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Data from: Paternity assignment and demographic closure in the New Zealand southern right whale
The identification and characterisation of reproductively isolated subpopulations or 'stocks' is essential for effective conservation and management decisions. This can be difficult in vagile marine species like marine mammals. We used paternity assignment and 'gametic recapture' to examine the reproductive autonomy of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) on their New Zealand (NZ) calving grounds. We derived DNA profiles for 34 mother-calf pairs from skin biopsy samples, using sex-specific markers, 13 microsatellite loci and mtDNA haplotypes. We constructed DNA profiles for 314 adult males, representing 30% of the census male abundance of the NZ stock, previously estimated from genotypic mark-recapture modelling to be 1085 (95% CL 855, 1416). Under the hypothesis of demographic closure and the assumption of equal reproductive success among males, we predict: (1) the proportion of paternities assigned will reflect the proportion of the male population sampled and (2) the gametic mark-recapture (GMR) estimate of male abundance will be equivalent to the census male estimate for the NZ stock. Consistent with these predictions, we found that the proportion of assigned paternities equalled the proportion of the census male population size sampled. Using the sample of males as the initial capture, and paternity assignment as the recapture, the GMR estimate of male abundance was 1001 (95% CL 542, 1469), similar to the male census estimate. These findings suggest that right whales returning to the NZ calving ground are reproductively autonomous on a generational timescale, as well as isolated by maternal fidelity on an evolutionary timescale, from others in the Indo-Pacific region.
Data from: Repeated evolution of asymmetric genitalia and right-sided mating behavior in the Drosophila nannoptera species group
Background: Male genitals have repeatedly evolved left-right asymmetries, and the causes of such evolution remain unclear. The Drosophila nannoptera group contains four species, among which three exhibit left-right asymmetries of distinct genital organs. In the most studied species, Drosophila pachea, males display asymmetric genital lobes and they mate right-sided on top of the female. Copulation position of the other species is unknown. Results: To assess whether the evolution of genital asymmetry could be linked to the evolution of one-sided mating, we examined phallus morphology and copulation position in D. pachea and closely related species. The phallus was found to be symmetric in all investigated species except D. pachea, which display an asymmetric phallus with a right-sided gonopore, and D. acanthoptera, which harbor an asymmetrically bent phallus. In all examined species, males were found to position themselves symmetrically on top of the female, except in D. pachea and D. nannoptera, where males mated right-sided, in distinctive, species-specific positions. In addition, the copulation duration was found to be increased in nannoptera group species compared to closely related outgroup species. Conclusion: Our study shows that gains, and possibly losses, of asymmetry in genital morphology and mating position have evolved repeatedly in the nannoptera group. Current data does not allow us to conclude whether genital asymmetry has evolved in response to changes in mating position, or vice versa.
FIGURE III2. Phylogeny of Phasia (part 2) Character numbers above boxes refer to the characters in Table 1; numbers below boxes refer to transformation series states. Black bars on right side refer to the monphyletic groups discussed in the text. in Systematics of Phasia Latreille (Diptera: Tachinidae)
FIGURE III2. Phylogeny of Phasia (part 2) Character numbers above boxes refer to the characters in Table 1; numbers below boxes refer to transformation series states. Black bars on right side refer to the monphyletic groups discussed in the text.
FIGURE III1. Phylogeny of Phasia (part 1) Character numbers above boxes refer to the characters in Table 1; numbers below boxes refer to transformation series states; black bars on right side refer to the monphyletic groups discussed in the text. in Systematics of Phasia Latreille (Diptera: Tachinidae)
FIGURE III1. Phylogeny of Phasia (part 1) Character numbers above boxes refer to the characters in Table 1; numbers below boxes refer to transformation series states; black bars on right side refer to the monphyletic groups discussed in the text.
FIGURES 246–248. Elaphropeza ephippiata. 246. epandrium with cerci. 247. right epandrial lamella. 248 in Revision of the genus Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from the Oriental Region, with a special attention to the fauna of Singapore
FIGURES 246–248. Elaphropeza ephippiata. 246. epandrium with cerci. 247. right epandrial lamella. 248. left surstylus.
