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FIGURE 26 in New species, redescriptions and phylogenetic revision of tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) from India based on morphological characters

FIGURE 26. Post abdominal structures (female) of Tephritidae. A-G. Aculeus tip. (A) Taeniostola vittigera; (B) Bactrocera havelockiae; (C) B. digressa; (D) Z. cucurbitae; (E) Ichneumonopsis burmensis;(F) Dacus ciliatus; (G) B. harrietensis. H–M. Spermatheca. (H) B. albistrigata; (I) D. longicornis; (J) A. bimacula; (K) Gastrozona fasciventris; (L) Ichneumonopsis burmensis; (M) Taeniostola vittigera. N–R. Spicules on distal end of eversible membrane. (N) B. digressa; (O) B. blairiae; (P) D. longicornis; (Q) B. zonata; (R) B. latifrons.

FIGURE 1 in A taxonomic revision of Cheilodactylidae and Latridae (Centrarchiformes: Cirrhitoidei) using morphological and genomic characters

FIGURE 1. Concatenated UCE molecular phylogeny of the Cirrhitoidei, highlighting the different families with a focus on taxonomic changes within the Latridae. Topology shown was constructed in a partitioned Bayesian framework with the program Exabayes, and is identical to one constructed in a maximum likelihood framework. All nodes are strongly supported (posterior probability> 0.99) unless otherwise noted.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 2. Characters used to assess the head scale pattern for species in the genus Stegonotus. (A) Positions of head scales, sutures, and measurements, including internasals (IN) and the internasal suture (InS), prefrontals (PF) and the prefrontal suture (PfS), the frontal (F) with its length (FL) and width (FW), the supraoculars (SO), and the parietals (P) with the parietal suture (ParS). (B) Positions of the posterior frontal angle (PF /), the anterior parietal angle (AP /) and its lateral ray (yellow line), and the anterior eye line (AE; white line). The underlying specimen is the holotype of Stegonotus ayamaru sp. nov. (RMNH.RENA 31199).

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 7 (E–G). Dorsal head views of four species of Stegonotus, shown to illustrate the position of measurements, sutures, and angles as explained in Fig. 2. The placement of AE in A'–H' documents the position of the eyes relative to the anterior border of the frontal. The yellow line in A'–H' shows the lateral ray of AP /. (E, E') S. cucullatus (RMNH.RENA 47736). (F, F') S. keyensis (holotype, MSNG 7521). (G, G') S. modestus (holotype, RMNH.RENA 324). (H, H') S. parvus (neotype, RMNH.RENA 46844).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 1. Map of the Banda Sea (dark blue area in the center of the map, showing significant deep-water sea floor topography), adjacent bodies of water, and surrounding landmasses in the eastern part of Wallacea. The yellow buttons indicate type localities for species of the genus Stegonotus, with yellow lines encircling the estimated distributions of these taxa. Included are S. sutteri on Sumba (1); S. florensis on Flores (2); S. lividus on Semau (3); S. modestus on Ambon (4); S. batjanensis on Bacan (5); S. iridis on Batanta (6); S. derooijae on Salawati (7); S. keyensis in the Kei Islands (8); S. aruensis in the Aru Islands (9); S. cucullatus near Manokwari, West Papua (10); Lycodon magnus, a synonym of S. cucullatus, on Supiori (11); and S. parvus on Yapen (12). The insert (A) provides a close-up of the area in the south-central Bird's Head Peninsula, West Papua Province, Indonesian New Guinea, near the type locality of S. ayamaru sp. nov. Buttons indicate the type locality (red), and two locations of note (white), including the town of Teminabuan (1), Lake Ayamaru (2), and Kamro Village (3).

