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Fig. 9 in Redescription and Phylogenetic Position of the Early Miocene Penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus from Patagonia
Fig. 9. Quadratum and articular area of the right mandible of Paraptenodytes antarcticus (AMNH 3338), in medial view. Abbreviations: cm, condylus medialis; co, capitulum oticum; cp, condylus pterygoideus; fb, fossa basiorbitalis (Elzanowski et al., 2000); fpt, fossa for insertion of m. pterygoideus (part O of Zusi, 1975); ft, facies pterygoidea (Elzanowski et al., 2000); pm, processus medialis mandibulae; por, processus orbitalis; pot, processus oticus; pr, processus retroarticularis. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Fig. 3 in Redescription and Phylogenetic Position of the Early Miocene Penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus from Patagonia
Fig. 3. Closeup of the rostral portion of the cranium of Paraptenodytes antarcticus (AMNH 3338). Abbreviations: m: os mesethmoidale; mps, attachment area for m. pseudotemporalis superficialis; po, processus postorbitalis; rp, rostrum parasphenoidale; so, sulcus for n. olfactori. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Fig. 2 in Redescription and Phylogenetic Position of the Early Miocene Penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus from Patagonia
Fig. 2. Skull of Paraptenodytes antarcticus (AMNH 3338) in lateral view. Abbreviations: ap, foramen for the arteria palatina; ccc, canalis caroticus cranialis; cnt, crista nuchalis transversa; cqo, cotyla quadratica squamosi; fng, foramen n. glossopharyngealus; fnm, foramen nervi maxillomandibularis; fnv, foramen nervi vagi; ft, fossa temporalis; m, os mesethmoidale; msc, attachment area for the medial part of m. splenius capitis; pc, prominentia cerebellaris; pp, processus paroccipitalis; pz, processus zygomaticus; rp, rostrum parasphenoidale; sr, supraorbital ridge; tb, tuberculum basilare. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Fig. 7 in Redescription and Phylogenetic Position of the Early Miocene Penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus from Patagonia
Fig. 7. Left pterygoid of Paraptenodytes antarcticus (AMNH 3338) in ventromedial view. Abbreviations: fac, facies articularis quadratica (for articulation with the condylus pterygoideus of the quadrate); fq, surface for articulation with the facies pterygoidea (Elzanowski et al., 2000) of the quadrate; fpa, facies articularis parasphenoidalis; fpr, facies articularis palatina; p, ''tab-like medial process'' of Simpson (1946); pt; pes pterygoidei. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Fig. 12 in Redescription and Phylogenetic Position of the Early Miocene Penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus from Patagonia
Fig. 12. Atlas (A) and 11th cervical vertebra (B) of Paraptenodytes antarcticus (AMNH 3338) in cranial aspect. Abbreviations: aa, arcus atlantis; an, ansa costotransversaria; cvc, crista ventralis corporis; dens axis; fc, fossa condyloidea; fcr, facies articularis cranialis; ftr, foramen transversarium; fv, foramen vertebrale; if, incisura fossae; pac, processus articularis caudalis; pvc, processus ventralis corporis; zcr, zygapophysis cranialis. Scale bars = 1 cm.
Fig. 8 in Redescription and Phylogenetic Position of the Early Miocene Penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus from Patagonia
Fig. 8. Quadratum and articular area of the right mandible of Paraptenodytes antarcticus (AMNH 3338), in lateral view. Abbreviations: cl, condylus lateralis; cm, condylus medialis; co, capitulum oticum; cq, cotyla quadratojugalis; crl, crista lateralis (Elzanowski et al., 2000); cro, crista orbitocotylaris (Elzanowski et al., 2000); cs, capitulum squamosum; in, incisura intercapitularis; im, impressio for the insertion of the medial (deep) layers of the m. protractor pterygoidei et quadrati (Elzanowski et al., 2000); pam, processus for attachment of the m. adductor mandibulae externus, pars profunda (Hofer, 1950); pcm, ramus mandibulae, pars caudalis; por, processus orbitalis; pot, processus oticus; pr, processus retroarticularis. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Fig. 11 in Redescription and Phylogenetic Position of the Early Miocene Penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus from Patagonia
Fig. 11. Fragment of the left mandibular body of Paraptenodytes antarcticus (AMNH 3338) in medial view. Abbreviations: facn, fossa aditus canalis mandibulae; fcm, fenestra caudalis mandibulae; osa, os supraangulare; osp, os prearticulare; pc, processus coronoideus. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans
Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus.
