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FIGURE 2. Justicia pusilla M.J. Silva. A. and B in A new and endangered species of Justicia L. (Justicieae-Acanthaceae) from the riparian forests of northern Goiás State, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Justicia pusilla M.J. Silva. A. and B. habitat; C. Habit; D. Portion of plant; E. Inflorescence; F. and G. Flowers. Photographs by M.J. Silva from the holotype.

FIGURE 1. Justicia pusilla M.J. Silva. A in A new and endangered species of Justicia L. (Justicieae-Acanthaceae) from the riparian forests of northern Goiás State, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Justicia pusilla M.J. Silva. A. Habit; B. A portion of branch; C–E. Leaf shapes; F. Adaxial leaf surface showing the trichomes; G. Abaxial leaf surface showing the trichomes; H. Leaf margin; I. Leaf base and petiole; J. Inflorescence; K. Inner surface of the bract; L. and M. Outer surface of the bract; N. Inner surface of the bracteole; O. Outer surface of the bracteole; P. Flower bud; Q. Flower in lateral view; R. Calyx; S. Corolla in frontal view; T. Corolla opened outward; U. Stamen; V. Anthers; W. Gynoecium; X. Stigma (drawings by Cristiano Gualberto, from the holotype).

FIGURE 3 in A new and endangered species of Justicia L. (Justicieae-Acanthaceae) from the riparian forests of northern Goiás State, Brazil

FIGURE 3. Distribution of Justicia pusilla M.J. Silva. A. Map of Brazil, highlighting Goiás State in gray; B. Map of Goiás State, its limits, and altitudinal variations. C. Municipality of Niquelândia (dotted area), showing the species distribution points. Abbreviations for the states: BA, Bahia; GO, Goiás; MG, Minas Gerais; MS, Mato Grosso do Sul; MT, Mato Grosso; TO, Tocantins; and DF, Federal District of Brazil.

Isolation and characterization of twelve polymorphic microsatellite markers in the endangered Hopea hainanensis (Dipterocarpaceae)

Using next-generation sequencing technology, 26 microsatellite markers were developed and genotyped by capillary electrophoresis for Hopea hainanensis Merrill & Chun, an endangered tree species in Hainan Island and northern Vietnam. Twelve markers were found to be polymorphic in this species. Primer transferability was tested with H. chinensis Hand.-Mazz. and H. reticulata Tardieu, in which 3 and 7 microsatellite markers were found to be polymorphic, separately. The 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers could be applied to population genetic studies aimed at H. hainanensis as well as its close relatives, facilitating the conservation and restoration of these endangered but valuable Hopea species.

Nesting success and nesting height in the critically endangered Medium Tree Finch (Camarhynchus pauper)

When different introduced species across trophic levels (ectoparasite, predator) invade island systems, they may pose significant threats to nesting birds. In this study, we measure nesting height and causes of offspring mortality in the critically endangered Medium Tree Finch (Camarhynchus pauper), an island endemic restricted to Floreana Island on the Galápagos archipelago. <a name="_Hlk86223834">Considering all nests at which a male built a nest, sang and attempted to attract a female (N = 222 nests), only 10.4% of nests produced fledglings (5% of nests had total fledging success, 5.4% of nests had partial fledging success). Of the 123 nests chosen by a female, 18.7% produced fledglings and of 337 eggs laid, 13.4% </a>produced fledglings. Pairing success was higher for older males, but male age did not predict nesting success. All nests with chicks were infested with Avian Vampire Fly larvae (Philornis downsi). We attributed the cause of death to Vampire Fly if chicks were found dead in the nest with fly larvae or pupae (45%) present. We inferred avian (either Asio flammeus galapagoensis or Crotophaga ani) predation (24%) if the nest was empty but dishevelled; and Black Rat (Rattus rattus) predation (20%) if the nest was empty but undamaged. According to these criteria, the highest nests were depredated by avian predators, the lowest nests by rats, and intermediate nests failed because of Vampire Fly larvae. In conclusion, there is no safe nesting height on Floreana Island under current conditions of threats from two trophic levels (introduced parasitic dipteran, introduced mammalian/avian predators).

