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FIGURE 1. Hypothesis O1 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 1. Hypothesis O1 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Latreille 1802). The clade which is today called Opiliones (in blue, below) was originally called "Phalangiens" (in green, above). Members of the Laniatores and of the Ischyropsalidoidea were then unknown. The name Phalangida (as many others) has undergone a change of circumscription over time.
FIGURE 21. Hypothesis C2 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 21. Hypothesis C2 of phylogeny of the Cyphophthalmi (Boyer et al. 2007, mol). An important analysis, which failed to include Ogoveidae by lack of material for molecular study. This asymmetrical tree has Stylocellidae as sister group to the rest. They have not recovered any of Shear's clades. A previous work (Giribet & Boyer 2002) included both morphological and molecular analyses, but both are remarkably lacking in resolution, even for the monophyly of the families themselves.
FIGURE 12. Hypothesis L1 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 12. Hypothesis L1 of phylogeny of the Laniatores (Simon 1879). The lineages which would cause greater disturbance in the future were still dormant inside the Phalangodidae. Karsch (1880) and Sørensen (1886) kept basically the same pattern.
Figure 7. Body plan evolution within Ornithischia and character states with phylogenetic importance for the present hypothesis. A in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 7. Body plan evolution within Ornithischia and character states with phylogenetic importance for the present hypothesis. A, skeletal reconstruction of Silesaurus opolensis, a parapredentatan (stem lineage) ornithischian (after Dzik, 2003). B, skeletal reconstruction of Laquintasaura venezuelae, a parapredentatan ornithischian (after Barrett et al., 2014). C, skeletal reconstruction of Eocursor parvus, a prionodontian ornithischian (after Butler et al., 2010). D, left dentary of Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.63136) in lateral view (modified from Martz & Small, 2019). E, left ectopterygoid of Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159) in posterior (modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019). F, posterior portion of the right hemimandible of Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159) in lateral (modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019). G, partial left dentary of Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159) in occlusal view (modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019). H, left dentary of Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.63136) in medial view (modified from Martz & Small, 2019). I, isolated tooth of Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.63843) in labial view (modified from Martz & Small, 2019). J, proximal portion of the right femur of Sacisaurus agudoensis (MCN PV100014) in caudomedial view. K, right maxilla of Echinodon becklesii (NHMUK OR48211) in lateral view (modified from Sereno, 2012). L, right tibia of Eocursor parvus (SAM-PK-K8025) in proximal view. M, left pelvic elements of Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) in lateral view. N, skull of Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) in right lateral view. O, cervical 6 and 7 of Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) in left lateral view. P, proximal portion of the right tibia of Eocursor parvus (SAM-PK-K8025) in lateral view. Q, left ischium of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (SAM-PK-K1105) in medial view (modified from Baron et al., 2017a). R, proximal portion of the left femur of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (BP/1/6582) in lateral view. Elements are not to scale.
Figure 3. Strict consensus trees from the constrained analyses. First constrained analysis forcing a in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 3. Strict consensus trees from the constrained analyses. First constrained analysis forcing a monophyletic Silesauridae apart from the 'traditional ornithischians'. Abbreviations: Aphan, Aphanosauria; Herrer, Herrerasauridae. Silhouettes are based on artwork by Márcio L. Castro, Gabriel Lio, Rodrigo T. Müller, Maurício S. Garcia, John Sibbick and Douglas M. Heman.
Figure 6 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 6. Strict consensus tree from the unconstrained analysis depicting node numbers mentioned in the text and bootstrap values equal to or higher than 40%. Node numbers: 1, Dinosauria; 2, Saurischia; 3, Ornithischia; 4, Sulcimentisauria; 5, Parapredentata; 6, Unnamed; 7, Prionodontia; 8, Thyreophora; 9, Neornithischia; 10, Heterodontosauridae. Saltopus elginensis was removed from the strict consensus tree after an iterPCR analysis (Pol & Escapa, 2009). Silhouettes based on the artwork by Márcio L. Castro, Gabriel Lio, Rodrigo T. Müller, Maurício S. Garcia and John Sibbick.
