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FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetics of the tribe Phalacropsyllini (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae: Neopsyllinae) based on molecular and morphological evidence

FIGURE 1. Habitus photographs (males). Ingroup: a) Catallagia charlottensis; b) Delotelis telegoni; c) Epitedia wenmanni; d) Phalacropsylla paradisea; e) Meringis parkeri; f) Strepsylla mina; Outgroups: g) Neopsylla inopina (Neopsyllini); h) Anomiopsyllus perotensis (Anomiopsyllini).

FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetics of the tribe Phalacropsyllini (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae: Neopsyllinae) based on molecular and morphological evidence

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Phalacropsyllini based on the parsimony analysis of 28S, and 18S genes, and morphological characters. Numbers below nodes indicate support values determined by symmetric resampling.

FIGURE 4 in Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the endemic Asian salamander family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)

FIGURE 4. Simplified cladogram of the Hynobiidae depicting the basal split between Onychodactylus (major-group I) and all remaining hynobiids (major-group II) and the polytomy among the five major hynobiid clades (see Discussion for IIA-IIE). The polytomy is inferred based on conflicting estimates of relationships across phylogenetic optimality criteria and weak branch support in the parsimony and maximum likelihood trees.

FIGURE 3. Tree resulting from a in Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the endemic Asian salamander family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)

FIGURE 3. Tree resulting from a twelve-partition maximum likelihood analysis of the combined 12S–16S and ND2–COI mtDNA genic sequence data. Species with two or more sampled individuals are numbered as in Table 1 for sample location. Filled circles on nodes represent maximum likelihood bootstrap values of ≥ 95. Numbers on branches are bootstrap values <95. Filled diamonds represent branches supported with parsimony bootstrap values ≥ 90, Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95, and maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 95.

FIGURE 1 in Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the endemic Asian salamander family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)

FIGURE 1. Consensus of two equally most parsimonious trees resulting from an analysis of the combined 12S–16S and ND2–COI mtDNA genic sequence data. Species with two or more sampled individuals are numbered as in Table 1 for sample location. Filled circles on nodes represent parsimony bootstrap values of ≥ 95. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values <95. Bootstrap values <50 are not presented. Bold numbers below branches represent decay indices. Filled diamonds represent branches supported with parsimony bootstrap values ≥ 90, Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95, and maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 95.

FIGURE 2 in Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the endemic Asian salamander family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)

FIGURE 2. Bayesian majority-rule consensus phylogram resulting from the posterior density of a seven-partition analysis of the combined 12S–16S and ND2–COI mtDNA genic sequence data. There was no topological difference with this tree and that derived from a three partition analysis of the data. Species with two or more sampled individuals are numbered as in Table 1 for sample location. Filled circles on nodes represent Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95. Posterior probabilities <0.95 are indicated on their respective branches. Filled diamonds represent branches supported with parsimony bootstrap values ≥ 90, Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95, and maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 95.

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FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic consensus tree among hermit crab species obtained from a in Molecular analysis validates of some informal morphological groups of Pagurus (Fabricius, 1775) (Anomura: Paguridae) from South America

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic consensus tree among hermit crab species obtained from a fragment of Histone H3 (nDNA), inferred from Maximum Likelihood (ML) Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) analysis. Topology of a ML is presented, with bootstrap values shown from left to right are for ML, MP and NJ respectively. Support numbers ≤ 50% are shown.

FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic relationships recovered through a in Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data

FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic relationships recovered through a Bayesian (BA) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis of Anotosaura collaris based on mitochondrial (12S, 16S and ND4) and nuclear genes (C-mos and 18S). The value for posterior probabilities (BA), and bootstrap (ML) are show on branches, respectively.

FIGURE 59 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 59. Chronogram showing an estimated phylogeny with divergence times for the Pauropsalta annulata species group, along with outgroups from the tribe Cicadettini, based on CO1 and dynamin data (modelled independently). The topology is a maximum clade credibility from an MCMC search, enforcing a relaxed molecular clock with branch lengths modelled using a GTR + I + G model in *BEAST. Node support is indicated by black closed circles (BPP=1.00) and grey closed circles (BPP=0.95–0.99) from BEAST. Clock calibration is based on a rate of 0.0115s/s/myr for CO1 (see Phylogenetic Analysis Methodology section).