Figure 4 in Recent mitochondrial lineage extinction in the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros

Figure 4. Neighbor-Joining network. The analysis of 14 modern and historical Javan and Indian rhinoceros mitochondrial DNA sequences was conducted using the 'Integer Neighbor-Joining' algorithm implemented in POPART. We used the partial D-loop region of 413 bp to maximize the number of available Javan rhino samples. 'Javan_annamiticus' represents the recently extinct (since 2010) Vietnamese subspecies Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus. Each circle represents a certain haplotype; smaller black circles indicate median vectors. Small black lines connecting branches between the haplotypes denote the number of mutation steps separating the haplotypes. Sample identities and regions of origin for the Javan rhinoceros samples are indicated next to each circle. Numbers in the legend indicate the number of sequences in each group.

Figure 3 in Recent mitochondrial lineage extinction in the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros

Figure 3. Bayesian phylogeny of the historical Javan rhinoceros mitochondrial DNA lineages, using the Indian rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis; GenBank ID: X97336) as the outgroup and including the partial (7606-bp-long) mitogenome of the Javan rhino sample collected in Bhutan (JR524). The blue bars represent the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals of the divergence times. Node labels in bold show the Bayesian posterior probability (PP) values for the major clades. All specimens in the blue clade originated from Indonesia (apart from JR27, which has largely unknown 'Calcutta?' label) and are clearly divergent from the Bhutanese sample.

Figure 1 in Recent mitochondrial lineage extinction in the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros

Figure 1. Map of Javan rhino distribution in Southeast Asia, showing their approximate historical (yellow) and current (red) distribution (Fernando et al., 2006; Groves & Leslie, 2011). The green dots indicate the approximate locations of historical samples used in this study. Two samples with unknown locations are not mentioned on the plot (Table 1).

Figure 2 in Recent mitochondrial lineage extinction in the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros

Figure 2. Bayesian phylogeny of all available (N = 36) rhino whole mitochondrial DNA sequences (published + new sequences from this study). Two Equus mitochondrial DNA sequences were included as the outgroup. The blue bars represent the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals of the divergence times. All branches within a species level have been collapsed to improve readability. Node labels in bold show the Bayesian posterior probability (PP) values for two nodes; the rest of the nodes had PP values of one. Geological time scale abbreviations: Q, Quaternary; Ple, Pleistocene; Pli, Pliocene. Extinct rhino lineages are shown with daggers after species names.

Gene expression responses to thermal shifts in the endangered lichen Lobaria pulmonaria

Anthropogenic climate change has led to unprecedented shifts in temperature across many ecosystems. In a context of rapid environmental changes, acclimation is an important process as it may influence the capacity of organisms to survive under novel thermal conditions. Mechanisms of acclimation could involve upregulation of stress response genes involved in protein folding, DNA damage repair and the regulation of signal transduction genes, along with a simultaneous downregulation of genes involved in growth or cell cycle, in order to maintain cellular functions and equilibria. We transplanted Lobaria pulmonaria lichens originating from different forests to determine the relative effects of long-term acclimation and genetic factors on the variability in expression of mycobiont and photobiont genes. We found a strong response of mycobiont and photobiont to high temperatures, regardless of sample origin. The green-algal photobiont had an overall lower response than the mycobiont. The gene expression of both symbionts was also influenced by acclimation to transplantation sites and by genetic factors. Lobaria pulmonaria seems to have evolved powerful molecular pathways to deal with environmental fluctuations and stress and can acclimate to new habitats by transcriptomic convergence. Although L. pulmonaria has the molecular machinery to counteract short-term thermal stress, survival of lichens like L. pulmonaria depends mostly on their long-term positive carbon balance, which can be compromised by warmer temperatures and reduced precipitation, and both these outcomes have been predicted for Central Europe in connection with global climate change.

FIGURE 3 in "Species imperfecte cognita"-enlightening Paepalanthus cordatus (Eriocaulaceae): nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on an endangered species from central Brazil

FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution map of Paepalanthus cordatus. Confirmed species records are represented by black dots and the estimated record is represented by a blue dot. The blue line represents the limits of the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park.

FIGURE 2. Paepalanthus cordatus. A in "Species imperfecte cognita"-enlightening Paepalanthus cordatus (Eriocaulaceae): nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on an endangered species from central Brazil

FIGURE 2. Paepalanthus cordatus. A. Habitat in the Pouso Alto region, Alto Paraíso de Goiás (GO). B. Habitat in the Vereda do Mulungu region, Alto Paraíso de Goiás (GO). C. Habit, individual growing at higher elevations. D. Habit, individuals growing at lower elevations. E. Capitulum, floral disc detail. F. Capitulum, involucral bracts detail. G. Elongated axis bracts. H. Rosette detail. I. Leaf apex detail. (Photos: M. Trovó).