Figure 10 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 10. Femora of selected dinosaurs: A, left femur of the ornithischian Lewisuchus admixtus (PULR-PV 53) in anteromedial view. B, right femur of the ornithischian Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159; modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019) in anteromedial view. C, right femur of the parapredentatan Sacisaurus agudoensis (MCN PV10018) in anteromedial view. D, right femur of the herrerasaurid Gnathovorax cabreirai (CAPPA/UFSM 0009) in lateral view. E, right femur of the neornithischian Eocursor parvus (SAM-PK K 8025) in lateral view. F, left femur of the neornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (BP/1/6582) in lateral view. Abbreviations: 4t, fourth trochanter; at, anterior trochanter; dlt, dorsolateral trochanter; ts, trochanteric shelf. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 8 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 8. Maxillary teeth of selected dinosaurs described in this analysis, in labial view: A, left maxillary teeth of ornithischian Lewisuchus admixtus (CRILAR-Pv 552; modified from Ezcurra et al., 2020). B, right maxillary teeth of the sauropodomorph Buriolestes schultzi (ULBRA-PVT280). C, left maxillary teeth of the parapredentatan Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.6587; modified from Martz & Small, 2019). D, left maxillary teeth of the sauropodomorph Macrocollum itaquii (CAPPA/UFSM 0001b). E, left maxillary teeth of the neornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (BP/1/6582). F, right maxillary teeth of the heterodontosaurid Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K 337). Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 9 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 9. Pectoral girdle of selected ornithodirans in lateral view: A, right scapula of the lagerpetid Ixalerpeton polesinensis (ULBRA-PVT059). B, right scapula and coracoid of the herrerasaurid Gnathovorax cabreirai (CAPPA/ UFSM 0009). C, right scapula of the early diverging saurischian Tawa hallae (GR 242). D, left (reversed) scapula and coracoid of the ornithischian Lewisuchus admixtus (PULR 01). E, left (reversed) scapula and coracoid of the ornithischian Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159; modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019). F, right scapula of the neornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (BP/1/6582). Abbreviations: ap, acromion process; co, coracoid; de, distal expansion; gl, glenoid; sb, scapular blade. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 2 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 2. Time-calibrated strict consensus tree from the unconstrained analysis. Numbers on nodes represent Bremer support values higher than 1. Saltopus elginensis [Friedrich Freiherr] von Huene, 1910 was removed from the strict consensus tree after an iterPCR analysis (Pol & Escapa, 2009). Abbreviations: Aphan, Aphanosauria; Herrer, Herrerasauridae; Heterod., Heterodontosauridae. Silhouettes are based on artwork by Márcio L. Castro, Gabriel Lio, Rodrigo T. Müller, Maurício S. Garcia and John Sibbick.
Figure 5 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 5. Third analysis forcing Chilesaurus diegosuarezi in Theropoda. Abbreviations: Aphan, Aphanosauria; Herrer, Herrerasauridae. Silhouettes are based on artwork by Márcio L. Castro, Gabriel Lio, Rodrigo T. Müller, Maurício S. Garcia, John Sibbick and Douglas M. Heman.
Figure 4. Second constrained analysis forcing a in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 4. Second constrained analysis forcing a monophyletic Ornithoscelida. Abbreviations: Aphan, Aphanosauria; Herrer, Herrerasauridae. Silhouettes are based on artwork by Márcio L. Castro, Gabriel Lio, Rodrigo T. Müller, Maurício S. Garcia, John Sibbick and Douglas M. Heman.
