (E). Comparison of RD and RB (R from the abaxial leaf side) in fresh and severely desiccated leaves of tobacco (B) and barley (F). Water index (WI = R900/R970) and relative decrease of R in the 800-1100 nm region (ΔR) estimated from RD (indexed by "D") and RB (indexed by "B") in desiccating leaves of tobacco (C, D) and barley (G, H). Fig. 3 Water index (WISWIR = R1000/R1450) estimated from measurement of directional R from adaxial side of desiccating leaf samples of tobacco (A) and barley (B). Fig. 4 Equivalent water thickness (EWT) during desiccation of tobacco and barley leaf samples within the RWC interval 100-50%. Fig. 5 Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI = (R780-R630)/(R780+R630)) estimated from measurement of diffusive R from the abaxial (NDVIB) and adaxial side (NDVID) of desiccating leaves of tobacco (A) and barley (D). SPAD-values of desiccating leaves of tobacco (B) and barley (E). Relative SPAD and NDVI΄D (estimated from measurement of directional R from the adaxial side) of a representative leaf of tobacco (C) and barley (F) during its desiccation (in % of the value measured immediately after leaf detachment). For selected data points, the time after the leaf detachment is indicated. Fig. 6 Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of desiccating tobacco and barley leaf samples. (A, D) The maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry in the dark-adapted state (FV/FM) and the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry in the light-adapted state (ΦPSIIst). (B, E) The non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence after 1 min of exposure to actinic light (NPQ1). (C, F) The non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence at steady state (NPQst). Fig. 7 Coefficient of reliability (CR), coefficient of sensitivity (CS) and coefficient of inaccuracy (CI) of parameters measured in desiccating leaf samples of tobacco and barley within the RWC interval 100-50%. The parameters have been divided into 5 groups according to the type of leaf characteristics they reflect. A horizontal line in CR plot indicates the reliability threshold (CR = 0.4). Table 1 Parameters measured on desiccating tobacco and barley leaves ranked according to the value of their coefficient of reliability (CR) within the RWC interval 100-50% and the corresponding values of the coefficient of determination (R2). Fig. S1 Decrease in relative water content (RWC) of leaf samples of tobacco and barley with time after their detachment Fig. S2 Micrographs of leaf structure of fresh tobacco (A) and barley (B) leaves. Fig. S3 WISWIR images of representative desiccating tobacco and barley leaf samples. Numbers above the samples indicate their RWC in %. Fig. S4 (A) Leaf area (in % of the area of fresh leaves) and (B) equivalent water thickness (EWT) during desiccation of tobacco and barley leaf samples. Fig. S5 Imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of representative desiccating tobacco and barley leaf samples. The maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (FV/FM), the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry in the light-adapted state (ΦPSIIst), the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence after 1 min of exposure to actinic light (NPQ1), and the non-photochemical quenching of Chl fluorescence at steady state (NPQst). Fig. S6 Dependencies of measured parameters on RWC (in interval 100-50%) in desiccating tobacco leaves and segments. The parameters are ranked from most to least reliable according to their coefficient of reliability (CR). All parameters are normalized to their mean value (ȳ). Fig. S7 Dependencies of measured parameters on RWC (in interval 100-50%) in desiccating barley leaves and segments. The parameters are ranked from most to least reliable according to their coefficient of reliability (CR). All parameters are normalized to their mean value (ȳ). Fig. S8 Leaf water potential measured by psychrometry (Ψpsy) and by pressure chamber (Ψpress) in desiccating leaves of tobacco (A) and barley (B). Table S1 Parameters measured on desiccating leaf samples ranked according to their coefficient of sensitivity (CS) within the RWC interval 100-50% in tobacco and barley. Table S2 Parameters measured on desiccating leaf samples ranked according to their coefficient of inaccuracy (CI) within the RWC interval 100-50% in tobacco and barley. Table S3 Ranking of measured parameters according to their coefficient of reliability (CR), sensitivity (CS) and inaccuracy (CI) in desiccating leaf samples of tobacco and barley within the RWC interval 100-50%. The parameters have been divided into 5 groups (the first column) according to the type of leaf characteristics they reflect. Table S4 Approximate time required for the measurement of the parameters used in the study and the destructiveness/non-destructiveness of the measurement. The parameters that were used for the comparison according to their coefficients of reliability (CR), sensitivity (CS) and inaccuracy (CI) are written in bold. Fig. 2_spectra of diffusive reflectance - source data for each panel (A-H) of Fig. 2: Representative spectra of diffusive reflectance measured on the adaxial side (RD) of fresh (RWC = 98%), partially desiccated (RWC = 52% or 54%) and severely desiccated leaves (RWC = 5%) of tobacco (A) and barley (E). Comparison of RD and RB (R from the abaxial leaf side) in fresh and severely desiccated leaves of tobacco (B) and barley (F). Water index (WI = R900/R970) and relative decrease of R in the 800-1100 nm region (ΔR) estimated from RD (indexed by "D") and RB (indexed by "B") in desiccating leaves of tobacco (C, D) and barley (G, H). Fig.3_water index WISWIR - source data for each panel (A+B) of Fig. 3: Water index (WISWIR = R1000/R1450) estimated from measurement of directional R from adaxial side of desiccating leaf samples of tobacco (A) and barley (B). Fig.4_equivalent water thickness - source data for Fig. 4: Equivalent water thickness (EWT) during desiccation of tobacco and barley leaf samples within the RWC interval 100-50%. Fig.5_NDVI - source data for each panel (A-F) of Fig. 5: Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI = (R780-R630)/(R780+R630)) estimated from measurement of diffusive R from the abaxial (NDVIB) and adaxial side (NDVID) of desiccating leaves of tobacco (A) and barley (D). SPAD-values of desiccating leaves of tobacco (B) and barley (E). Relative SPAD and NDVI΄D (estimated from measurement of directional R from the adaxial side) of a representative leaf of tobacco (C) and barley (F) during its desiccation (in % of the value measured immediately after leaf detachment). Fig.6_chlorophyll fluorescence parameters - source data for each panel (A-F) of Fig. 6: Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of desiccating tobacco and barley leaf samples. (A, D) The maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry in the dark-adapted state (FV/FM) and the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry in the light-adapted state (ΦPSIIst). (B, E) The non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence after 1 min of exposure to actinic light (NPQ1). (C, F) The non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence at steady state (NPQst). Fig.7_coefficients of reliability, sensitivity, inaccuracy - Coefficient of reliability (CR), coefficient of sensitivity (CS) and coefficient of inaccuracy (CI) of parameters measured in desiccating leaf samples of tobacco and barley within the RWC interval 100-50%. Fig.S1_relative water content - source data for supplementary Fig. 1: Relative water content (RWC) of leaf samples of tobacco and barley with time after their detachment. Fig.S4_leaf area and equivalent water thickness - source data for supplementary Fig. 4: Leaf area (A) and equivalent water thickness (EWT; B) during desiccation of tobacco and barley leaf samples. Fig.S6_dependencies of parameters on RWC in tobacco - source data for each panel (A-N) of supplementary Fig.6: Dependencies of measured parameters (water potential, NPQ, NDVI, reflectance, SPAD, Fv/Fm, water indexes) on RWC (in interval 100-50%) in desiccating tobacco leaves and segments. Fig.S7_dependencies of parameters on RWC in barley - source data for each panel (A-N) of supplementary Fig.7: Dependencies of measured parameters (water potential, NPQ, NDVI, reflectance, SPAD, Fv/Fm, water indexes) on RWC (in interval 100-50%) in desiccating barley leaves and segments. Fig.S8_leaf water potential - source data for supplementary Fig. 8: Leaf water potential measured by psychrometry (Ψpsy) and by pressure chamber (Ψpress) in desiccating leaves of tobacco (A) and barley (B).