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Figure 4 in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 4. Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. in the middle and late stages of morphogenesis, after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen in the middle stage, showing the development of cirri and the single macronuclear mass; C, D, ventral and dorsal views of a late divider (same specimen), arrows indicate the differentiation of the extra anlagen, and arrowheads show the single caudal cirrus that develops from the posterior end of each dorsal kinety; E, ventral view of a late divider, note the newly built cirri; F, G, ventral and dorsal views of a very late divider, arrows indicate the newly formed extra right marginal cirri. Abbreviations: MVR, midventral row; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; UMA, undulating membrane anlagen. Scale bar: 60 Mm.

Figure 7. A in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 7. A, small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence of Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. aligned with the sequences of Pseudoamphisiella alveolata, Pseudoamphisiella lacazei, and Pseudoamphisiella quadrinucleata. The numbers above the lines indicate the nucleotide numbers. The differences in sequence lengths were compensated for by introducing alignment gaps (–) in the sequences. Matched sites are marked with dots. B, phylogenetic tree of SSU rRNA sequences showing the positions of Pseudoamphisiella found with maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis, applying the GTR+G+I model. Species sequenced in the present study are shown in bold type. The numbers near branches are ML bootstrap values/Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probability values. The scale bar corresponds to five substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

Figure 2 in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. from life (A–H) and after protargol impregnation (I–N). A–D, ventral views of different individuals, arrows mark the pellicular alveolus; E, lateral view, the inset shows part of the cortex, and the arrowheads indicate the rod-shaped extrusomes; F, portion of cortex (dorsolateral view), arrows indicate the extrusomes; G, outline shape of a stationary individual; H, dorsal view of cortex, showing the polygonalshaped alveoli; I, dorsal view, arrows mark the dorsal kineties; J, caudal portion, the arrow indicates the caudal cirri; K, middle portion of cell, ventral view, the arrow marks the end of the right midventral row; L, posterior end of body, ventral view, the arrows indicate the two fine pretransverse cirri that can be easily overlooked; M, anterior part of body, ventral view, arrows indicate the frontal cirri; N, ventral infraciliature. Scale bars: 100 Mm in A, B; 50 Mm in C, D, G, H.

Figure 6 in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 6. Photomicrographs of morphogenesis in Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. after protargol impregnation. A, ventral view, the arrow indicates the extra anlage adjacent to the right marginal row anlage; B, dorsal view, arrows denote the dorsal kineties anlagen; C, ventral view of opisthe in late stage, the arrow marks two buccal cirri; D, ventral view, arrowheads denote the pretransverse cirri; E–K, ventral views of middle to late stage dividers, showing the migration of all ciliary organelles and the division of the macronuclei; L, ventral view of a reorganizer at a late stage. Scale bars: 25 Mm in A; 60 Mm in E.

Figure 1 in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 1. Morphology of Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. from living observation (A–E) and after protargol impregnation (F–G). A, ventral view of a typical individual; B, ventral view of a slimmer individual; C, ventral view, note the ingested pennate diatoms; D, E, portion of cortex (top and side view), showing the polygonal-shaped alveoli and the rod-shaped extrusomes (arrows); F, ventral view of infraciliature, arrowheads indicate two fine pretransverse cirri; G, dorsal view of the same specimen as shown in (F), showing the macronuclear nodules, micronuclei, and dorsal kineties. Abbreviations: CC, caudal cirri; DK, dorsal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; MVR, midventral row; PM, paroral membrane; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 Mm in A, B, C, F, G; 10 Mm in E.

Figure 3 in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 3. Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. after protargol impregnation, showing early to middle stages of morphogenesis. A, ventral view of an early stage divider, note the oral primordium in the proter (arrow) and opisthe (double-arrowheads), arrowheads indicate the primary frontoventral–transverse (FVT) cirral anlagen; B, ventral view, showing the early stage, arrows indicate the primary right marginal row anlagen; C, ventral view of an early divider, arrow marks the FVT-anlagen, arrowheads indicate the right marginal row anlagen, the double-arrowheads show the left marginal row anlagen in the opisthe; D, E, ventral and dorsal views of the same individual, arrowheads in D and E indicate the right marginal row anlagen and dorsal kineties anlagen, respectively; F, a slightly late divider, arrowheads indicate the extra anlagen; G, middle-stage divider, showing the dorsal kineties anlagen (arrows), the left marginal row anlagen (double-arrowheads), two migratory cirri derived from the last FVT-streak (arrowheads), and the hook-like extra anlagen; the inset shows the macronuclear nodules, and arrows mark the micronuclei. DKA: dorsal kineties anlagen.