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 7 (A–D). Dorsal head views of four species of Stegonotus, shown to illustrate the position of measurements, sutures, and angles as explained in Fig. 2. The placement of AE in A'–H' documents the position of the eyes relative to the anterior border of the frontal. The yellow line in A'–H' shows the lateral ray of AP /. (A, A') S. ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH.RENA 31199). (B, B') S. batjanensis (holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.36). (C, C') S. florensis (holotype, ZMA 11080). (D, D') S. sutteri (holotype, NMBA 14872), showing a forward extension of the anterior border of the frontal.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 5. Head of Stegonotus ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH 31199) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A'), right lateral (B, B'), left lateral (C, C'), and ventral (D, D') views. Scale abbreviations are as in Fig. 2, with the addition of rostral (R), nasals (N), loreals (L), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), supralabials (SL), infralabials (IL), mental (M), anterior genials (AG), posterior genials (PG), and ventrals (V).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 4. Holotype of Stegonotus ayamaru sp. nov. (RMNH.RENA 31199) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. (C) Enlargement of the subcaudal region to show the extent of dark patterning.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 3. Six conditions of the rostral scale when viewed from above in species of Stegonotus. (A) Not visible. The body of the scale is not visible, and only its tip may show. Pictured is the holotype of S. aruensis (MSNG 30186). (B) Gull wing. The rostral scale is barely visible, and its suture with the internasals forms slightly curved edges that come to a medial point. Pictured is the holotype of S. sutteri (NMBA 14872). (C) Gull wing +. The rostral scale is more visible than in (B). Pictured is the holotype of S. ayamaru sp. nov. (RMNH.RENA 31199). (D) Shallow V. The suture between rostral and internasals forms an obtuse angle (>> 90°) with straight or nearly straight rays (i.e., not curved into a gull-wing shape). Pictured is the holotype of S. florensis (ZMA 11080). (E) Deep V. The point of the rostral comes up far onto the dorsal surface of the head and lies between the nostrils. It forms an angle close to 90°. Pictured is a specimen of S. cucullatus (RMNH.RENA 47736). (F) U-shaped. The rostral does not have a point on the dorsal surface of the head but the edge of the suture is rounded. Pictured is the holotype of S. poechi (NMW 23406).

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 6 (A–D). Right lateral views of four species of Stegonotus as photographs (upper images) and line drawings (lower images), illustrating the position of supralabial scales (SL) and the eye. (A, A') S. ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH.RENA 31199), showing SL = 7 and a 3+4+5 pattern with SL5 projecting forward from a position behind the eye to form a narrow contact zone with the eye. (B, B') S. batjanensis (holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.36), showing SL = 8 and a 3+4+5 pattern with SL3 projection backwards from a position in front of the eye to form a narrow contact zone with the eye. (C, C') S. florensis (holotype, ZMA 11080), showing SL = 9 and a 3+4+5 pattern similar to S. batjanensis. In this specimen, SL5 displays a developmental aberration on both sides of the head by being divided into two scales (as indicated by red stippling). (D, D') S. sutteri (holotype, NMBA 14872), showing SL = 9 and a 3+4+5 pattern similar to S. batjanensis and S. florensis.

FIGURE 10 in Molecular phylogenetics of snailfishes (Cottoidei: Liparidae) based on MtDNA and RADseq genomic analyses, with comments on selected morphological characters

FIGURE 10. Phylogeny of the liparid clade Aenigmoliparia from the majority rule (50%) consensus tree from the Bayesian inference of a 490 bp alignment of 270 cytochrome c oxidase subunit one gene (COI) sequences. Nodal values represent Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap values from the maximum likelihood analysis (above and below branches, respectively). Species names are followed by a catalog number or BOLD "Sequence ID" number when represented by a sequence from a single specimen in our dataset. N indicates number of sequences, when multiple sequences support a branch tip. Boldface species names indicate species placed in different positions in COI and RADseq trees. Only unique sequences were subjected to the analyses (Appendix Table 1); other identical sequences surveyed are listed in Appendix Table 2.

FIGURE 7 in Molecular phylogenetics of snailfishes (Cottoidei: Liparidae) based on MtDNA and RADseq genomic analyses, with comments on selected morphological characters

FIGURE 7. Majority-rule (50%) consensus phylogenetic tree of Shen et al. (2017, after fig. S6), derived from a Bayesian inference of a 440 bp alignment of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) sequences for 84 samples of 83 liparid species. Bayesian posterior probabilities are above branches. Tree is rooted with species of the Cyclopteridae. Corrected identifications based on our study are in parentheses.