Text-fig. 1. Geographical setting. Topographic map (swissALTI3D) showing the position of the Rigi localities (asterisks) in Central Switzerland. in Eomys Helveticus N. Sp. And Eomys Schluneggeri N. Sp., Two New Small Eomyids Of The Chattian (Mp 25/Mp 26) Subalpine Lower Freshwater Molasse Of Switzerland
Text-fig. 1. Geographical setting. Topographic map (swissALTI3D) showing the position of the Rigi localities (asterisks) in Central Switzerland.
Text-fig. 2. Species of Masillamys considered on the phylogenetic tree of theridomorphs (Vianey-Liaud and Marivaux 2017: fig. 7), within the basal Theridomorpha, before the polyphyletic genus Protadelomys. Position inferred from their dental features (see text). in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 2. Species of Masillamys considered on the phylogenetic tree of theridomorphs (Vianey-Liaud and Marivaux 2017: fig. 7), within the basal Theridomorpha, before the polyphyletic genus Protadelomys. Position inferred from their dental features (see text).
Text-fig. 2. Latest Albian – Late Cretaceous palaeobotanical-palaeogeographical subregions of the North Pacific Region (a); modern outline of North-eastern Asia is shown for the Coniacian (after Smith et al. 1981): 1 – the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka Subregion, 2 – the Okhotsk-Chukotka Subregion, 3 – the Anadyr-Koryak Subregion (modified from Herman 2013) and geographical and geological position of the Turonian – Coniacian floras (b) (present-day map, modified from Shczepetov and Herman 2013). in On The Likely Palaeoelevation Of The Turonian - Coniacian Arman Flora Site (North-Eastern Asia)
Text-fig. 2. Latest Albian – Late Cretaceous palaeobotanical-palaeogeographical subregions of the North Pacific Region (a); modern outline of North-eastern Asia is shown for the Coniacian (after Smith et al. 1981): 1 – the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka Subregion, 2 – the Okhotsk-Chukotka Subregion, 3 – the Anadyr-Koryak Subregion (modified from Herman 2013) and geographical and geological position of the Turonian – Coniacian floras (b) (present-day map, modified from Shczepetov and Herman 2013).
Text-fig. 4. Tooth replacement by the barbary ground squirrel (Atlantoxerus getulus). a – right maxillary with DP3–M3 (MNCN- 5522) showing the relative position of the two deciduous teeth; b – right maxillary with P3–M3 (MNCN-5538) showing the replacement of the DP4 by the P4 (not erupted). Blue: DP4; green: P4; yellow DP3; red: P3. in Dental Anomaly In A Middle Miocene Fossil Of The Genus Spermophilinus (Rodentia, Sciuridae) From Southern Germany
Text-fig. 4. Tooth replacement by the barbary ground squirrel (Atlantoxerus getulus). a – right maxillary with DP3–M3 (MNCN- 5522) showing the relative position of the two deciduous teeth; b – right maxillary with P3–M3 (MNCN-5538) showing the replacement of the DP4 by the P4 (not erupted). Blue: DP4; green: P4; yellow DP3; red: P3.
Text-fig. 1. Spermophilinus bredai (VON MEYER, 1848): 3D models of a right upper jaw with (abnormal) P3, P4 and all molars (mirrored; NMA-2019-1/2352). a – the specimen in occlusal view showing the relative position of the three roots in place of P3 (yellow) compared to P4 (green); b – same view, with focus on P3–P4; c – lingual view; d – mesial view. Scale bars 2 mm. in Dental Anomaly In A Middle Miocene Fossil Of The Genus Spermophilinus (Rodentia, Sciuridae) From Southern Germany
Text-fig. 1. Spermophilinus bredai (VON MEYER, 1848): 3D models of a right upper jaw with (abnormal) P3, P4 and all molars (mirrored; NMA-2019-1/2352). a – the specimen in occlusal view showing the relative position of the three roots in place of P3 (yellow) compared to P4 (green); b – same view, with focus on P3–P4; c – lingual view; d – mesial view. Scale bars 2 mm.
