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Figure 2 in New adult host records for three Buprestidae (Coleoptera) rarely encountered in the United States and significant extension of the known geographic range of Agrilus pilosicollis Fisher

Figure 2. Agrilus pilosicollis Fisher ♀. a) Dorsal view. b) Ventral view. c) Lateral view. d) Lateral view of pronotum. e) Proclaw.

Figures 18–23. The dilatata group. 18–19 in A contribution on the milliped tribe Nannariini (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae): Revalidation of Mimuloria Chamberlin 1928; identities of Fontaria oblonga C. L. Koch 1847, and Nannaria minor Chamberlin 1918; elucidation of the tribal range; and commentaries on Nannaria Chamberlin 1918, and Oenomaea Hoffman 1964

Figures 18–23. The dilatata group. 18–19) M. d. dilatata holotype. 18) Telopodite of left gonopod, ventral view. 19) Distal extremity of acropodite, medial view. 20–21) M. d. sigmoidea holotype. 20) Telopodite of left gonopod, ventral view. 21) Basal flange/shoulder of prefemoral process, medial view. 22–23) M. rhysodesmoides holotype. 22) Telopodite of left gonopod, ventral view. 23) Distal extremity of acropodite, submedial view. a, acropodite; pfp, prefemoral process.

Figures. 24–25. 24 in A contribution on the milliped tribe Nannariini (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae): Revalidation of Mimuloria Chamberlin 1928; identities of Fontaria oblonga C. L. Koch 1847, and Nannaria minor Chamberlin 1918; elucidation of the tribal range; and commentaries on Nannaria Chamberlin 1918, and Oenomaea Hoffman 1964

Figures. 24–25. 24) Fontaria oblonga holotype, sketch of telopodite of left gonopod by R. L. Hoffman, subventral view, hairs and prostatic groove omitted. 25) Nannaria minor holotype, telopodite of right gonopod, ventral view. a, acropodite; pfp, prefemoral process.

Figures 9–17. The castanea group, genitalic features. 9–14 in A contribution on the milliped tribe Nannariini (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae): Revalidation of Mimuloria Chamberlin 1928; identities of Fontaria oblonga C. L. Koch 1847, and Nannaria minor Chamberlin 1918; elucidation of the tribal range; and commentaries on Nannaria Chamberlin 1918, and Oenomaea Hoffman 1964

Figures 9–17. The castanea group, genitalic features. 9–14) M. castanea. 9) Telopodite of left gonopod of holotype, ventral view. 10) Prefemoral process of variant with long inner branch, ventral view. 11–13) Distal extremities of acropodital variants in medial, dorsomedial, and dorsal views, respectively. 14) Left cyphopod of female paratype, subventral view. 15) M. missouriensis holotype, telopodite of left gonopod, ventral view. 16–17) M. davidcauseyi holotype. 16) Telopodite of left gonopod, ventral view. 17) The same submedial view. dl, dorsal apical lobe; pfp, prefemoral process; r, receptacle; tl, terminal triangular lamina; v, valve; vl, ventral apical lobe.

Figures 3–8 in A contribution on the milliped tribe Nannariini (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae): Revalidation of Mimuloria Chamberlin 1928; identities of Fontaria oblonga C. L. Koch 1847, and Nannaria minor Chamberlin 1918; elucidation of the tribal range; and commentaries on Nannaria Chamberlin 1918, and Oenomaea Hoffman 1964

Figures 3–8. The castanea group, somatic and in situ features. 3) M. castanea, dorsal views of two recently molted females from Carroll Co., Arkansas. 4–8) M. davidcauseyi male from Newton Co., Arkansas. 4) Left side of three midbody tergites, dorsal view. 5) Head, antennae, and segments 1–7, anterior and subventral views, respectively. 6) Midbody sterna and basal podomeres, ventral view. 7) Gonopods in situ, ventral view. al, anterior sternal lobe; cl, caudal sternal lobe. 8) Pregonopodal tarsal claws, ventral view.

Figure 2 in A contribution on the milliped tribe Nannariini (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae): Revalidation of Mimuloria Chamberlin 1928; identities of Fontaria oblonga C. L. Koch 1847, and Nannaria minor Chamberlin 1918; elucidation of the tribal range; and commentaries on Nannaria Chamberlin 1918, and Oenomaea Hoffman 1964

Figure 2. Distribution of Mimuloria (colored symbols) with peripheral tribal records (black and green stars). Dots, castanea group. Red, M. castanea; green, M. missouriensis; blue, M. davidcauseyi. Diamonds, dilatata group. Solid orange, M. d. dilatata; open orange, M. dilatata sigmoidea; pink, M. rhysodesmoides; violet question mark, Mimuloria sp. The course of the Missouri River across Missouri is shown in light blue.

FIG. 2 in Revised stratigraphic range of the Toarcian ammonite genus Porpoceras Buckman, 1911

FIG. 2. — Simplified map of the Early and Middle Toarcian up to the Variabilis subzone in the Thouars area (Western France). Modified after Bécaud (2006).

FIG. 3. — A in Revised stratigraphic range of the Toarcian ammonite genus Porpoceras Buckman, 1911

FIG. 3. — A, Stratigraphic succession of Middle Toarcian beds in the Airvault quarry; B, close-up view of the upper part of the Variabilis subzone in the Airvault quarry, with a Porpoceras specimen (UBGD 279076, see Fig. 5A) in situ indicated with a circle.