Figure 9 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae

Figure 9. Hypothetical evolution of trachelocercids based on the scenario shown in Figure 8 (A) or according to oral ciliature pattern (B). The question mark refers to a possible evolutionary path as no molecular data are available for the genus Sultanophrys. The main difference between cladogram A and B is the position of Trachelocerca, which is marked with a frame. The characters used in estimation of the evolutionary relationship are listed in Table 2. Abbreviations: B, brosse; BK, bristle kinety; CK, circumoral kinety; CT, ciliary tuft; GS, glabrous stripe; SK, somatic kineties.

Figure 8 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae

Figure 8. ML tree inferred from the SSU rRNA gene sequences showing the positions of two newly sequenced species (arrow). Nodal support for branches in the ML and BI trees are marked in order. Nodes marked by filled circles indicate full support in both analyses (100% ML, 1.00 BI). Clades with a different topology between the two analyses are shown by an asterisk. Heterotrichea are selected as outgroups. All branches are drawn to scale. The scale bar corresponds to 2 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

Figure 7 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae

Figure 7. Tracheloraphis similis from life (A–F) and after protargol staining (G–L). A, typical individual; B, four macronuclei and two micronuclei forming a nuclear group; C, wedge-shaped tail; D, detailed view of middle region to show cytoplasmic granules; E, F, distribution of cortical granules (arrowheads) between somatic kineties and in glabrous stripe; G, general infraciliature, to show two nuclear groups, each of which contains about four macronuclei; H, L, infraciliature of anterior end, indicating circumoral kinety, brosse, glabrous stripe and bristle kinety; I, J, to show nuclear group including four (I) or six macronuclei (J) and micronucleus (I); K, infraciliature of mid-body portion, noting glabrous stripe bordered by bristle kinety. Abbreviations: B, brosse; BK, bristle kinety; CK, circumoral kinety; GS, glabrous stripe; Ma, macronuclei; Mi, micronucleus; NG, nuclear groups; NU, nucleolus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 400 μm in A; 150 μm in G.

Figure 6 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae

Figure 6. Tracheloraphis similis from life (A–D) and after protargol staining (E–H). A, typical individual; B, wedgeshaped tail; C, four macronuclei and two micronuclei forming a nuclear group; D, distribution of cortical granules between somatic kineties and in glabrous stripe; E, F, infraciliature of anterior end, indicating circumoral kinety, brosse, bristle kinety, glabrous stripe and anterior secant system forming on left side of it (arrowheads); G, H, general infraciliature, noting two nuclear groups, each of which contains about four macronuclei; arrowheads point to secant system on left side of glabrous stripe. Abbreviations: B, brosse; BK, bristle kinety; CG, cortical granules; CK, circumoral kinety; GS, glabrous stripe; Ma, macronuclei; Mi, micronuclei; NG, nuclear groups; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 400 μm in A, 150 μm in G, H.

Figure 5 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae

Figure 5. Trachelolophos binucleatus sp. nov. from life (A–F) and after protargol staining (G–M). A, typical individual; B, different body shape; C, slightly contracted cell; D, single nuclear group; E, F, small colourless cortical granules arranged in line between somatic kineties (arrowheads); G, general infraciliature, to show single nuclear group; H, two macronuclei forming a nuclear group; I–L, infraciliature of anterior end, indicating circumoral kinety, ciliary tuft, narrow glabrous stripe and bristle kinety; M, infraciliature of anterior portion, noting narrow glabrous stripe and anterior secant system forming on the left side of it (arrowheads). Abbreviations: BK, bristle kinety; CK, circumoral kinety; CT, ciliary tuft; GS, glabrous stripe; Ma, macronuclei; NG, nuclear group; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 400 μm in A–C; 200 μm in G.