Text-fig. 5. Reyispermum parvum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality, Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). a) Holotype (S174178; Vale de Agua sample 141) in lateral view showing shape and cell pattern; remains of mounting media (¤). b) Cut volume rendering of seed (cut at yz0553) showing the slightly raised tissue immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (arrow head) and palisade-shaped cells of exotesta. c) Apical view of seed showing hilar depression (hi), position of micropylar slit (mi) and the slightly raised raphal ridge (ra). d) Seed in lateral view showing raised tissue immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (arrow head) (S174495, Vale de Água sample 300). e) Cut volume rendering (cut at yz0500) of the seed in (5d) showing the raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum and sclerenchyma cells of exotesta. f) Detail of seed in (5d) showing micropylar slit (mi), hilum (hi) and raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum. g, h) Seed in lateral view (g) and view towards raphe (h) showing seed shape, the raised tissue below hilum (arrow head) and the raphal ridge (ra); note pointed micropylar area (S174179, Vale de Água sample 141). i) Seed surface of seed in (5d) showing the raised outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells. Scale bars = 250 µm (a–e, g, h); 125 µm (f, i). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 5. Reyispermum parvum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality, Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). a) Holotype (S174178; Vale de Agua sample 141) in lateral view showing shape and cell pattern; remains of mounting media (¤). b) Cut volume rendering of seed (cut at yz0553) showing the slightly raised tissue immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (arrow head) and palisade-shaped cells of exotesta. c) Apical view of seed showing hilar depression (hi), position of micropylar slit (mi) and the slightly raised raphal ridge (ra). d) Seed in lateral view showing raised tissue immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum (arrow head) (S174495, Vale de Água sample 300). e) Cut volume rendering (cut at yz0500) of the seed in (5d) showing the raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum and sclerenchyma cells of exotesta. f) Detail of seed in (5d) showing micropylar slit (mi), hilum (hi) and raised tissue (arrow head) immediately adjacent to the lower edge of the hilum. g, h) Seed in lateral view (g) and view towards raphe (h) showing seed shape, the raised tissue below hilum (arrow head) and the raphal ridge (ra); note pointed micropylar area (S174179, Vale de Água sample 141). i) Seed surface of seed in (5d) showing the raised outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells. Scale bars = 250 µm (a–e, g, h); 125 µm (f, i).
Text-fig. 3. Pazlia hilaris gen. et sp. nov. (a–e) from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal (holotype, S175096) and Pazliopsis reyi gen. et sp. nov. (f–i) from the Early Cretaceous Torres Vedras locality, Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings a–f, i) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, g, h). a, b) Seed in lateral (a) and oblique apical (b) views showing the truncate hilar-micropylar region; note prominent hilar scar (hi) and micropyle (mi) at the seed apex and the raphe (ra) seen as slightly raised ridge; remains of mounting media (¤). c) Cut volume rendering (cut at yz0647) showing course of raphe (ra), hilar scar (hi) and micropyle (mi); note the strongly radially elongated cells below the hilar scar. d) Seed in antiraphal view. e) Seed surface showing the raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells. f) Seed enclosed in remains of thin-walled fruit (fr) (S174632, Torres Vedras sample 298). g) Holotype, seed enclosed in remains of fruit (fr); raphal view showing the faintly ribbed surface of the seed (S171534, Torres Vedras sample 043). h) Apical view of seed fragment showing hilar scar (hi), position of raphe (ra) and the ribbed seed surface (S136683, Torres Vedras sample 044). i) Seed surface showing the raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (S171534; Torres Vedras sample 043). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–d, f–h); 125 µm (e, i). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 3. Pazlia hilaris gen. et sp. nov. (a–e) from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal (holotype, S175096) and Pazliopsis reyi gen. et sp. nov. (f–i) from the Early Cretaceous Torres Vedras locality, Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings a–f, i) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, g, h). a, b) Seed in lateral (a) and oblique apical (b) views showing the truncate hilar-micropylar region; note prominent hilar scar (hi) and micropyle (mi) at the seed apex and the raphe (ra) seen as slightly raised ridge; remains of mounting media (¤). c) Cut volume rendering (cut at yz0647) showing course of raphe (ra), hilar scar (hi) and micropyle (mi); note the strongly radially elongated cells below the hilar scar. d) Seed in antiraphal view. e) Seed surface showing the raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells. f) Seed enclosed in remains of thin-walled fruit (fr) (S174632, Torres Vedras sample 298). g) Holotype, seed enclosed in remains of fruit (fr); raphal view showing the faintly ribbed surface of the seed (S171534, Torres Vedras sample 043). h) Apical view of seed fragment showing hilar scar (hi), position of raphe (ra) and the ribbed seed surface (S136683, Torres Vedras sample 044). i) Seed surface showing the raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (S171534; Torres Vedras sample 043). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–d, f–h); 125 µm (e, i).
