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Figures represent five groups respectively. In group, when the dispersal rate is equal to 1% values of the probability of disperser survival are 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5 respectively as in groups and in The Influence Of Dispersal On The Metapopulation Viability Of Giant Panda (Aliuropoda Melanoleuca) In The Minshan Mountains

Figures represent five groups respectively. In group, when the dispersal rate is equal to 1% values of the probability of disperser survival are 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5 respectively as in groups and

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Fig. 2. Stoch-r in The Influence Of Dispersal On The Metapopulation Viability Of Giant Panda (Aliuropoda Melanoleuca) In The Minshan Mountains

Fig. 2. Stoch-r of Baihe subpopulation with different dispersal rate and probability of disperser survival. Curves 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 16% represent different dispersal rates

Fig. 2 in Facies Associations And Microfossils From The Middle-Upper Triassic Limestones Of The Transilvanian Nappes (Perșani Mountains, Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 2 Outcrop images and location of the studied olistoliths [a, b: outcrops - of the Old Racoș Quarry; c location of the studied olistoliths and position of the most important topographic elements (A-Old Racoș Quarry and Olt Gorges section, samples 1-31 and 32-100; B-Tipia Racoșului section, samples 101-171; C-Tipia Ormenișului section, samples 172-220); d General view over the Tipia Racoșului Hill (black rectangle); e General view of the Olt Gorges and Tipia Ormenișului Hill (black rectangle).

Fig. 5 in Facies Associations And Microfossils From The Middle-Upper Triassic Limestones Of The Transilvanian Nappes (Perșani Mountains, Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 5 Microproblematic organisms from the Triassic limestones of the studied area. a Bacinella ordinata Pantić. b Tubiphytes sp. c Plexoramea cerebriformis Mello. d Perturbatacrusta leini Schlagintweit & Gawlick. e Radiomura cautica Senowbari-Daryan & Scheffer. f Taumathoporella parvovesiculifera (Raineri). g Ladinella porata Ott. h Baccanella floriformis Pantić. i Rivularia sp. j "Solenopora" sp. a: sample 52, Olt Gorges section; b: sample 90, Olt Gorges section; c: sample 38, Olt Gorges section; d: sample 74, Olt Gorges section; e: sample 143, Tipia Racoșuluai section; f: sample 39, Olt Gorges section; g: sample 47, Olt Gorges section; h: sample 75, Olt Gorges section. Scale bar: a-c, e-h: 0.25 mm; d, i-j: 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1 a in Facies Associations And Microfossils From The Middle-Upper Triassic Limestones Of The Transilvanian Nappes (Perșani Mountains, Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 1 a Geological map of the studied area and location of studied sections [(A-Olt Gorges section and the Old Racoș Quarry; B-Tipia Racoșului section; C-Tipia Ormenișului section) (redrawn from Popescu et al., 1976)]; b Olistoliths from the Perșani Mountains and their relationship with other sedimentary units (redrawn from Patrulius et al., 1996) (not at scale); c Carbonate successions of the Triassic deposits from the olistoliths belonging to the Perșani and Olt nappes (Hăghimaș, Surmanu and Pietrele lui Murgoci sections) (redrawn from Patrulius et al., 1996); d Distribution of the olistoliths on the teritory of the central and northern Perșani Mountains (redrawn from Patrulius et al., 1996).

Fig. 4 in Facies Associations And Microfossils From The Middle-Upper Triassic Limestones Of The Transilvanian Nappes (Perșani Mountains, Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 4 Foraminifera from the Triassic limetones of the studied area. a Endotriadella wirzi Koehn-Zaninetti; b Meandrospira dinarica Kochansky-Devidé & Pantić; c Duostominid foraminifera; d Turriglomina mesotriasica Koehn-Zaninetti; e Endoteba sp; f Endotriada sp.; g, l Paleolituonella sp.; h, i Ophtalmidium sp; j Nodosariid foraminifera; k Earlandia sp. a: sample 20, Old Racoș Quarry; b: sample 19B, Old Racoș Quarry; c: sample 9, Old Racoș Quarry; d: sample 219, Tipia Ormenișului section; e: sample 40, Olt Gorges section; f: sample 44, Olt Gorges section; g, h: sample 183, Tipia Ormenișului section; i: sample 52, Olt Gorges section; j: sample 39, Olt Gorges section; k: sample 19c, Old Racoș Quarry; l: sample 118, Tipia Racoșului section. Scale bar: 0.25 mm.

