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Fig. 6 in Notes on the Aphodius (s.str.) fimetarius-complex - morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature and worldwide distribution (with emphasis on the Iberian Peninsula, Austria and Germany) (Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)

Fig. 6: Habitus of (a) Aphodius fimetarius (Ƌ, Kumisi near Tbilisi, Georgia; cER), (b) A. fimetarius var. autumnalis (Ƌ, Schwerin, Germany; cER) and (c) A. cardinalis (Ƌ, Hisarönü, near Marmaris, Turkey; cER) (photos reproduced from RÖSSNER 2012).

Fig. 12 in Notes on the Aphodius (s.str.) fimetarius-complex - morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature and worldwide distribution (with emphasis on the Iberian Peninsula, Austria and Germany) (Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)

Fig. 12: Distribution of Aphodius fimetarius (red circles) and A. cardinalis (yellow circles) in Germany; orange circles indicate localities where both species have been found together.

Figs 1-2 in Notes on the Aphodius (s.str.) fimetarius-complex - morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature and worldwide distribution (with emphasis on the Iberian Peninsula, Austria and Germany) (Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)

Figs 1-2: Elytral apex of (1) Aphodius fimetarius (Ƌ, El Pont de Suert, Spain; cHF) and (2) Aphodius cardinalis (Ƌ, idem).

Fig. 5 in Notes on the Aphodius (s.str.) fimetarius-complex - morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature and worldwide distribution (with emphasis on the Iberian Peninsula, Austria and Germany) (Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)

Fig. 5: Parameres in lateral view of Aphodius fimetarius (upper row) and A. cardinalis (lower row) from diverse localities. Ventral sides of all parameres oriented in the same direction. Given angles are measured between lines a/c and b/c respectively (cf. Figs 3-4).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

Winter Haloes, by Thomas Gigl, Germany

Second place in the 2021 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Sun/Moon haloes. Captured in Jochberg located in the famous Austrian ski-region of Tirol, this image shows multiple features related to ice halos, which are a more common appearance around the sun, due to its brightness, than the moon. External and internal reflection of sun rays from ice crystal faces and within different types of ice crystals lead to these halo related phenomena. The 22° halo encircles the sun, with two bright spots at the edge called Sundogs, Parhelia or Mock Suns observed to the left and right at the same height as the sun. The horizontal white band called the parhelic circle, named after the sun god Helios, passes through the sun and the Sundogs at the same angular elevation. An Upper tangent arc, a suncave parry arc and a lower tangent arc are also seen touching the top and bottom of the 22° halo. An upside down rainbow like arc or the circumzenithal arc is seen touching the bright supralateral arc, both of which are less frequently observed. Credit: Thomas Gigl/IAU OAE

Figure 7 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation

Figure 7. Original skull of the holotype of 'Felis spelaea Goldfuss, 1810' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany (Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin No. MB.Ma.50948). A, frontal; B, occipital.

Figure 4 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation

Figure 4. Original figure from Goldfuss (1810) of the holotype of 'Felis spelaea Goldfuss, 1810' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany. The skull has a strong bite mark and pathology in the middle of the saggital crest (cf. Figs 6, 7).

Figure 6 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation

Figure 6. Original skull of the holotype of 'Felis spelaea Goldfuss, 1810' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany (Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin No. MB.Ma.50948). A, ventral with lower jaws; B, ventral without lower jaws.

Figure 3 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation

Figure 3. Original skull of the holotype of 'Hyena spelaea Goldfuss, 1823' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany (Goldfuss-Museum Bonn No. M2609). A, lateral right; B, ventral; C, occipital; D, dorsal.

Figure 5 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation

Figure 5. Original skull of the holotype of 'Felis spelaea Goldfuss, 1810' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany (Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin No. MB.Ma.50948). Skull with bite mark and pathology on the middle of the saggital crest (cf. Figs 4, 9). A, lateral left with lower jaws; B, dorsal view with lower jaws. The bite mark on the right parietal and pathology is characteristic of this skull.

Figure 9. A in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation

Figure 9. A, male lion with strong bite damage, which died in an early stage of the callus-healing process [holotype of P. l. spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany]. B, skull of a lioness with a partially healed bite scratch or braincase fracture [original lioness skeleton of P. l. spelaea (cf. Diedrich & Žák, 2006) from Srbsko, central Czech Republic].

Figure 2 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation

Figure 2. Original figure of the holotype of 'Hyaena spelaea Goldfuss, 1823' from Goldfuss (1810) from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany. Skull is damaged on the left side and lacks most teeth (cf. Fig. 3).

Figure 8 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation

Figure 8. Original skull of the holotype of 'Felis spelaea Goldfuss, 1810' from Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany (Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin No. MB.Ma.50948). Skull with bite mark and pathology on the middle of the saggital crest (cf. Figs 6, 7). 1. lower jaw composed of two different individuals. The right mandible is much larger and from a very old male, whereas the smaller left one seems to be from a lioness. A, right mandible, lateral; B, jaws, dorsal. 2, bite mark in the saggital crest and long scratch groove on the right parietal. The callus indicates that the animal survived for a short time after the bite.

Figure 10 in The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation

Figure 10. Ice Age spotted hyenas hauling injured male steppe lion carcass into their cave den (Zoolithen Cave, southern Germany) (Illustration: Rinaldino, 2007).

Figure 8 in What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany

Figure 8. Metriorhynchid taxonomy in historical perspective: main changes in taxon names from their original description (left column) to this paper (right column), passing through definitions by Fraas (1902) and Steel (1973). The cladogram on the right is a reduced version of the strict consensus tree in Figure 7. The grey areas indicate monophyletic genera in this taxonomic arrangement.

Figure 5. Comparative cranial morphology for derived metriorhynchid species. A in What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany

Figure 5. Comparative cranial morphology for derived metriorhynchid species. A, Dakosaurus maximus neotype, SMNS 8203. B, Enaliosuchus schroederi holotype, MMGLV. C, Geosaurus araucanensis holotype, MLP 72-IV-7-1. The relative position of the orbit is indicated for Dakosaurus. Scale bars: 20 mm.

Figure 3 in What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany

Figure 3. The second specimen of Geosaurus giganteus, NHM R.1230, preserving remnants of the skull in dorsal (top left) and ventral (top right) views, as well as postcranial elements (bottom). The white arrows indicate the impressions of nonpreserved vertebrae on the matrix. Scale bar: 20 mm.

Figure 1 in What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany

Figure 1. Lateral views and line drawings of the type of Geosaurus giganteus (Von Sömmerring, 1816), showing the right (top) and the left (bottom) sides of the specimen (NHM R.1229). Line drawings show the interpretation of sutures and the main features of the specimen; the grey shading represents fossae. Scale bars: 20 mm.

Figure 4 in What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany

Figure 4. Lateral view of the third, and forgotten, specimen of Geosaurus giganteus: NHM 37020. A, lateral view of the entire cranium. B, close-up of the tooth row, with the arrows highlighting the enlarged dentary tooth and the notch for its reception, whereas the box shows the occlusion of the maxillary/dentary teeth. Scale bars = 20 mm.

Figure 7 in What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany

Figure 7. Strict consensus of 4104 most parsimonious cladograms, with bootstrap support for each node (tree length = 578; consistency index, CI = 0.436; retention index, RI = 0.861; rescaled consistency index, RC = 0.376). On the left, the position of Thalattosuchia relative to other Crocodylomorpha is shown, whereas, on the right the Metriorhynchoidea is separated to aid visualization. Arrows denote stem-based clades, whereas squares indicate node-based clades.