FIGURE 55 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 55. Results of two Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling ordination analyses using the durations of the four song segments (Fig. 54) for Pauropsalta annulata (red), Pauropsalta tremula (purple), Pauropsalta notialis notialis (orange), Pauropsalta notialis incitata (blue) and Pauropsalta notialis notialisxincitata (green) (n=532). Closed points denote individuals recorded in sympatry with other species in the P. annulata species complex, whereas open outlined points are individuals recorded in allopatry. A cluster analysis revealed five clusters among the data, as indicated, and the composition of each is detailed in the text.

FIGURE 52 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 52. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta ayrensis Ewart illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E).

FIGURE 51 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 51. Map of eastern Australia showing the geographical distribution of Pauropsalta ayrensis Ewart. Large triangles represent specimen records (see material examined) and small triangles represent aural records (some recorded).

FIGURE 50 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 50. Waveform plots illustrating the lilting component of the male calling song of Pauropsalta rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt) from four different localities, including: (i) Penola (37°24'S 140°50'E), (ii) Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E), (iii) Napoleon Reef (33°26'S149°45'E), and (iv) Woods Reserve (35°28'S 148°57'E). Recording (iv) is shown in two fragments from the same individual recording. Mean phrase repetition rates (PRR) for each recording are provided to the right of each plot for reference. The upper fragment shows the typical lilting component and the lower fragment illustrates a transition into the extended lilting component (a grey dashed line indicates the point of transition). Recording (i) was made with RS6 by B. Haywood, while all other recordings were made by LWP using RS5 (see methods).

FIGURE 49 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 49. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt) illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E) using RS5 (see methods).

FIGURE 56 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 56. Phylogram showing an estimated phylogeny for the Pauropsalta annulata species group, along with outgroups from the tribe Cicadettini, based on CO1 data. The topology is a majority rule consensus tree from an MCMC search, with branch lengths simulated using a GTR + I + G model in MrBayes. Node support values to the left of each node are from a RAxML reconstruction, with Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) from MrBayes represented by small closed circles (BPP=0.95–0.99) and large closed circles (BPP=1.00) on the relevant nodes.

FIGURE 54 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 54. Oscillogram showing two phrases from the lilting part of the male calling song of Pauropsalta notialis incitata. This is the component to which the female responds during acoustic duets, as shown on the figure. The durations of the various song segments that are demarcated with lines were measured for statistical comparisons, including the long echeme (segment 1), silence between echemes (segment 2), short echeme (segment 3) and silence for female response (segment 4).

FIGURE 47 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 47. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta inversa sp. nov. illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E).

FIGURE 45 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 45. Waveform plots illustrating the male calling song of Pauropsalta corymbiae sp. nov. from six different localities, including: (i) Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E), (ii) Mica Creek via Mount Isa (20°49'S 139°27'E), (iii) Boulia (22°55'S 139°55'E), (iv) 48km E. of Middleton (22°16'S 141°56'E), (v) 42 km N. of Barrow Creek (21°54'S 133°34'E), and (vi) Minilya River (23°49'S 114°00'E). Mean phrase repetition rates (PRR) for each recording are provided to the right of each plot for reference. Recordings (iv) and (v) illustrate the transition between the introductory component and the lilting component. The approximate point of this transition is indicated with a grey dashed line. Recordings (i) and (ii) were made with RS3 by A. Ewart, while (iii), (iv) and (vi) were made by K. Hill with RS4, and (v) was made by D. Marshall also using RS4 (see methods).

FIGURE 48 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 48. Waveform plots illustrating the lilting component of the male calling song of Pauropsalta inversa sp. nov. from six different localities, including: (i) Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (ii) Mundubbera (25°35'S 151°18'E), (iii) Mount Hope (32°50'S 145°53'E), (iv) Goolgowi (33°59'S 135°43'E), (v) Clermont (22°50'S 147°38'E), and (vi) Mount Moffatt (24°52'S 148°01'E). Mean phrase repetition rates (PRR) for each recording are provided to the right of each plot for reference. Recordings (iii) and (iv) were made with RS5, while the remainder were made with RS1 (see methods).

FIGURE 44 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 44. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta corymbiae sp. nov. illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both introductory and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, with arrows indicating side bands. This specimen was recorded with RS3 (see methods) at Bull's Gully, Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E) by A. Ewart.