FIGURE 9 in Molecular phylogenetics of snailfishes (Cottoidei: Liparidae) based on MtDNA and RADseq genomic analyses, with comments on selected morphological characters

FIGURE 9. Phylogeny of the genus Liparis, excluding L. fucensis depicted in Figure 8, from the majority rule (50%) consensus tree from the Bayesian inference of a 490 bp alignment of 270 cytochrome c oxidase subunit one gene (COI) sequences. Nodal values represent Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap values from the maximum likelihood analysis (above and below, respectively). Species names are followed by a catalog number or BOLD "Sequence ID" number when represented by a sequence from a single specimen in our dataset. N indicates number of sequences, when multiple sequences support a branch tip. Only unique sequences were subjected to the analyses (Appendix Table 1); other identical sequences surveyed are listed in Appendix Table 2.

FIGURE 6 in Molecular phylogenetics of snailfishes (Cottoidei: Liparidae) based on MtDNA and RADseq genomic analyses, with comments on selected morphological characters

FIGURE 6. Majority rule (50%) consensus phylogenetic tree of Gardner et al. (2016, after fig. 4), derived from Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analysis of a 492 bp alignment of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) sequences of 492 bp for 128 samples of 23 liparid species. Bootstrap values are above and Bayesian posterior probabilities are below branches that lead to multiple species. Tree is rooted with Liparis gibbus. Corrected identifications based on our study are in parentheses.

FIGURE 12 in Molecular phylogenetics of snailfishes (Cottoidei: Liparidae) based on MtDNA and RADseq genomic analyses, with comments on selected morphological characters

FIGURE 12. Phylogeny of selected eastern North Pacific liparids inferred using genome-wide restriction-site associated DNA sequences (RADseq; –p 28, –r 0.5) with maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Majority rule (50%) consensus tree of individual sequences. Nodal values represent Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap values from the maximum likelihood analysis (above and below branches, respectively); double asterisks denote Bayesian posterior probabilities of 1 and bootstrap support of 100%. Species names are followed by the University of Washington Fish Collection catalog number for the specimen. Boldface species names indicate species placed in different positions in COI and RADseq trees.

FIGURE 4 in Molecular phylogenetics of snailfishes (Cottoidei: Liparidae) based on MtDNA and RADseq genomic analyses, with comments on selected morphological characters

FIGURE 4. Unrooted neighbor-joining tree of Steinke et al. (2009, after fig. 4), derived from cluster analysis of a 650 bp alignment of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) sequences for 78 samples of 19 liparid species. Bootstrap values>80 are above branches leading to multiple species. Corrected identifications based on our study are in parentheses.

FIGURE 2 in Molecular phylogenetics of snailfishes (Cottoidei: Liparidae) based on MtDNA and RADseq genomic analyses, with comments on selected morphological characters

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic hypothesis of Balushkin (1996, after fig. 4), derived from a manual cladistic analysis of morphological data, including seven osteological and external characters, for 26 liparid genera.

FIGURE 1 in Molecular phylogenetics of snailfishes (Cottoidei: Liparidae) based on MtDNA and RADseq genomic analyses, with comments on selected morphological characters

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic hypothesis of Kido (1988, after fig. 20), derived from a maximum parsimony analysis of morphological data, using 34 osteological and external characters, for 60 liparid species.

FIGURE 3 in Molecular phylogenetics of snailfishes (Cottoidei: Liparidae) based on MtDNA and RADseq genomic analyses, with comments on selected morphological characters

FIGURE 3. Majority-rule (50%) consensus tree of Knudsen et al. (2007, after fig. 3), derived from a Bayesian analysis of three combined datasets composed of mitochondrial DNA (16S and cytochrome b) and morphological data for 24 liparid species. Tree is rooted with species of the Cyclopteridae. Posterior probabilities are above branches.

FIGURE 5 in Molecular phylogenetics of snailfishes (Cottoidei: Liparidae) based on MtDNA and RADseq genomic analyses, with comments on selected morphological characters

FIGURE 5. Consensus phylogenetic tree of Duhamel et al. (2010, after fig. 3), derived from Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses of a 668 bp alignment of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) sequences for 157 samples of 46 liparid species. Bayesian posterior probabilities are above branches that lead to multiple species. Tree is rooted with species of the Cyclopteridae and Zoarcidae. Corrected identifications based on our study are in parentheses.