Figure 1 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae

Figure 1. Photographs of the sample site. A, an intertidal zone of a sandy beach in Qingdao (35°55′45″N, 120°12′59″E); B, an intertidal zone of a sandy beach in Daya Bay, Guangzhou (22°46′32″N, 114°40′13″E); C, a mangrove wetland in Zhanjiang (21°09′40″N, 110°25′38″E).

Figure 2 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae

Figure 2. Trachelolophos quadrinucleatus sp. nov. from life (A–D, F, G) and after protargol staining (E, H–J). A, typical individual; B, C, different body shapes; D, wedge-like tail; E, H, infraciliature of anterior end, showing circumoral kinety, ciliary tuft, narrow glabrous stripe and bristle kinety; arrows point to anterior secant system forming on the left side of glabrous stripe; F, cortical granules arranged in line between somatic kineties; G, four macronuclei and two micronuclei forming a nuclear group; I, J, general infraciliature of the holotype specimen, marking single nuclear group, narrow glabrous stripe and anterior secant system forming on the left side of glabrous stripe (arrowheads). Abbreviations: BK, bristle kinety; CG, cortical granules; CK, circumoral kinety; CT, ciliary tuft; GS, glabrous stripe; Ma, macronuclei; Mi, micronuclei; NG, nuclear group; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 500 μm in A–C; 200 μm in I, J.

Figure 3 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae

Figure 3. Trachelolophos quadrinucleatus sp. nov. from life (A–G) and after protargol staining (H–M). A, typical individual; B, C, different body shapes; D, contracted cell; E, macronuclei forming a nuclear group and food vacuoles (arrows); F, wedge-shaped tail, noting food vacuoles including ingested algae (arrows); G, small colourless cortical granules arranged in line between somatic kineties (arrowheads); H, I, four macronuclei and two micronuclei forming a nuclear group; J, general infraciliature, marking single nuclear group; K, L, infraciliature of anterior end, showing circumoral kinety, ciliary tuft, narrow glabrous stripe and bristle kinety; arrowheads point to anterior secant system forming on the left side of glabrous stripe; M, infraciliature of anterior portion indicating narrow glabrous stripe, bristle kinety and anterior secant system (arrowheads). Abbreviations: BK, bristle kinety; CK, circumoral kinety; CT, ciliary tuft; GS, glabrous stripe; Ma, macronuclei; Mi, micronuclei; NG, nuclear group; NU, nucleolus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 500 μm in A–D; 200 μm in J.

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FIGURE 1 in Systematic review of the genus Ostracodinium (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida Ophryoscolecidae) and notes on the taxonomy of Ostracodinium rugoloricatum Kofoid & MacLennan, 1932

FIGURE 1. Ostracodinium rugoloricatum recorded in Brazilian cattle. a. Schematic drawing based on specimens stained with Lugol's solution; b. Specimen stained with Lugol's solution; c. Specimen after silver carbonate impregnation; d. Schematic drawing of the oral infraciliature; e. Details of the oral infraciliture. Scale bars: 20 μm. ACZ: Adoral ciliary zone; AP: Adoral polybrachykinety; CV: Contractile vacuole; CL: Caudal lobe; DP: Dorsal polybrachykinety; DAP: Dorso-adoral polybrachykinety; Ma: Macronucleus; Mi: Micronucleus; PK: Paralabial kinety; VP: Vestibular polybrachykinety; Sk: Skeletal plate.

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FIGURE 2 in Systematic review of the genus Ostracodinium (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida Ophryoscolecidae) and notes on the taxonomy of Ostracodinium rugoloricatum Kofoid & MacLennan, 1932

FIGURE 2. Schematic drawings of Ostracodinium spp. based on original description. a. Ostracodinium anatolicum, b. Ostracodinium bohor, c. Ostracodinium brazili, d. Ostracodinium clipeolum, e. Ostracodinium crassum, f. Ostracodinium crustaceum, g. Ostracodinium damaliscus, h. Ostracodinium dilobum, i. Ostracodinium dogieli, j. Ostracodinium dyurum, k. Ostracodinium gauri, l. Ostracodinium gladiator, m. Ostracodinium gracile, n. Ostracodinium iwawoi, o. Ostracodinium mammosum, p. Ostracodinium monolobum, q. Ostracodinium munham, r. Ostracodinium mysorei, s. Ostracodinium nanum, t. Ostracodinium nucleolobum, u. Ostracodinium obtsum, v. Ostracodinium quadrivesiculatum, w. Ostracodinium rugoloricatum, x. Ostracodinium tenue, y. Ostracodinium tiete, z. Ostracodinium trivesiculatum, a'. Ostracodinium ventricosum, b'. Ostracodinium venustum.