FIGURES 35–37. Right prothoracic femur. 35. F in A revision of the New World genus Fidia Baly 1863 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae: Adoxini)
FIGURES 35–37. Right prothoracic femur. 35. F. viticida ♀. 36. F. guatemalensis ♂. 37. Xanthonia vagans ♀. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 292–301. Pinodytes capizzii. 292. Male right antenna, dorsal. 293. Male right protibia and protarsus. 294. Male right mesotibia. 295. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 296. Aedeagus, lateral. 297. Aedeagus, dorsal. 298 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 292–301. Pinodytes capizzii. 292. Male right antenna, dorsal. 293. Male right protibia and protarsus. 294. Male right mesotibia. 295. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 296. Aedeagus, lateral. 297. Aedeagus, dorsal. 298. Variation in apex of aedeagus, dorsal (Lane Co., Oregon). 299. Variation in apex of aedeagus, dorsal (Columbia Co., Oregon). 300. Spermatheca. 301. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.1 mm (Fig. 300), 0.3 mm (Figs. 292–299, 301).
FIGURES 283–291. Pinodytes newelli. 283. Male right antenna, dorsal. 284. Male right protibia and protarsus. 285. Male right mesotibia. 286. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 287. Aedeagus, lateral. 288. Aedeagus, dorsal. 289 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 283–291. Pinodytes newelli. 283. Male right antenna, dorsal. 284. Male right protibia and protarsus. 285. Male right mesotibia. 286. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 287. Aedeagus, lateral. 288. Aedeagus, dorsal. 289. Variation in apex of aedeagus, dorsal (Tillamook Co., Oregon). 290. Spermatheca. 291. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.1 mm (Fig. 290), 0.3 mm (Figs. 287–289, 291), 0.4 mm (Figs. 283–286).
FIGURES 257–264. Pinodytes cryptophagoides. 257. Male right antenna, dorsal. 258. Male right protibia and protarsus. 259. Male right mesotibia. 260. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 261. Aedeagus, lateral. 262. Aedeagus, dorsal. 263. Spermatheca. 264 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 257–264. Pinodytes cryptophagoides. 257. Male right antenna, dorsal. 258. Male right protibia and protarsus. 259. Male right mesotibia. 260. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 261. Aedeagus, lateral. 262. Aedeagus, dorsal. 263. Spermatheca. 264. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.15 mm (Fig. 263), 0.3 mm (Figs. 262, 264), 0.4 mm (Figs. 257–261).
FIGURES 249–256. Pinodytes tuolumne. 249. Male right antenna, dorsal. 250. Male right protibia and protarsus. 251. Male right mesotibia. 252. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 253. Aedeagus, lateral. 254. Aedeagus, dorsal. 255. Spermatheca. 256 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 249–256. Pinodytes tuolumne. 249. Male right antenna, dorsal. 250. Male right protibia and protarsus. 251. Male right mesotibia. 252. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 253. Aedeagus, lateral. 254. Aedeagus, dorsal. 255. Spermatheca. 256. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.1 mm (Fig. 255), 0.3 mm (Figs. 249, 253, 254, 256), 0.4 mm (Figs. 250–252).
FIGURES 319–326. Pinodytes angulatus. 319. Male right antenna, dorsal. 320. Male right protibia and protarsus. 321. Male right mesotibia. 322. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 323. Aedeagus, lateral. 324. Aedeagus, dorsal. 325. Spermatheca. 326 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 319–326. Pinodytes angulatus. 319. Male right antenna, dorsal. 320. Male right protibia and protarsus. 321. Male right mesotibia. 322. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 323. Aedeagus, lateral. 324. Aedeagus, dorsal. 325. Spermatheca. 326. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.1 mm (Fig. 325), 0.3 mm (Fig. 326), 0.4 mm (Figs. 319–324).
FIGURES 311–318. Pinodytes tibialis. 311. Male right antenna, dorsal. 312. Male right protibia and protarsus. 313. Male right mesotibia. 314. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 315. Aedeagus, lateral. 316. Aedeagus, dorsal. 317. Spermatheca. 318 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 311–318. Pinodytes tibialis. 311. Male right antenna, dorsal. 312. Male right protibia and protarsus. 313. Male right mesotibia. 314. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 315. Aedeagus, lateral. 316. Aedeagus, dorsal. 317. Spermatheca. 318. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.1 mm (Fig. 317), 0.3 mm (Figs. 315, 316, 318), 0.4 mm (Figs. 311–314).
