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Figure 3. Solanum sanchez-vegae. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 3. Solanum sanchez-vegae. A) portion of stem, B) petiole articulation, C) buds, D) open flower, E) flower cross-section showing stigma detail, F) anthers, G) fruit. A–F drawn from Smith & Sanchez-Vega 7524, G from Hutchison et al. 5738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g003

Figure 1. Solanum aspersum. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 1. Solanum aspersum. A) portion of stem, with details of trichomes, B) young bud, C) open flower, D) fruiting inflorescence, E) young fruit. A–C drawn from MacDougal et al. 4251, D–E from Zak 1857A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g001

Figure 4 in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 4. Solanum sanchez-vegae. Peru. La Libertad. A. Cano s.n. (photograph courtesy of A. Cano, USM). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g004

Figure 5. Solanum sousae. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 5. Solanum sousae. A) portion of stem with flowering inflorescence, B) flower, C) flower cross section, D) anthers, E) portion of stem with fruiting inflorecence. A–D drawn from Ventura 2212, E from Maya J. 3938. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g005

Figure 2. Solanum luculentum. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 2. Solanum luculentum. A) portion of stem with flowering inflorescence, B) detail of stem with peeling bark, C) buds, D) open long-styled flower with anthers removed, E) long-styled flower cross-section, F) anthers, G) short-styled flower cross-section, H) fruiting inflorescence from putatively pistillate individual. A–B drawn from Nee & Callejas 32546, C–F from Steyermark et al. 127855, G from Steyermark & Dunsterville 100777, H from Killip & Smith 15952. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g002

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Figs 38–43 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 38–43. Physocyclus sikuapu sp. nov. Male (holotype). 38–40. Habitus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. 41. Carapace in frontal view. 42–43. Chelicerae in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Scale bars: 38–40 = 1 mm; 41–43 = 0.5 mm.

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Fig. 34–37 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Fig. 34–37. Unpublished drawings of P. mariachi sp. nov. (= P. "nayaritus") made by W.J. Gertsch, archived at AMNH. 34. Male palp in retrolateral view. 35–36. Left male chelicerae in frontal and retrolateral views, respectively. 37. Female epigynum, dorsal view

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Raw data from: Inter- and intra-specific variation in mycotoxin tolerance: A study of four Drosophila species

Many mycophagous Drosophila species have adapted to tolerate high concentrations of mycotoxins, an ability not reported in any other eukaryotes. Although an association between mycophagy and mycotoxin tolerance has been established in many Drosophila species, the genetic mechanisms of the tolerance are unknown. This study presents the inter- and intraspecific variation in the mycotoxin tolerance trait. We studied the mycotoxin tolerance in four Drosophila species from four separate clades within the immigrans-tripunctata radiation from two distinct locations. The effect of mycotoxin treatment on 20 isofemale lines per species was studied using seven gross phenotypes: survival to pupation, survival to eclosion, development time to pupation and eclosion, thorax length, fecundity, and longevity. We observed interspecific variation among four species, with D. falleni being the most tolerant, followed by D. recens, D. neotestacea, and D. tripunctata, in that order. The results also revealed geographical variation and intraspecific genetic variation in mycotoxin tolerance. This report provides the foundation for further delineating the genetic mechanisms of the mycotoxin tolerance trait.

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Four videos showing surface-crawling locomotion and pedal surface collection in Lymnaea stagnalis (Lymnaeidae, Gastropoda)

Many freshwater and marine gastropods can glide along the water surface with the sole of the foot facing upward. The force driving this surface-crawling locomotion is generated by the epithelial cilia on the sole, which push a ribbon of mucus produced on the anterior sole backwards into the water. If cilia on the posterior part of the sole stop beating, mucus accumulates on the posterior sole together with particles from the water surface. This so-called pedal surface collection enables gastropods to harvest edible materials from the surface. To perform pedal surface collection, the animals may either float or attach themselves with the posterior tip of the foot to solid substrates such as aquatic plants or aquarium walls. The four videos presented here show surface-crawling locomotion and pedal surface collection in the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis (L., 1758), a common holarctic species. The animals came from a pond in a forest near Frankfurt am Main, west central Germany. Shell lengths of the snails shown range from 31 to 37 mm. Videos were captured with various inexpensive digital cameras without special equipment for illumination etc. Video material was processed with ImageJ (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) and QuickTimePro (https://support.apple.com/downloads/quicktime).   LYMNAEA-1 surface-crawling locomotion 1: Lymnaea stagnalis crawls onto the water surface from the wall of the tank it is kept in, glides along the surface, and returns to the tank wall. The animal can be seen breathing, and particles move at constant velocity along the entire sole of the crawling snail. The earliest description of this behavior I know of is found in LISTER (1694: p. 8).   LYMNAEA-2 pedal surface collection 1: (A) Lymnaea stagnalis crawls along the water surface. (B) The floating animal collects mucus and particles from the surface on its posterior sole and (C) eats the accumulated material. This is the behavior BROCKMEIER (1898) called 'Planktonfischen' (plankton fishing).   LYMNAEA-3 pedal surface collection 2: Lymnaea stagnalis attached to plants conducts pedal surface collection. Similar behavior was mentioned by KAISER (1960).   LYMNAEA-4 pedal surface collection 3: Lymnaea stagnalis conducts pedal surface collection in an upright position, being attached to a vertical solid substrate (a flower pot, in this case). Pedal surface collection in this posture has been studied previously in members of the families Ampullariidae (JOHNSON 1952) and Planorbidae (DELIAGINA & ORLOVSKY 1990).