Figure 11 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 11. Ilia of selected ornithodirans: A, left ilium of the lagerpetid Ixalerpeton polesinensis (ULBRA-PVT059) in lateral view. B, right ilium of the herrerasaurid Gnathovorax cabreirai (CAPPA/UFSM 0009) in lateral view. C, right ilium of the prionodontian Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159; modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019) in lateral view. D, left ilium of the parapredentatan Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.48506; modified from Martz & Small, 2019) in lateral view. E, left ilium of the neornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (SAM-PK-K1107; modified from Baron et al., 2017c) in medial view. F, left ilium of the heterodontosaurid Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) in lateral view. Abbreviations: ib, iliac blade; ip, ischiadic peduncle; mw, medial wall; pop, postacetabular process; pp, pubic peduncle; prp, pre-acetabular process; sc, supracetabular crest. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Ultradeep characterisation of translational sequence determinants refutes rare-codon hypothesis and unveils quadruplet base pairing of initiator tRNA and transcript
<p>## Overview</p> <p>This repository contains the data and R-scripts to reproduce the figures in the main text of the manuscript "Ultradeep characterisation of translational sequence determinants refutes rare-codon hypothesis and unveils quadruplet base pairing of initiator tRNA and transcript", which can be found here: (https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkad040).</p> <p> </p> <p>## Additional information</p> <p>The data can also be found on github via https://github.com/JeschekLab/uASPIre_UTR_CDS. The github repository also includes updates, scripts for NGS data analysis and additional code for data processing.</p> <p> </p>
FIG. 1 in How do young bats find suitable swarming and hibernation sites? Assessing the plausibility of the maternal guidance hypothesis using genetic maternity assignment for two European bat species
FIG. 1. Left — drawing of 'Brunnen Meyer'; right — photo of the western side of the 'Brunnen Meyer' well house with window where bats enter
Appendix and Dataset: Exploring the History of Negatively Charged Particles through Physics Comics: A Study of Thomson and His Hypothesis
<p>Appendix and Dataset: Exploring the History of Negatively Charged Particles through Physics Comics: A Study of Thomson and His Hypothesis</p> <ol> <li>Appendix A English Translation of Text in the Comic Story</li> <li>Appendix B Distribution of the results of the material expert questionnaire</li> <li>Appendix C Distribution of the results of the media expert questionnaire</li> <li>Appendix D Distribution of the results of the user ratings</li> </ol>
FIG. 2 in How do young bats find suitable swarming and hibernation sites? Assessing the plausibility of the maternal guidance hypothesis using genetic maternity assignment for two European bat species
FIG. 2. Simulation (10,000 iterations) of how often mother-offspring pairs are expected to arrive on the same night by chance for M. daubentonii (top) and M. nattereri (bottom); the observed number of pairs arriving on the same night is denoted by the arrow
A test of the predator naiveté hypothesis using desert pupfishes: History of isolation does not matter
<p>Many desert fishes, which evolved in isolated aquatic "islands" with limited predation pressure, have been severely impacted by non-native predators. These impacts have been attributed to the evolutionary loss of antipredator competence, known as the predator naiveté hypothesis. Recent work provided support for this hypothesis for one desert fish species. We sought to examine the generality of predator naiveté hypothesis by evaluating antipredator competence in five populations of Red River pupfish (<em>Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis</em>), a species that occupies habitats that vary in the degree of isolation and levels of fish species richness. Fish were exposed to conspecific chemical alarm cues released from damaged epidermal tissue as a general assay of antipredator response. We found that pupfish from all five populations exhibited antipredator behavior in response to alarm cues, regardless of isolation duration or exposure to predation risk. These data demonstrate that antipredator responses to alarm cues are conserved in pupfishes even after prolonged periods of isolation from piscivorous species.</p>
Figure 2 in Tyrannosaurus rex runs again: a theoretical analysis of the hypothesis that full-grown large theropods had a locomotory advantage to hunt in a shallow-water environment
Figure 2. Depiction of the measurements (a, b, h) taken from figures in the paper by Bates et al. (2009) and the methods to estimate wetted areas and volumes from cylindrical slices. A representative example of the methods (best reconstruction of Tyrannosaurus rex BHI 3033) is shown. The silhouettes were modified from fig. 5 in the paper by Bates et al. (2009). A, cranial view and lateromedial measurements. B, right lateral view and anteroposterior measurements. C, a generic cylindrical slice and the equations to estimate the contribution to the total areas and volumes.
Figure 1 in Tyrannosaurus rex runs again: a theoretical analysis of the hypothesis that full-grown large theropods had a locomotory advantage to hunt in a shallow-water environment
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the hunting scenario. Tyrannosaurus rex is wading in mode II, while Edmontosaurus annectens and Struthiomimus sedens are already engaged in mode IV, corresponding to surface swimming.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.