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7,228 results for “Modules”
Task-induced modulations of neuronal activity along the auditory pathway
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Uneven substrates constrain walking speed in ants through modulation of stride frequency more than stride length
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Data from: Functional modules for visual scene segmentation in macaque visual cortex
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Snow modulates winter energy use and cold exposure across an elevation gradient in a montane ectotherm
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Data from: The rhythm of attention: perceptual modulation via rhythmic entrainment is lowpass and attention mediated
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Macrosystems EDDIE Module 4: Macro-Scale Feedbacks
Environmental phenomena are often driven by multiple factors that interact across space and over time. In freshwater lakes and reservoirs worldwide, carbon cycling and subsequent carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes are changing due to local, regional, and continental drivers. In this module, students will learn how to set up a lake model and "force" the model with climate scenarios to test hypotheses about how local and global drivers will interact to promote or suppress greenhouse gas fluxes in different lakes. The overarching goal of this module is for students to explore new modeling and computing tools while learning fundamental concepts about how non-linear macrosystem-level phenomena (e.g., lake greenhouse gas fluxes) can occur through macro-scale feedbacks. The A-B-C structure of this module makes it flexible and adaptable to a range of student levels and course structures. This dataset contains instructional materials and the files necessary to run the complete module. Readers are referred to the GLM science manual (Hipsey et al. 2014; 2019) for further details on model configuration.
Co-localization and confinement ofecto-nucleotidases modulate extracellularadenosine nucleotide distributions
<p>"dataset.zip" includes all of the notebooks and data files needed for manuscript "Co-localization and confinement ofecto-nucleotidases modulate extracellularadenosine nucleotide distributions".</p>
Subglacial Drainage Evolution Modulates Seasonal Ice Flow Variability of Three Tidewater Glaciers in Southwest Greenland - velocity and plume data
<p>This file contains four datasets:</p> <p>- ice velocity estimates of the area surrounding and including Kangiata Nunata Sermia, southwest Greenland, derived from Landsat imagery and from Sentinel 1 imagery</p> <p>- plume observations in this area</p> <p>- subglacial discharge at the terminus</p> <p>- glacier terminus positions</p> <p>A more complete description of these datasets will be provided in the publication with the same name (currently in review). The methods used to measure glacier terminus positions are described in https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-551-2018 </p>
Influence of offensive language usage on Anger modulation - Dataset
<p>The dataset aims to find the response elicited by after usage of swear words on anger management in people during distinct patience-demanding situations. A total of 150 participants (75 men and 75 women aged between 18 - 34 years) rated their anger level on a 6-point scale, with respect to the scenarios under three different conditions. baseline anger level during the scenario, anger level on suppressing the reaction, anger level after using offensive language. Valid responses (139) are highlighted in green and invalid responses (11) are highlighted in red.</p>
Predictability of food supply modulates nocturnal hypothermia in a small passerine
<p class="MsoBodyText">The combination of short days and long cold nights in winter, in temperate regions, presents a major challenge for small diurnal birds. Small birds regularly employ heterothermy and enter rest-phase hypothermia during winter nights to conserve energy. However, we know little about how environmental conditions, such as food availability, shape these strategies.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Using an experimental set-up, we manipulated food availability in winter to free-living great tits <i>Parus major</i>. A "predictable" and constant food supply was provided to birds in one area of a forest, while birds in another area did not have access to a reliable supplementary food source. We found that predictability of food affected the extent of nocturnal hypothermia, but the response differed between sexes. Whereas male nocturnal body temperature was similar regardless of food availability, females exposed to a naturally "unpredictable" food supply entered deeper hypothermia at night, compared with females that had access to predictable food and compared with males in both treatment groups. We suggest that this response likely is a consequence of dominance, and the subdominant females cannot maintain sufficient energy intake, resulting in a higher demand for energy conservation at night.</p>
PARE module test data
<p>PARE soil sample and ARG dataset</p>
Supplement to "Dynamic model of photovoltaic module temperature as a function of atmospheric conditions"
<p>This dataset contains data from two measurement campaigns in autumn 2018 and summer 2019 that were part of the BMWi project "MetPVNet", and serve as a supplement to the paper "Dynamic model of photovoltaic module temperature as a function of atmospheric conditions", published in the special edition of "Advances in Science and Research", the proceedings of the 19th EMS Annual Meeting: European Conference for Applied Meteorology and Climatology 2019.</p> <p>Data are resampled to one minute, and include:</p> <ol> <li>PV module temperature</li> <li>Ambient temperature</li> <li>Plane-of-array irradiance</li> <li>Windspeed</li> <li>Atmospheric thermal emission</li> </ol> <p>The data were used for the dynamic temperature model, as presented in the paper</p>
Data from: A functionally conserved mechanism of modulation via a vestibule site in pentameric ligand-gated ion channels
