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Figure 1 in New synonymy for the jumping spider Cosmophasis thalassina (C. L. Koch 1846) (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini)
Figure 1 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). Recent photographs of Cosmophasis thalassina. 7, J from Prieah Sihanouk, Cambodia (31 JUL 2021, iNaturalist observation 89323173 by Don Snow, CC BY-NC 4.0). 8, J from Eumundi, Queensland (10 DEC 2021, iNaturalist observation 102810225 by Bruce Cathie, CC BY-NC 4.0). 9, J from Magnetic Is., Queensland (9 NOV 2020, iNaturalist observation by valyr, CC BY-NC 4.0). 10, ♀ from Indonesia (JUL 2019, iNaturalist observation 28602801 by Franz Anthony, CC BY-NC 4.0). 11, ♀ from Indonesia (FEB 2020, iNaturalist observation 38355097 by Franz Anthony, CC BY-NC 4.0). 12, ♀ from Bali (11 MAR 2022, iNaturalist observation 108354502 by Bali Wildlife, CC BY-NC 4.0). 13, ♀ from Indonesia (JAN 2020, iNaturalist observation 38080785 by Franz Anthony, CC BY-NC 4.0). 14, ♀ from Singapore (9 OCT 2022, iNaturalist observation 142041221 by Julian F, CC BY-NC 4.0). 15, ♀ from Townsville, Queensland (9 OCT 2022, iNaturalist observation 142267189 by deemc, CC BY-NC 4.0). All photographs have been cropped and otherwise enhanced.
Figure 1 in New synonymy for the jumping spider Cosmophasis thalassina (C. L. Koch 1846) (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini)
Figure 1 (continued on next page). Recent photographs of Cosmophasis thalassina. 1-2, J identified as C. umbratica from Laha Datu, Sabah (13 DEC 2023, iNaturalist observation 193936017 by dolceamore, CC BY-NC 4.0). 3, J from Singapore (28 NOV 2021, iNaturalist observation 102076072 by Soh Kam Yung, CC BY-NC 4.0). 4-5, J from Singapore (22 AUG 2021, iNaturalist observation 92067288 by Soh Kam Yung, CC BY-NC 4.0). 6, J from Hervey Bay, Queensland (11 FEB 2021, iNaturalist observation 69464426 by Ted Johansen, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 1 in New synonymy for the jumping spider Cosmophasis thalassina (C. L. Koch 1846) (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini)
Figure 1 (continued from previous page). Recent photographs of Cosmophasis thalassina. 16-17, Courting and mating by a pair from Singapore (DEC 2023, by Alan Young, used with permission).
Figure 8 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 8. External features of a living xiphosuran, Limulus polyphemus (original photo by James Lamsdell, after Lamsdell 2020, used under a CC BY 4.0 license). The lateral eye is a compound eye. Note the chelicerate appendages.
Figure 12 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 12. Structure of the epigynum in spiders (after Uhl et al. 2009). The hapogyne arrangement, with a single median gonopore serving as both the copulatory duct and ovipositor, is considered to be primitive in spiders. In the Entelegynae (grade 31), sperm is deposited by the male through a pair of copulatory ducts leading to the spermathecae, and only later passes through a pair of fertilization ducts to fertilize each egg as it passes through the medial uterus externa. A recent study (Zhan et al. 2019) has refined our understanding of the entelegyne condition, which appears to include a secondary uterus externus connnected to the two fertilization ducts leading from the sperm reservoirs (spermathecae).
Figure 5. A in Defensive behaviour of a moth (Crambidae: Eoophyla sp.) that mimics jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in tropical India
Figure 5. A, Composite image showing four successive positions (1-4) occupied by a female Plexippus paykulli on a vertical wall, near a stationary Eoophyla that was displaying its hindwings. Initially (1-2) this spider fed on a captured moth, but about 2 minutes later (3-4) it approached the Eoophyla from above. B, Detail of inset from (a).
Figure 5 in New synonymy for the jumping spider Cosmophasis thalassina (C. L. Koch 1846) (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini)
Figure 5. Ventral (external) views of the epigynum of three female Cosmophasis thalassina from Ben Tre Province, Vietnam. (2) is a detail from (3). In details, and particularly in the presence of an anterior (a) and posterior (p) lobe, on either side of the epigynum, these agree closely with females described by Ż̇abka & Waldock (2012).