Fig. 3 a in Facies Associations And Microfossils From The Middle-Upper Triassic Limestones Of The Transilvanian Nappes (Perșani Mountains, Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 3 a Boundstone with peloidal packstone-grainstone internal sediment. Corals are encrusted by Tubiphytes sp (yellow arrows); b Sponge bioconstruction with Solenolmia manon manon. The internal sediment contains encrusting organisms (Tubiphytes sp.-red arrow, Ladinella porata-yellow arrow); c Brecciated intraclastic peloidal rudstone with encrusting organism (Tubiphytes sp.-yellow arrow); d Bioclastic grainstone with encrusting organisms; e Dolomitized wackestone-packstone. It contains abundant cyanobacteria nodules (Rivularia sp.-yellow arrow), bivalves and gastropods. Euhedral dolomite crystals are present within the micritic sediment; f Dolomitized wackestone-packstone with cyanobacteria nodules and black pebble type intrasclasts; g Fenestral wackestone-packstone with cyanobacteria (Rivularia sp.), fragments of "Solenopora" sp. and bivalves. Millimetre sized fenestral structures (white arrows) contain vadose silt and geopetal sediment. Meniscus micrite is present between peloids and other intraclasts; h Fenestral wackestone with black pebbles (yellow arrows). It contains rare bivalves and cyanobacteria nodules. The fenestral structures contain vadose silt and geopetal sediment. a: sample 80, Olt Gorges section; b: sample 77, Olt Gorges section; c: sample 55, Olt Gorges section; d: sample 30, Old Racoș Quarry; e, f: sample 173, Tipia Ormenișului section; g: sample 174, Tipia Ormenișului section; h: sample 175, Tipia Or-

Fig. 6 in Facies Associations And Microfossils From The Middle-Upper Triassic Limestones Of The Transilvanian Nappes (Perșani Mountains, Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 6 Sponges from the Triassic limestones of the studied area. a,b Solenolmia manon manon (Münster). c Celyphia zoldana Ott, Pisa & Farabegoli. d Colospongia catenulata catenulata Ott. a: sample 13, Olt Gorges section; b: sample 77, Olt Gorges section; c-sample 103, Tipia Racoșului section; d: sample 195, Tipia Ormenișului section. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Developing Best Practice In Micropalaeontology: Examples From The Mid-Cretaceous Of The Zagros Mountains

Fig. 6 Further examples of relatively recent Zagros mid-Cretaceous biozonation schemes that utilize larger benthic foraminifera. No numerical scaling of the geological timescale is implied. The age assignments and taxonomic nomenclature are often outdat- ed, and the uncertainty precludes precise calibration of stage boundaries and the precise relationship of one zonal scheme to another.

Fig. 4 in Developing Best Practice In Micropalaeontology: Examples From The Mid-Cretaceous Of The Zagros Mountains

Fig. 4 Morphological variability (apical angle, test height and diameter) of the late Aptian – middle Albian Mesorbitolina texana (Roemer). a late Aptian Taft Formation of Central Iran. b late Aptian of Lebanon (from Schroeder and Neumann, 1985, pl. 36, fig. 2, topotype of Orbitolina discoidea var. libanica Henson; coll. F.R.S. Henson). Also note the convex test base in a and the central depression in b with a few final annular chambers.

Fig. 5 in Developing Best Practice In Micropalaeontology: Examples From The Mid-Cretaceous Of The Zagros Mountains

Fig. 5 Examples of relatively recent Zagros mid-Cretaceous biozonation schemes that utilize larger benthic foraminifera. No numerical scaling of the geological timescale is implied. The age assignments and taxonomic nomenclature are often outdated, and the uncertainty precludes precise calibration of stage boundaries and the precise relationship of one zonal scheme to another.

Fig. 2 in Developing Best Practice In Micropalaeontology: Examples From The Mid-Cretaceous Of The Zagros Mountains

Fig. 2 Lower- to mid-Cretaceous Orbitolinidae from Iran. a Subaxial section of Mesorbitolina sp. or Orbitolina sp. (= Dictyoconus pachymarginalis Schroeder in Dehghanian and Afghah, 2021, Fig. 7.4, Albian Kazhdumi Formation SW Iran). b–c Dictyoconus? pachymarginalis Schroeder, subaxial sections, Aptian Taft Formation, Central Iran. d "Dictyoconus pachymarginalis Schroeder" axial section (extracted from Afghah et al., 2014, fig. 11A), Cenomanian Sarvak Formation of SW Iran. e–f Persiconus sarvaki Yazdi-Moghadam & Schlagintweit, axial and tangential sections, Cenomanian Sarvak Formation of SW Iran.

Fig. 1 in Developing Best Practice In Micropalaeontology: Examples From The Mid-Cretaceous Of The Zagros Mountains

Fig. 1 Optimal and sub-optimal workflows for the identification of larger benthic foraminifera. Following a review of identification, the identity of a specimen can be confirmed or downgraded to a non-specific identity. If the identification is confident based on morphological features, stratigraphic range extension is possible, but should be evaluated carefully if the vast majority of well-established records suggest a different age.

