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Figs 38 – 44 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figs 38 – 44. Panjange camiguin Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13003). 38 – 39. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 40. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 41 – 42. Left male tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 43 – 44. Right male tarsus and procursus, retrolateral and prolateral views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; p = procursus; te = tarsal elongation; tr = trochanter. Scale bars: 38 – 39, 41 – 44 = 1 mm; 40 = 0.3 mm.

Figs 26 – 30 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figs 26 – 30. Panjange casaroro Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13001). 26 – 27. Right male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 28. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 29 – 30. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 50 – 58 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figs 50 – 58. Panjange camiguin Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 13003, 13004). 50 – 51. Left and right male palps, retrolateral views. 52. Left procursus and appendix, prolateral view. 53 – 54. Left and right male palpal trochanters and femora proximally, retrolateral views. 55. Tip of embolus. 56 – 57. Left and right procursus tips, retrolateral views. 58. Comb-hairs on female tarsus 4. Abbreviations: a = appendix; f = femur; p = procursus; sdo = sperm duct opening; te = tarsal elongation; tr = trochanter. Scale bars: 50 – 51 = 300 µm; 52 = 200 µm; 53 – 54 = 100 µm; 55 = 30 µm; 56 – 57 = 80 µm; 58 = 20 µm.

Figs 35 – 37 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figs 35 – 37. Panjange camiguin Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13003, 13004). 35. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 36 – 37. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 31 – 34 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figs 31 – 34. Panjange casaroro Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 13001). 31. Female spinnerets. 32. Female ALS. 33 – 34. Epigynum and scape. 33. Lateral (slightly posterior) view. 34. Ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS, anterior lateral spinneret; PLS = posterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 31 = 60 µm; 32 = 10 µm; 33 – 34 = 100 µm.

Figs 45 – 49 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figs 45 – 49. Panjange camiguin Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 13003, 13004). 45 – 46. Male and female prosomata, frontal views (arrows point at tiny AME remnants). 47. Male chelicerae. 48 – 49. Male eye triads and ocular processes, oblique frontal and frontal views. Scale bars: 45 – 46, 49 = 200 µm; 47 – 48 = 100 µm.

Figs 2 – 15. Live specimens. 2 – 4 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figs 2 – 15. Live specimens. 2 – 4. Pa. lanthana, Mt. Isarog, Ƌ, ♀ with eggsac, and penultimate Ƌ. 5. Pa. malagos Huber sp. nov., Ƌ. 6 – 7. Pa. casaroro Huber sp. nov., ƋƋ. 8 – 10. Pa. camiguin Huber sp. nov. 8. ♀ with parasitized eggsac, from Camiguin Island. 9. Ƌ from Bohol Island. 10. Ƌ from Camiguin Island. 11 – 13. Pa. dinagat Huber sp. nov., Ƌ, ♀ with eggsac, and penultimate Ƌ. 14 – 15. Pa. marilog Huber sp. nov., ƋƋ showing color variation.

Fig. 1 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Fig. 1. Strict consensus of two most parsimonious cladograms of Panjange Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1983 resulting from analyses of the matrix in Appendix 1 using equal character weights, successive weighting, and implicit enumeration. Only unambiguous character changes are shown. A = clade with asymmetric male palps; * = positions of Pa. bukidnon Huber sp. nov. in preliminary cladistic analyses. See Cladistic analysis section for further details.

Figs 17 – 19 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figs 17 – 19. Panjange malagos Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 12999). 17. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 18 – 19. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; h = hinge; p = procursus; ps = proximal bulbal sclerite; pto = palpal tarsal organ; te = tarsal elongation. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 20 – 23 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figs 20 – 23. Panjange malagos Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 12999). 20 – 21. Right male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 22 – 23. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

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Dataset and codes of Conflict detection and resolution in macaque frontal eye fields

<p>The dataset and Matlab code related to the paper published in Communications Biology. </p>

Fig. 11 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 11. Anterior (A) and posterior (B) views of the skull and lower jaw of Liotyphlops beui (MCZ 17842, paratype) based on μCT imagery. Different skull elements are digitally colored to improve visualization. Abbreviations: BO = basioccipital; CB = compound bone; CO = coronoid; D = dentary; F = frontal; MX = maxilla; NA = nasal; OT = otico–occipital complex; P = parietal; PBS = parabasisphenoid; PFR = prefrontal; PMX = premaxilla; PO = postorbital; PT = pterygoid; Q = quadrate; SMX =septomaxilla; SP =splenial. Scale bar =1 mm.