FIGURES 225–232. Pinodytes shasta. 225. Male right antenna, dorsal. 226. Male right protibia and protarsus. 227. Male right mesotibia. 228. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 229. Aedeagus, lateral. 230. Aedeagus, dorsal. 231. Spermatheca. 232 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 225–232. Pinodytes shasta. 225. Male right antenna, dorsal. 226. Male right protibia and protarsus. 227. Male right mesotibia. 228. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 229. Aedeagus, lateral. 230. Aedeagus, dorsal. 231. Spermatheca. 232. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.1 mm (Fig. 231), 0.3 mm (Figs. 225–230, 232).
FIGURES 209–215. Pinodytes sanjacinto. 209. Male right antenna, dorsal. 210. Male right protibia and protarsus. 211. Male right mesotibia. 212. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 213. Aedeagus, lateral. 214. Aedeagus, dorsal. 215 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 209–215. Pinodytes sanjacinto. 209. Male right antenna, dorsal. 210. Male right protibia and protarsus. 211. Male right mesotibia. 212. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 213. Aedeagus, lateral. 214. Aedeagus, dorsal. 215. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.3 mm.
FIGURES 266–273. Pinodytes subterraneus. 266. Male right antenna, dorsal. 267. Male right protibia and protarsus. 268. Male right mesotibia. 269. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 270. Aedeagus, lateral. 271. Aedeagus, dorsal. 272. Spermatheca. 273 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 266–273. Pinodytes subterraneus. 266. Male right antenna, dorsal. 267. Male right protibia and protarsus. 268. Male right mesotibia. 269. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 270. Aedeagus, lateral. 271. Aedeagus, dorsal. 272. Spermatheca. 273. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.2 mm (Fig. 272), 0.45 mm (Figs. 270, 271), 0.6 mm (Fig. 273), 0.7 mm (Figs. 266–269).
FIGURES 360–367. Pinodytes orca. 360. Male right antenna, dorsal. 361 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 360–367. Pinodytes orca. 360. Male right antenna, dorsal. 361. Male right protibia and protarsus, dorsal. 362. Male right protarsus, ventral. 363. Male right mesotibia. 364. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 365. Aedeagus, lateral. 366. Aedeagus, dorsal. 367. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.4 mm (Fig. 362), 0.5 mm (Fig. 367), 0.7 mm (Figs. 361, 363–366), 1.0 mm (Fig. 360).
FIGURES 193–200. Pinodytes monterey. 193. Male right antenna, dorsal. 194. Male right protibia and protarsus. 195. Male right mesotibia. 196. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 197. Aedeagus, lateral. 198. Aedeagus, dorsal. 199. Spermatheca. 200 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 193–200. Pinodytes monterey. 193. Male right antenna, dorsal. 194. Male right protibia and protarsus. 195. Male right mesotibia. 196. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 197. Aedeagus, lateral. 198. Aedeagus, dorsal. 199. Spermatheca. 200. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.1 mm (Fig. 199), 0.3 mm (Figs. 193–198, 200).
FIGURES 275–282. Pinodytes imbricatus. 275. Male right antenna, dorsal. 276. Male right protibia and protarsus. 277. Male right mesotibia. 278. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 279. Aedeagus, lateral. 280. Aedeagus, dorsal. 281. Spermatheca. 282 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 275–282. Pinodytes imbricatus. 275. Male right antenna, dorsal. 276. Male right protibia and protarsus. 277. Male right mesotibia. 278. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 279. Aedeagus, lateral. 280. Aedeagus, dorsal. 281. Spermatheca. 282. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.1 mm (Fig. 281), 0.6 mm (Figs. 279, 280, 282), 0.7 mm (Figs. 275–278).
FIGURES 185–192. Pinodytes minutus. 185. Male right antenna, dorsal. 186. Male right protibia and protarsus. 187. Male right mesotibia. 188. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 189. Aedeagus, lateral. 190. Aedeagus, dorsal. 191. Spermatheca. 192 in Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae) 3077
FIGURES 185–192. Pinodytes minutus. 185. Male right antenna, dorsal. 186. Male right protibia and protarsus. 187. Male right mesotibia. 188. Male right metafemur and metatibia. 189. Aedeagus, lateral. 190. Aedeagus, dorsal. 191. Spermatheca. 192. Mesoventrite, lateral. Scale bar = 0.1 mm (Fig. 191), 0.3 mm (Figs. 185–190, 192).
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