Figure 3. A in Defensive behaviour of a moth (Crambidae: Eoophyla sp.) that mimics jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in tropical India
Figure 3. A spider' view of a Eoophyla with elevated hindwings, from the front (A), and from a more lateral position (B-C). BC, Note that, with more direct illumination (C), reflection in the "eyes" of the salticid image on the hindwing can be seen.
Figure 2 in Defensive behaviour of a moth (Crambidae: Eoophyla sp.) that mimics jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in tropical India
Figure 2. Eoophyla before (A) and after (B) raising its hindwings to display the image of a salticid in two directions, on a vertical wall.
Figure 2. Hentzia antillana Bryant, 1940 in A Caribbean in the South Atlantic: first records of Hentzia antillana Bryant 1940, with notes on other previously reported jumping spider species (Araneae: Salticidae), from Ascension Island
Figure 2. Hentzia antillana Bryant, 1940 adult male (A–B) and female (C–D) from Ascension Island. A, Right male palp, ventral view. B, Same, retrolateral view. C, Epigyne, ventral view. D, Epigyne, dorsal view.
Figure 1. Hentzia antillana Bryant, 1940 in A Caribbean in the South Atlantic: first records of Hentzia antillana Bryant 1940, with notes on other previously reported jumping spider species (Araneae: Salticidae), from Ascension Island
Figure 1. Hentzia antillana Bryant, 1940 adult male (A–C) and female (D–F) from Ascension Island. A, Male, habitus, dorsal. B, Same, ventral. C, Male, frontal view of eyes and chelicerae. D, Female habitus, dorsal. E, Same, ventral. F, Female, frontal view of eyes and chelicerae.
Rapid mid-jump production of high-performance silk by jumping spiders
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Jumping spiders (Salticidae) do not rely on webs to capture their prey, but they do spin a silk dragline behind them as they move through their habitat. They also spin this dragline during jumps, continuously connecting them with the surface they leapt<b> </b>from. Since spiders cannot spin silk in advance, this silk must be spun at the same speed as the spider jumps—in effect, requiring spin speeds over ten times faster than typical. And while many spiders can move rapidly (e.g. running or rappelling), previous research on silk has found that silk spinning rates in excess of walking and web-building speeds (~2-20mm/s) result in lower quality silk and even dragline failure. Here we found that despite being spun at high speeds (~500-700mm/s; 100-140 body lengths/s), jump-spun salticid silk showed consistent, uniform structure as well as the high-performance qualities characteristic of silk spun by other spiders, including orb-weaving species, at low speeds. Toughness of this jump-spun silk (mean = 281.9MJ/m<sup>3</sup>) even surpassed reported values for all but the toughest orb-web draglines. This provides the first evidence that salticids are capable of spinning high-performance silk and are able to do so extremely rapidly under natural conditions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Fig. 9 in Jumping spiders of the genus Phintelloides from India, with the description of a new species (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini)
Fig. 9. Localities of Phintelloides species in India and Myanmar.
Figure 6. Adult male Viciria pavesii, Singapore. 4 in Tropical Asian jumping spiders of the genus Viciria (Araneae: Salticidae: Viciriini)
Figure 6. Adult male Viciria pavesii, Singapore. 4, Note the anterolateral extension of each paturon, far beyond the articulation of the respective fang. Photo credits: 1-3, © Nicky Bay, used with permission; 4-6, © Yongi Ng, used with permission.
Figure 2 in Tropical Asian jumping spiders of the genus Viciria (Araneae: Salticidae: Viciriini)
Figure 2. Photographs of a male (1-4) and a female (5-7) Viciria praemandibularis from Mulu National Park, Sarawak (Maddison 2022). 3-4, Lateral (3) and ventral (4) views of left pedipalp of preserved specimen. 7, Ventral view of epigynum of preserved specimen. Compare with drawings of the V. pavesii lectotypes in Figure 3:4-5. Photographs © W. Maddison, used under a CC-BY 3.0 license.
Figures 8-13. 8 in Use of a Green Tree Ant nest by the jumping spider Carrhotus viduus in Maharashtra, India (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticini)
Figures 8-13. 8, Relative position of the female Carrhotus viduus nest adjacent to an active Oecophylla smaragdina nest enclosed in dried leaves. 9, A second male C. viduus (#2) near the first male (#1) at the entrance to his shelter. 10, O. smaragdina worker carrying a captured ant into the nest. 11, Male C. viduus and nearby O. smaragdina worker on the shelter of the female C. viduus (see Figure 8). 12, Male C. viduus on the active ant nest, watching nearby ants. 13, Male C. viduus above the shelter of the female C. viduus, looking down at an ant.