FIGURES 27–39 in Resdescription of two synhymeniid ciliates, Chilodontopsis simplex Ozaki & Yagiu, 1941 and Zosterodasys transverses (Kahl, 1928) Foissner et al., 1994 (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea)

FIGURES 27–39. Morphology and infraciliature of Chilodontopsis spp. (27) C. depressa, from Foissner et al. 1994. (28) C. vermiformis, from Deroux 1978. (29) C. kurensis, from Alekperov 1985. (30) C. acuta, from Ozaki & Yagiu 1941. (31) C. pseudonassula, from Penard 1922. (32) C. caudata, from Kahl 1933. (33) C. muscorum, from Kahl 1931. (34) C. simplex, from Ozaki & Yagiu 1941. (35) C. ovalis, from Biernacka 1963. (36, 37) C. muscorum, from Foissner 1984. (38) C. hisioensis, from Ozaki & Yagiu 1941. (39) C. nemerosa, from Ozaki & Yagiu 1941. Scale bars = 20 µm.

FIGURES 1–7. 1 in Suctorian ciliates (Ciliophora, Suctorea) as epibionts of stream-dwelling aquatic beetles (Coleoptera) and water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) in the southwestern Palaearctic region

FIGURES 1–7. 1 = Setodiscophrya deplanata (Matthes, 1954), from Hydraena sp. (× 640); 2 = Discophrya helmidis Matthes, 1954, from Hydraena sp. (× 640); 3 = Elatodiscophrya hochi (Matthes, 1954), from Hydraena sp. (× 640); 4 = Periacineta buckei (Kent, 1881), from Hydraena sp. (× 640); 5 = Discophrya lichtensteinii (Claparede & Lachmann, 1859), from Torrenticola barsica (× 640); 6 = Acineta sp. from Torrenticola barsica (× 640); 7 = Acineta persiensis Dovgal & Pešić, 2007, from Protzia sp. (× 640).

FIGURES 1–10 in Resdescription of two synhymeniid ciliates, Chilodontopsis simplex Ozaki & Yagiu, 1941 and Zosterodasys transverses (Kahl, 1928) Foissner et al., 1994 (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea)

FIGURES 1–10. Chilodontopsis simplex (1–4) and Zosterodasys transverses (5–10) from life (1, 2, 5–8) and after protargol impregnation (3, 4, 9, 10). (1, 5) Ventral view of a typical individual. (2, 7) Ventral views, showing the cell shape and distribution of contractile vacuoles. (3, 4, 9, 10) Ventral (3, 9) and dorsal (4, 10) views of infraciliature, arrowhead in (10) indicates the dikinetids of synhymenium on dorsal side. (6) Lateral view. (8) A close-up of the ventral side, showing the cortical granules between somatic kineties. CV = contractile vacuole; CVP = contractile vacuole pore; Cyp = cytopyge; Ma = macronucleus; Sy = synhymenium. Scale bars = 40 µm.

FIGURES 19–26 in Resdescription of two synhymeniid ciliates, Chilodontopsis simplex Ozaki & Yagiu, 1941 and Zosterodasys transverses (Kahl, 1928) Foissner et al., 1994 (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea)

FIGURES 19–26. Photomicrographs of Zosterodasys transverses from live cells (19–22) and after protargol impregnation (23–26). (19–21) Ventral views, arrows indicate the contractile vacuole on ventral side. (22) A close-up of anterior portion of ventral side. (23, 26) Details of oral area, showing the cytostome (asterisk), nematodesmal rods, and synhymenium. (24) Arrows refer to the contractile vacuole pores on ventral side. (25) Showing the nulcear apparatus. D = diatom; Ma = macronucleus; Mi = micronucleus; N = nematodesmal rods; Sy = synhymenium. Scale bars = 40 µm.