<p>Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) belong to a class of ion channels involved in fast synaptic signaling in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Molecules acting as allosteric modulators target binding sites that are remote from the neurotransmitter binding site, but functionally affect coupling of ligand binding to channel opening. Here, we investigated an allosteric binding site in the ion channel vestibule, which has converged from a series of studies on prokaryote and eukaryote channel homologs. We discovered single domain antibodies, called nanobodies, which are functionally active as allosteric modulators, and solved co-crystal structures of the prokaryote channel ELIC bound either to a positive (PAM) or a negative (NAM) allosteric modulator. We extrapolate the functional importance of the vestibule binding site to eukaryote ion channels, suggesting a conserved mechanism of allosteric modulation. This work identifies key elements of allosteric binding sites and extends drug design possibilities in pLGICs using nanobodies.</p>
Data from: Parasite infections in a social carnivore: evidence of their fitness consequences and factors modulating infection load
There are substantial individual differences in parasite composition and infection load in wildlife populations. Few studies have investigated the factors shaping this heterogeneity in large wild mammals or the impact of parasite infections on Darwinian fitness, particularly in juveniles. A host's parasite composition and infection load can be shaped by factors that determine contact with infective parasite stages and those that determine the host's resistance to infection, such as abiotic and social environmental factors, and age. Host-parasite interactions and synergies between co-infecting parasites may also be important. We test predictions derived from these different processes to investigate factors shaping infection loads (faecal egg/oocyte load) of two energetically costly gastrointestinal parasites: the hookworm Ancylostoma and the intracellular Cystoisospora, in juvenile spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in the Serengeti National Park, in Tanzania. We also assess whether parasite infections curtail survival to adulthood and longevity. Ancylostoma and Cystoisospora infection loads declined as the number of adult clan members increased, a result consistent with an encounter-reduction effect whereby adults reduced encounters between juveniles and infective larvae, but were not affected by the number of juveniles in a clan. Infection loads decreased with age, possibly because active immune responses to infection improved with age. Differences in parasite load between clans possibly indicate variation in abiotic environmental factors between clan den sites. The survival of juveniles (< 365 days old) to adulthood decreased with Ancylostoma load, increased with age and was modulated by maternal social status. High-ranking individuals with low Ancylostoma loads had a higher survivorship during the first four years of life than high-ranking individuals with high Ancylostoma loads. These findings suggest that high infection loads with energetically costly parasites such as hookworms during early life can have negative fitness consequences.
Data from: The fading of fear effects due to coral degradation is modulated by community composition
<ol> <li>An increasing number of coral reefs throughout the world have become degraded as a result of climate change. This degradation has resulted in a significant decline in local biodiversity. Studies have shown that some fishes (non-responders) within these altered habitats are not able to adequately access olfactory cues, specifically chemical alarm cues that are crucial in mediating predation risk.</li> <li>We propose that the inability to access this crucial information is a potential mechanism for increased mortality of these species under natural conditions. However, we posit that the presence of certain key species (responders that are unaffected by degradation) may buffer the handicap of non-responders by providing an alternate source of information.</li> <li>To explore this hypothesis, we investigated if a high ratio of responders to non-responders could mitigate the impact of information loss for the affected species. Using mesocosms, we manipulated the ratio of two damselfish species, Pomacentrus chrysurus (responder) and P. moluccensis (non-responders), to determine if community composition can be predictive of information transfer about predation threats in nearby non-responder individuals.</li> <li>Our results indicate that the magnitude of fear effects seen in P. moluccensis exposed to a predator was proportional to the number of P. chrysurus present and consumed by the predator in the community. This indicates that P. chrysurus became the only functional source of predation-related information for P. moluccensis in degraded habitats.</li> <li>Our study provides evidence that the presence of non-affected species in the community provides a potential mechanism allowing increased resilience by affected species, therefore providing another example of the way biodiversity affects ecological resilience of species in changing ecosystems.</li> </ol>
Herbivore assemblage as an important factor modulating grazing effects on ecosystem carbon fluxes in a meadow steppe in northeast China
<p>A better understanding of how grazing by large herbivores, as the major land use worldwide, affects grassland carbon fluxes is critical for predicting future uptake of CO<span>2</span> in terrestrial ecosystem. Previous studies have focused on individual herbivore species; it remains poorly understood as to if and how herbivore assemblage (single- vs. mixed-species) would alter the impact of grazers on grassland carbon fluxes. Here we examined the effects of moderate grazing by different herbivore assemblages on net ecosystem CO<span>2</span> exchange (NEE), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) over the growing season in two types of grassland communities in a meadow steppe. We found that herbivore assemblages significantly affected NEE, and the effects varied in the two types of grassland communities. Compared to un-grazed grassland, mixed grazing of sheep and cattle increased NEE (i.e., increased CO<span>2</span> uptake) over the growing season regardless of community type, while sheep- or cattle-only grazing increased NEE in the low diversity community and decreased it in the high diversity community. Herbivore assemblages altered the NEE primarily via changing GEP. The different effects of herbivore assemblages on GEP may be attributed mainly to grazing-induced changes in soil water availability and canopy light availability. Our study indicates that mixed grazing of sheep and cattle might be an important grazing management practice to improve plant aboveground productivity and help mitigate CO<span>2</span> emissions during the growing season. It should be particularly used in diverse plant communities, where it might increase grassland carbon sequestration.</p>