Text-fig. 1. Gastonispermum portugallicum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). Note remains of mounting media on several seeds (¤). a) Seed in oblique view showing seed shape, the slightly raised raphal ridge and the position of hilum (hi) and micropyle (mi) on the raphal side of the seed (S170218). b, c) Seeds in lateral view (b, S170234; c, S175095). d–f) Holotype (S174820); seed in lateral view (d) and cut volume rendering (e, f) through the median plane of the seed showing palisade-shaped sclerenchyma cells of exotesta and remains of embryo (emb) and surrounding nutritive tissue (e, cut between yz0440-0530; f, cut between slices yz440-480). g) Hilum (hi) and micropyle (mi) of seed in (1a) showing the Y-shaped micropylar slit in the outer integument. h) Cut volume rendering through the median plane of the seed (cut at yz0492) showing seed coat mainly composed of palisade-shaped cells of the exotesta (S174435). i) Seed surface showing the raised outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (S175045). Scale bars = 500 µm (a–e); 250 µm (g); 125 µm (f, i). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 1. Gastonispermum portugallicum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, volume renderings). Note remains of mounting media on several seeds (¤). a) Seed in oblique view showing seed shape, the slightly raised raphal ridge and the position of hilum (hi) and micropyle (mi) on the raphal side of the seed (S170218). b, c) Seeds in lateral view (b, S170234; c, S175095). d–f) Holotype (S174820); seed in lateral view (d) and cut volume rendering (e, f) through the median plane of the seed showing palisade-shaped sclerenchyma cells of exotesta and remains of embryo (emb) and surrounding nutritive tissue (e, cut between yz0440-0530; f, cut between slices yz440-480). g) Hilum (hi) and micropyle (mi) of seed in (1a) showing the Y-shaped micropylar slit in the outer integument. h) Cut volume rendering through the median plane of the seed (cut at yz0492) showing seed coat mainly composed of palisade-shaped cells of the exotesta (S174435). i) Seed surface showing the raised outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (S175045). Scale bars = 500 µm (a–e); 250 µm (g); 125 µm (f, i).
Text-fig. 1. Sketch map of the Devonian of the Prague Basin, and generalised stratigraphy of the Koněprusy Limestone (Pragian), Suchomasty Limestone (Upper Emsian), Acanthopyge Limestone (Eifelian) and the top of the Acanthopyge Limestone and the Srbsko Formation (transition Eifelian-Givetian) in the Koněprusy area (with marked neptunian dykes and approximate positions of Calceola-bearing limestone beds). Modified after Chlupáč et al. (1986), Hladil et al. (1992) and Mergl (2014). in Trilobite Assemblage Of Calceola -Bearing Beds In Acanthopyge Limestone (Choteč Formation, Middle Devonian, Eifelian, Prague Basin, The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 1. Sketch map of the Devonian of the Prague Basin, and generalised stratigraphy of the Koněprusy Limestone (Pragian), Suchomasty Limestone (Upper Emsian), Acanthopyge Limestone (Eifelian) and the top of the Acanthopyge Limestone and the Srbsko Formation (transition Eifelian-Givetian) in the Koněprusy area (with marked neptunian dykes and approximate positions of Calceola-bearing limestone beds). Modified after Chlupáč et al. (1986), Hladil et al. (1992) and Mergl (2014).
Fig. 80 in Postcranial Osteology Of Azendohsaurus Madagaskarensis (?Middle To Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) And Its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles
Fig. 80. Left pisiform of Trilophosaurus buettneri (TMM 31025-140) in (A) proximal, (B) preaxial (lateral), (C) distal, (D) postaxial (medial), (E) dorsal, and (F) palmar views. Scale bar 5 1 cm. Abbreviations: a., articulates with; ul, ulnare.
Fig. 79 in Postcranial Osteology Of Azendohsaurus Madagaskarensis (?Middle To Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) And Its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles
Fig. 79. Left intermedium of Trilophosaurus buettneri (TMM 31025-140) in (A) proximal, (B) palmar, (C) dorsal, (D) preaxial (lateral), (E) postaxial (medial), and (F) distal views. Scale bar 5 1 cm. Abbreviations: 4, distal carpal 4; a., articulates with; dist, distal carpal; lce, lateral centrale; u, ulna; ul, ulnare.
Fig. 76 in Postcranial Osteology Of Azendohsaurus Madagaskarensis (?Middle To Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) And Its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles
Fig. 76. Trilophosaurus character states (including Spinosuchus caseanus). (A) Maxilla of Trilophosaurus buettneri (TMM 31025-207) in ventral/occlusial view. Anterior cervical vertebra of Trilophosaurus buettneri (TMM 31025-46) in (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views. (D) Two articulated trunk vertebrae of Trilophosaurus buettneri (TMM 31025-140) in right lateral view. (E) Reconstruction of the left manus of Trilophosaurus buettneri in dorsal view (note, char. state 235-1 is for the pes, but the manus has the same char. state). Scales 5 1 cm. Arrow indicates anterior direction.
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