Figs 80–81 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 80–81. Geographic distribution of the four taxa treated in this study. Note that the shallow water area (light grey) between Sicily and the Maltese Islands roughly corresponded to a land bridge during glaciations.

Figs 64–74 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 64–74. Specimens of Temnothorax vivianoi Schifani, Alicata & Prebus sp. nov. in lateral (left), dorsal (center) and head view (right). Photos by Enrico Schifani, available onwww.antweb.org, specimen identifiers in parentheses. 64–66. Holotype worker from Monte Pellegrino (Palermo Mountains, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041551). 67–69. Paratype worker from Monte Pellegrino (Palermo Mountains, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041552). 70–72. Paratype queen from Monte Pellegrino (Palermo Mountains, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041553). 73–74. Damaged male from Palermo Mountains (Sicily) (ANTWEB1041554). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 75–78 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 75–78. Morphometric differentiation of the four taxa treated in this study based on the worker caste. 75. Principal component analysis of all nine morphometric characters (excluding indices). 76. Scatter plot of eye size index (EYE/CS) against cephalic length index (CL/CW). 77. Scatter plot of absolute spines length (SPST) against cephalic size (CS). 78. Scatter plot of spine length index (SPST/ CL) against scape length index (SL/CS).

Fig. 79. Maximum likelihood phylogeny inferred with IQTREE ver. 2.1.2 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Fig. 79. Maximum likelihood phylogeny inferred with IQTREE ver. 2.1.2. The major clades found in Prebus (2017) are highlighted, and the focal species of the current study (all within the 'Palearctic clade IV') are evidenced as in Figs 75–78. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support for all nodes are 100, except where indicated.

Figs 46–63 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 46–63. Specimens of Temnothorax poldii Alicata, Schifani & Prebus sp. nov. in lateral (left), dorsal (center) and head view (right). Photos by Enrico Schifani, available on www.antweb.org, specimen identifiers in parentheses. 46–48. Holotype worker from Monte Arso (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041545). 49–51. Worker from Vallone Madonne degli Angeli (Madonie, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041546). 52– 54. Paratype worker from Monte Ruvolo (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041547). 55–57. Worker from Monte Manfrè (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041548), with ergatogynes characters in the mesosoma. 58– 60. Paratype queen from Monte Arso (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041549). 61–63. Paratype male from Monte Ruvolo (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041550). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 34–45 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 34–45. Specimens of Temnothorax marae Alicata, Schifani & Prebus sp. nov. in lateral (left), dorsal (center) and head view (right). Photos by Enrico Schifani, available on www.antweb.org, specimen identifiers in parentheses. 34–36. Holotype worker from Vendicari (Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041541). 37–39. Paratype worker from Vendicari (Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041542). 40–42. Queen from Bosco di Santo Pietro (Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041543), note that the lateral image was edited to compensate for the fact that the petiole and gaster plus postpetiole were accidentally disarticulated. 43–45. Male from Bosco di Santo Pietro (Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041544). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 19–33 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 19–33. Specimens of Temnothorax lagrecai (Baroni Urbani, 1964) in lateral (left), dorsal (center) and head view (right). Photos available on www.antweb.org, specimen identifiers in parentheses. 19– 21. Worker from Monte Pellegrino (Palermo mountains, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041536), photo by Enrico Schifani. 22–24. Paratype worker from Bosco di Santo Pietro (Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041537), photo by Elia Nalini. 25–27. Worker from Bosco di Linera (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041538), photo by Enrico Schifani. 28–30. Queen from Bosco di Santo Pietro (type locality, Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041539), photo by Enrico Schifani. 31–33. Male from Bosco di Santo Pietro (type locality, Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041540), photo by Enrico Schifani. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 13–15 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 13–15.Head sculpture variation in workers of Temnothorax Mayr, 1861, photos fromwww.antweb.org, specimen identifiers in parentheses. 13. T. alienus Schulz, Heinze & Pusch, 2007, type specimen from Italy (ANTWEB1041297), photo by Roland Schultz, weak longitudinal striae on a background of dense alveolate sculpture. 14. T. flavicornis (Emery, 1870), type specimen from Italy (CASENT0904761), photo by Will Ericson, strong longitudinal striae with a shiny background. 15. T. tebessae (Forel, 1890), type specimen from Algeria (CASENT0909034), photo by Will Ericson, extremely weak and few longitudinal striae on a shiny background.

Fig. 82 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Fig. 82. Spatial characterization of the sites where the four species treated in this study were found.

Figs 16–18 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 16–18. Morphometric characters recorded from workers of Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 in this study. The background image is a paratype worker of T. lagrecai (Baroni Urbani, 1964) from the Natural History Museum of Vienna, photos by Anna Pal available from www.antweb.org, specimen identifier CASENT0919741. 16. Head view. 17. Lateral profile view. 18. Dorsal view of the mesosoma.

Figs 8–10 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 8–10. Lateral view of male specimens of Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 from Algeria with a focus on the propodeum, drawings from Cagniant (1970). 8. T. curtulus (Santschi, 1929), dentiform propodeal spines. 9. T. gentilis (Santschi, 1923), well-developed propodeal spines. 10. T. tebessae (Forel, 1890), no propodeal spines.