FIG. 5. — A, B in Revised stratigraphic range of the Toarcian ammonite genus Porpoceras Buckman, 1911

FIG. 5. — A, B, Specimens of Porpoceras gr. vortex (Simpson, 1855) -verticosum Buckman, 1914 from the Variabilis Subzone of the Airvault quarry; A, UBGD 279076; B, UBGD 279077; C, specimen UBGD 279075 of Porpoceras gr. vortex-verticosum from the Bifrons Horizon of the Belmont quarry. Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 4. — A in Revised stratigraphic range of the Toarcian ammonite genus Porpoceras Buckman, 1911

FIG. 4. — A, Hildoceras sublevisoni Fucini, 1919 (UBGD 279080, Sublevisoni Subzone, Airvault); B-H, Porpoceras gr. vortex (Simpson, 1855) -verticosum Buckman, 1914 (B-E, UBGD 279078, Bifrons Horizon, Airvault; F-H, UBGD 279079, Bifrons Horizon, Airvault); I, Hildoceras bifrons (Bruguière, 1789) (UBGD 279081), Bifrons Horizon, Airvault); J, Haugia variabilis (d'Orbigny, 1844) (UBGD 279082), Variabilis subzone, Airvault). Scale bars: 10 mm.

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Elevational range size patterns of vascular plants in Himalaya contradict Rapoport's rule

1. Elevational range size patterns reflect ecological and evolutionary processes, but they are also affected by geometric constraints. The confounding effect of these constraints led to an ongoing controversy about the elevational Rapoport's rule, which postulates a positive association between the range size and elevation, and about the plausibility of the climate variability hypotheses as its causal explanation. 2. Here we used an advanced null modelling approach to disentangle the interacting effects of geometric constraints and species richness gradients on the elevational range size of vascular plants. We collected extensive field data on elevational distribution for 728 vascular plant species occurring in the Ladakh region, Western Himalaya. We supplied these regional data with sub-continental elevational ranges extracted from the literature. Moreover, we used in-situ measured temperatures to quantify temperature variability along an elevational gradient to test the climate variability hypothesis. 3. Observed range size patterns were sensitive to methods used to quantify the average range size. Range truncation disproportionately affected regional ranges of low-elevation species and resulted in spurious support of elevational Rapoport's rule. However, when the confounding effects of domain boundaries and richness gradient were controlled, our null models revealed only slight deviations from the random expectations of elevational range size patterns, contrasting with the prediction of the Rapoport's rule. In line with these findings, seasonal and diurnal temperature variability did not change with elevation. 4. Synthesis: Geometric constraints combined with underlying species richness gradient create range size patterns seemingly supporting Rapoport´s elevational rule. However, null models accounting for these effects indicate that the range-size of vascular plants in the Himalayas does not increase with elevation. Given the universality of the geometric constraints and species richness gradient, our results suggest that these confounding factors must be controlled when testing Rapoport's rule. The null model approach described here provides an efficient tool to do that.

Figure 6 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?

Figure 6. Scatterplot of the first two roots of a discriminant function analysis of nine song features (see text) of Cc5, C. zastrowi, C. lucasina, C. mediterranea and C. agilis. Each data point represents a single individual, coded by taxon.

Figure 2 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?

Figure 2. Oscillograms (volts on y-axis) and sonagrams (Hertz on y-axis) of typical solo (non-dueting) vibrational songs. (A) Cc5, five volleys or shortest repeated units (SRUs); (B) Cc5, detail of a single volley/SRU; (C) C. zastrowi, five volleys or shortest repeated units (SRUs), drawn to same time scale as A. Song features discussed in the text are labeled.

Figure 4 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?

Figure 4. Two key morphological features of lacewing taxa. (A) Fore wing of Cc5 (above) and C. zastrowi (beneath). Note the contrasting perpendicular versus oblique orientation of the Rs-M crossvein in the two taxa. (B) Lateral view of the lip/chin of sternite 8+9 of the male abdominal apex. Letters A–G represent landmarks used to determine relative shapes and sizes of the lip and chin. All specimens of both Cc5 and C. zastrowi showed line segment AB.BC, indicating a relatively broad, protruding lip.

Figure 3 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?

Figure 3. Oscillograms comparing typical heterosexual duets, drawn to the same time scale. (A) Cc5; (B) C. zastrowi. Note the presence of occasional transient volley breaks (arrows) in the songs of both taxa.

Figure 1 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?

Figure 1. Map of Africa and Middle East showing collecting localities of Cc5, C. zastrowi and specimens closely resembling those taxa.

Figure 7 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?

Figure 7. Dorsal view of left half of third-instar larval head capsules. (A)–(C) Cc5 from Eilat, Israel; (D) C. zastrowi from Cedarberg, South Africa. Head markings discussed in the text are labeled. In Cc5, the most common condition for head markings is shown in B.

Figure 5 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?

Figure 5. Scatterplot of the first two factors of a principal components analysis of 19 song features (see text) of Cc5, C. zastrowi, C. lucasina, C. mediterranea and C. agilis. Each data point represents a single individual, coded by taxon.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2015View details →

Fig. 24 in Revision of the Andrena (Micrandrena) tiaretta group: redescription of A. tiaretta WARNCKE, 1974 and description of two new species (A. cyrenaica nov.sp. and A. orientalis nov.sp.) demarcating the central and eastern part of the range (Libya, Israel, Syria)

Fig. 24: Shape PCA, scatterplot of first against second shape PCA of Andrena tiaretta s.l. males from all localities, using all variables without FL2. Fig. 25: Scatterplot of isosize against first shape PCA of Andrena tiaretta s.l. males using the data set of Fig. 24. Fig. 26: PCA ratio spectrum for shape PC1 of Andrena tiaretta s.l. males. Fig. 27: Allometry ratio spectrum of Andrena tiaretta s.l. males. Fig. 28: Scatterplot of the both best ratios (FL1/POD; LPW/WL) of Andrena tiaretta s.str. and A. orientalis nov.sp. males.