Fig. 10 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 10. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views of the skull of Liotyphlops beui (MCZ 17842, paratype) based on μCT imagery. Different skull elements are digitally colored and the mandible is removed for better visualization. Abbreviations: BO = basioccipital; ECP = ectopterygoid; F = frontal; MX = maxilla; NA = nasal; OT = otico–occipital complex; P = parietal; PAL = palatine; PBS = parabasisphenoid; PFR = prefrontal; PMX = premaxilla; PO = postorbital; PT = pterygoid; Q = quadrate; SMX = septomaxilla; V = vomer. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 8. Boxplots, scatterplots, histograms, density plots, and pairwise comparison of sexually dimorphic characters of external morphology in males (M, purple) and females (F, orange) of Liotyphlops beui. Outliers are indicated as black circles. Pearson correlation (Corr) values: * = 0.05; ** = 0.01; *** = 0.001.

Fig. 13 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 13. Species of Liotyphlops from the Atlantic Rainforest. A) Liotyphlops beui from Trˆes Passos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (IBSP 92768); B) L. beui from same previous locality (unvouchered); C) Liotyphlops ternetzii from Itiquira, Mato Grosso, Brazil (UFRGS 6458); D) Liotyphlops wilderi from Itapebi, Bahia, Brazil (MNRJ 15657); E) Liotyphlops caissara from Ilha Anchieta, S˜ao Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 89927); F) Liotyphlops trefauti from Traipu, Alagoas, Brazil (MUFAL 9424). Photograph credits: Arthur Abegg (A, B, E), M´arcio Borges-Martins (C), Marco Antonio de Freitas (D), Ubiratan Gonçalves (F).

Fig. 7 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 7. Morphological variation of Liotyphlops beui. A-B) Adult female topotype (IBSP 90395) from Instituto Butantan, S˜ao Paulo, S˜ao Paulo state, Brazil; C-D) Adult female (IBSP 78648) from S˜ao Paulo, S˜ao Paulo state, Brazil; E-F) Adult male (IBSP 79486) from Carapicuíba, S˜ao Paulo state, Brazil. Collection tag = 50 mm. Photograph credits: Bruno Rocha.

Fig. 6 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 6. Specimens of Liotyphlops from Passos Maia, Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. A) Dorsal and ventral views of UFRGS 6274, juvenile female holotype of Liotyphlops sousai; B) Dorsal and ventral views of UFRGS 6275, juvenile male identified as Liotyphlops beui by Santos and Reis (2018). Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 5 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 5. Head scalation of Liotyphlops beui (A, MCZ-R 17842, paratype) from Instituto Butantan, S˜ao Paulo, S˜ao Paulo state, southeastern Brazil, and Liotyphlops sousai (B, UFRGS 6274, holotype), from Passos Maia, Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil.

Fig. 9 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 9. Geographic distribution of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) delimited based on Liotyphlops from the Atlantic Rainforest biome (purple), in South America. SP01: Liotyphlops beui from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil; SP02: Liotyphlops caissara from lowland Atlantic Rainforest of coastal southeastern Brazil; SP03: Liotyphlops sousai from the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil, considered herein a synonym of L. beui; SP04: Liotyphlops ternetzii from the Cerrado of Brazil and Paraguay; SP05: Liotyphlops trefauti from the Atlantic Rainforest of northeastern Brazil; SP06: Liotyphlops wilderi from montane Atlantic Rainforest of southeastern Brazil. Filled symbols represent type localities and dots represent examined specimens. Literature records are indicated with hollow symbols and follow Dixon and Kofron (1983), Nogueira et al. (2019).

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic inferences and uncorrected p in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic inferences and uncorrected p-distances for Scolecophidia terminals, based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene fragment. A) Maximum likelihood (RAxML) phylogenetic tree inference and geographic distribution of evaluated samples (white circles = L. beui literature records; black and white circles = L. beui examined records); B) Pairwise uncorrected p-distances for Scolecophidia terminals.