Fig. 3 in Developing Best Practice In Micropalaeontology: Examples From The Mid-Cretaceous Of The Zagros Mountains

Fig. 3 Early – mid-Cretaceous Zagros biozonations (mostly assemblage zones or biofacies) utilising larger benthic foraminifera. The Wynd (1965) zonation and Sissingh (1977) zonations are based on data presented in Motiei (1993). Sampò (1969) and Kalantari (1976) are published schemes, whilst that of Ammen & Gharib (2014) is a scheme using more modern taxonomic concepts. LAD = Last Appearance Datum. FAD = First Appearance Datum. s.l. = sensu lato. No numerical scaling of the geological timescale is implied. The age assignments and taxonomic nomenclature are often outdated, and the uncertainty precludes precise calibration of stage boundaries and the precise relationship of one zonal scheme to another.

Fig. 2 in Upper Jurassic To Lowermost Cretaceous Microfossils From The Hăghimaş Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 2 Succession of the Upper Jurassic-lowermost Cretaceous limestones in the FO1 profile with stratigraphic range of the identified microfossils.

Fig. 6 Foraminifera. a-c, e, f in Upper Jurassic To Lowermost Cretaceous Microfossils From The Hăghimaş Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 6 Foraminifera. a-c, e, f Trocholina conica (Schlumberger). Subaxial (a-c), and oblique (e, f) sections; a – thin section FO2-A1(3); b – thin section FO1-C(1); c – thin section FO2-A1(2); e – thin section FO1-F2; f – thin section FO2-A1. d?Saracenaria sp., thin section FO2-B8. g Mohlerina basiliensis (Mohler), oblique-tangential section; thin section FO-10A. h, i Coscinoconus alpinus Leupold in Leupold & Bigler, subaxial sections; thin section FO-10A. j, l-o Epistominidae. j – thin section FO2-B5; l – thin section FO1-A1; m – thin section FO1-F(1); n – thin section FO1-D; o – thin section FO2-B3. k Longitudinal section through a nodosariid foraminifera; thin section FO3. p, q Spirillina spp. Axial sections. p – thin section FO1-A0(1); q – thin section FO2-B4. r, s, v Lenticulina spp. Subequatorial (r, v) and subaxial (s) sections; r – thin section FO2-B10; s – thin sections FO2-A1; v – thin section FO1-C1. t, u Encrusting foraminifera. t – encrusting agglutinated foraminifera, thin section FO1-E; u – Bullopora sp., thin section FO1-F92).

Fig. 9 Microbial crusts and sponges. a in Upper Jurassic To Lowermost Cretaceous Microfossils From The Hăghimaş Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 9 Microbial crusts and sponges. a Laminated, fine-peloidal stromatolitic structure; thin section FO1-F2(2). b Lithistid(?) sponge; thin section FO2-B6(2). c-e Microbial crust around a sediment fragment containing different bioclasts showing encrusting Koskinobulina socialis Cherchi & Schroeder (white arrows in d and e = close-up views of c). The arrow in c points to a saccdocomid ossicle); thin section F1-G. f Rivularia/Cayeuxia type cyanobacteria; thin section FO1-10B. g Calpionella alpina Lorenz; thin section FO4. h Microbial-ferruginous crust; thin section FO2-A1. i Muranella parvissima (Dragastan); thin section FO1-H(2).

Fig. 1 in Upper Jurassic To Lowermost Cretaceous Microfossils From The Hăghimaş Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 1 Location of the studied section: a Location of the Hăghimaş Nappe within the Eastern Carpathians, based on the geotectonic map of Romania (Săndulescu, 1984). b Location of the Fagul Oltului Valley on the geological outline map of the Hăghimaş Mountains (based on Săndulescu, 1975).

Fig. 5 Foraminifera. a-i in Upper Jurassic To Lowermost Cretaceous Microfossils From The Hăghimaş Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 5 Foraminifera. a-i Bramkampella arabica Redmond. Longitudinal (subaxial) (a, b), longitudinal-tangential (c), oblique (d, e, h), and transverse (f, g, i) sections; thin section FO4. j Textularia sp., thin section FO1-G(2). k-m Mayncina sp. k – thin section FO9B; l, m – thin section FO9A. n, o Protopeneroplis cf. ultragranulata (Gorbatchik). Subaxial (n) and subequatorial (o) sections; thin section FO1-H(2). p Nautiloculina cf. bronnimanni Arnaud-Vanneau & Peybernès, subaxial section; thin section FO1- H(2). q, r Reophax spp. q – thin section FO9-A; r – thin section FO5.

Fig. 4 Calcareous algae. a-e in Upper Jurassic To Lowermost Cretaceous Microfossils From The Hăghimaş Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 4 Calcareous algae. a-e Actinoporella/Clypeina sp. Different sections through laterals; a, d – thin section FO7-A; b, c – thin section FO7-C; e – thin section FO1-H. f-h Salpingoporella pygmaea (Gümbel). Oblique (f, g) and transverse (H) sections; f, g – thin section FO1-H(2); g – thin section FO1-H. i Charophyte gyrogonite; j, k Terquemella sp.; thin section FO8. l Rajkaella bartheli Bernier. Section of the distal part of the primary lateral and the secondary laterals; thin section FO4.