Context-dependent modulation of natural approach behavior in mice
<p>Specific features of visual objects innately draw approach responses in animals, and provide natural signals of potential reward. However, visual sampling behaviors and the detection of salient, rewarding stimuli are context and behavioral state-dependent. The neural mechanisms underlying how the brain encodes naturally appetitive stimuli and conditionally transforms them into approach behavior remain unclear. To mechanistically understand this process, we probed natural approach behavior in mice by employing a virtual stimulus orienting paradigm based on prey capture to quantify the conditional expression of visual stimulus-evoked innate approach in freely moving mice. We found that specific combinations of stimulus features selectively evoked innate approach versus freezing behavioral responses when stimuli were unexpected. However, we discovered that prey capture experience, and therefore the expectation of prey in the environment, selectively modified a range of visually-evoked appetitive behaviors, as well as altered those visual features that evoked approach. Thus, we found that mice exhibit robust and selective orienting responses to parameterized visual stimuli that can be readily modified via natural experience. This work provides critical insight into how natural appetitive behaviors are driven by both visual motion and internal state. </p>
Data from: Attention-related modulation of caudate neurons depends on superior colliculus activity
<p>Recent work has implicated the basal ganglia in visual perception and attention, in addition to their traditional role in motor control. The basal ganglia, especially the caudate nucleus "head" (CDh) of the striatum, receive indirect anatomical connections from the superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain structure that is known to play a crucial role in the control of visual attention. To test the possible functional relationship between these subcortical structures, we recorded CDh neuronal activity before and during unilateral SC inactivation in a spatial attention task. SC inactivation significantly altered the attention-related modulation of CDh neurons and strongly impaired the classification of task epochs based on CDh activity. Only inactivation of the same-side of SC as recorded CDh neurons, not the opposite-side, had these effects. These results demonstrate a novel interaction between SC activity and attention-related visual processing in the basal ganglia.</p>
Social rank modulates how environmental quality influences cooperation and conflict within animal societies
Although dominance hierarchies occur in most societies, our understanding of how these power structures influence individual investment in cooperative and competitive behaviors remains elusive. Both conflict and cooperation in animal societies are often environmentally-regulated, yet how individuals alter their cooperative and competitive investments as environmental quality changes remains unclear. Using game theoretic modeling, we predict that individuals of all ranks will invest more in cooperation and less in social conflict in harsh environments than individuals of the same ranks in benign environments. Counterintuitively, low ranking subordinates should increase their investment in cooperation proportionally more than high ranking dominants, suggesting that subordinates contribute relatively more when facing environmental challenges. We then test and confirm these predictions experimentally using the Asian burying beetle Nicrophorus nepalensis. Ultimately, we demonstrate how social rank modulates the relationships between environmental quality and cooperative and competitive behaviours, a topic crucial for understanding the evolution of complex societies.
Age-dependent modulation of bone metabolism in zebrafish scales as new model of male osteoporosis in lower vertebrates
<p>After middle age, in human bone, the resorption usually exceeds formation resulting in bone loss and increased risk of fractures in the aged population. Only few in vivo models in higher vertebrates are available for pathogenic and therapeutic studies about bone aging. Among these, male Danio rerio (zebrafish) can be successfully used as low vertebrate model to study degenerative alterations that affect the skeleton during aging, reducing the role of sex hormones.In this paper, we investigated the early bone aging mechanisms in male zebrafish (3, 6, 9 months old) scales evaluating the physiological changes and the effects of prednisolone, a pro-osteoporotic drug.The results evidentiated an age-dependent reduction of the mineralization rate in the fish scales, as highlighted by growing circle measurements. Indeed, the osteoblastic ALP activity at the matrix deposition site was found progressively downregulated.The higher TRAP activity was found in 63% of 9-month-old fish scales associated with resorption lacunae along the scale border. Gene expression analysis evidentiated that an increase of the tnfrsf1b (homolog of human rank) in aging scales may be responsible for resorption stimulation.Interestingly, prednisolone inhibited the physiological growth of the scale and induced in aged scales a more significant bone resorption compared with untreated fish (3.8% vs 1.02%). Bone markers analysis shown a significant reduction of ALP/TRAP ratio due to a prednisolone-dependent stimulation of tnfsf11 (homolog of human rankl) in scales of older fish.The results evidentiated for the first time the presence of a senile male osteoporosis in lower vertebrate. This new model could be helpful to identify the early mechanisms of bone aging and new therapeutic strategies to prevent age-related bone alterations in humans.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.