Figure 1 in Tropical Asian jumping spiders of the genus Viciria (Araneae: Salticidae: Viciriini)
Figure 1. Localties reported for Viciria pavesii (1-2) and V. praemandibularis (all other records). Numbered localities correspond to records listed in Table 1. Small dots represent additional records posted as photographs on iNaturalist (2022). One iNaturalist record (from the Philippines) that clearly did not represent this species in not shown. The distribution of these Viciria is Sundan, with some representation, including the type for V. pavesii (1) in Wallacea.
Figure 56 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 56. Hypothetical connectivity of PLE receptors with downstream interneurons. 1, Connectivity based a study of Evarcha arcuata and Servaea vestita by Duelli (1980). The cell bodies of unipolar receptor neurons are located in groups at the periphery of the eye cup. From each cell body a single axon runs in front of, and then through the retina as a receptor segment with photosensitive rhabdoms, terminating in an ovoid, encapsulated synapse, with many local dendrites, at the first optic ganglion (FOG or PL1). Interneurons map these terminals on a 1:1 basis to small spheroid, encapsulated synapses of the second optic ganglion (SOG or lame medullaire). Downstream interneurons connect each capsule of the SOG to successive synaptic layers (III-V) of the pedunculate body. Other interneurons with extensive processes in the pedunculate body form bottlebrush-like processes in an adjacent (lateral) bottlebrush ganglion. Lateral tracts include the axons of wide field interneurons originating with terminals of the FOG (PL1), Thick axons connect to bottlebrush synapses in the bottlebrush ganglion, and other neurites originating in the pedunculate body. 2, Connectivity including suggestions from studies of Phidippus and Marpissa (Hill 1975, 2006; Long 2016; Steinhoff et al. 2017, 2019). This includes features shown in (1), with the assumption (as suggested by Duelli 1980) that the bottlebrush ganglion is the same as the lateral eye neuropile. Additional features include direct interneuron connections from PL1 terminals to the lateral eye neuropile (as indicated by silver staining of fiber tracts), and the addition of a small ganglion or neuropile (PLx, corresponding to ALx for the ALE) where some of the receptors may synapse with the large fibers of the lateral fiber tract. As shown in Figures 14-15, each receptor terminal may be linked to both the lateral eye neuropile and the lame glomerulee. Each salticine PME is only known to synapse in a small ganglion (PM1) which, like the PLx, appears to be the origin of large fibers that occupy the lateral tract.
Figure 59 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 59. Oversampling effect of signals associated with linear rows of receptors on potential visual acuity, based on the ALE of Phidippus. Receptor separation is estimated at 3 μm and 0.75° of arc, based on a count of 80 receptors spanning 250 μm and 60° of arc in the part of the retina that collects light directly in front of the spider. The line of receptors that detect each line is highlighted in black or orange, respectively, or violet if both lines are detected. 1, Widely separated linear signals affect completely different sets of receptors and pose no limit to their separation, particularly since there are many intervening rows of receptors. 2, When separation of lines is equal to receptor separation, they may be resolved as a single line, as there are few intervening receptors. But the position of each line could still be resolved at a level of accuracy greater than the width of a receptor. 3, Even a much smaller shift in position might be detectable, as the set of receptors associated with each position would be different. This may explain salticid hyperacuity (Zurek & Nelson 2012b), or what is known as the Vernier effect (Hamer, Carvalho & Venture 2013; Gomes, Bartelt & FrazaLo 2021). Ultimately the visual acuity of these eyes depends on downstream processing in the associated ganglia, much like cortical magnification in the human primary visual cortex (Duncan & Boynton 2003).
Figure 52 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 52. Physical characteristics of the lateral eyes. 1, Schematic horizontal section through the anterior eyes of Salticus Latreille 1804, after Homann (1928). 2, Schematic scale drawing of horizontal section through the eyes of Phidippus johnsoni. The PME on the right side is not shown. 3, Equirectangular projection of the overlapping ALE visual fields of Servaea vestita, with the area of highest-density receptors indicated by a circle, at center. After Zurek 2012; Zurek & Nelson 2012a; Nelson 2021. 4, Plot of ~7000 receptors in the retina of the right ALE of Phidippus audax (Hentz 1845), after GoteDet al. 2019 (anterior view). 5, Relative spectral sensitivity of the PLE of Servaea vestita, after Hardie & Duelli 1978. 6, Average ERG response to monochromatic light for three different ALE preparations, Menemerus fulvus, after Yamashita & Tateda 1976.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.