FIGURE 1 in "Species imperfecte cognita"-enlightening Paepalanthus cordatus (Eriocaulaceae): nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on an endangered species from central Brazil

FIGURE 1. Paepalanthus cordatus (from Trovó et al. 478). A. Habit. B. Habit detail, highlighting the leaf apex. C. Involucral bract, abaxial surface. D. Staminate flower. E. Floral bract, abaxial surface. F. Staminate flower with sepals removed and corolla opened. G. Pistillate flower. H. Sepal of the pistillate flower, abaxial surface. I. Petal of the pistillate flower, abaxial surface. J. Gynoecium. (Illustration: Klei Sousa).

Dataset for: Conservation genomics of federally endangered Texella harvester species (Arachnida, Opiliones, Phalangodidae) from cave and karst habitats of central Texas

Genomic-scale data for non-model taxa are providing new insights into landscape genomic structuring and species limits, leading to more informed conservation decisions, particularly in taxa with extremely restricted microhabitat preferences and small geographic distributions. This study applied sequence capture of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) to gather genomic-scale data for two federally endangered Texella harvester species distributed in Edwards Formation cave and karst habitats of central Texas, near Austin. We gathered UCE data for 51 T. reyesi specimens from 46 different caves, seven T. reddelli specimens from five caves, and from relevant outgroup species. For these UCE data we applied a combination of phylogenomic, multispecies coalescent phylogenetic, and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) machine-learning analyses. We found that samples of T. reddelli and T. reyesi together form a single clade in phylogenetic analyses, but that T. reddelli samples are not recovered as monophyletic. Instead, T. reddelli samples from three northern caves are embedded within a larger T. reyesi genetic clade. Significantly, the genetic structuring of all samples closely follows geologic barriers defined for the region and formalized as karst fauna regions (KFRs). One exception is the Jollyville Plateau KFR, which includes two divergent, non-sister genetic lineages. Levels of troglomorphy, here assessed by a simple scoring of corneal and retinal development, also closely follows clade (and geographic) boundaries, implying that divergent genetic lineages might also have distinct ecologies. Overall, our study has important taxonomic implications, is the first to explore (and validate) regional KFR boundaries using intraspecific genetic data, and provides essential data for future management decisions involving these federally endangered species.

opennotspecifiedOct 2020View details →

Figure 1 in Rediscovery of the endangered Bolivian tiger beetle Pometon bolivianus Huber (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) and implications for future protection

Figure 1. Pometon bolivianus. (a) Habitat, Cerrado sensu strictu with patches of bare soil, (b) Individual on soil surface.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Phenotypic plasticity and genetic diversity elucidate rarity and vulnerability of an endangered riparian plant

Anthropogenic environmental change threatens many species and can be especially challenging for rare species given their potentially limited capacity for migration and adaptation relative to more common species. The ability to acclimate via phenotypic plasticity could provide an important path to persistence, especially for rare species. We investigated the responses of an endangered plant species endemic to a highly dynamic riparian habitat in southeastern Tennessee, USA, and its most widespread congener to environmental change to elucidate their current statuses and future vulnerability. Specifically, we compared the population- and species-level plasticity of rare Pityopsis ruthii and common P. graminifolia to contrasting light, temperature, and water conditions in a growth chamber experiment to evaluate their potential to acclimate to environmental change. Contrary to our expectations, P. ruthii had greater phenotypic plasticity than its common congener in response to both altered light and water availability. But this plasticity was not associated with increased fitness, suggesting that it was not adaptive. Concurrently, we genotyped these individuals at nine putatively neutral microsatellite loci to contrast genetic diversity across the range of each species. As expected, P. ruthii exhibited reduced genetic diversity relative to its more common congener. Overall, our findings accord with the narrow range and current habitat specificity of P. ruthii, especially its tolerance of highly variable water, and highlight its potential vulnerability to future environmental change.

FIGURE 6 in A new Critically Endangered species of stone breaker (Phyllanthus, Phyllanthaceae) from Central Brazil, with notes on its leaf and stem anatomy

FIGURE 6. Cross sections of the internodes of the stem of Phyllantus pterocaulis. A. General aspect; B. Epidermis, cortex and vascular system; C. Non-gladular trichomes (*); D. Hypodermis and ground parenchyma in the cortex. A. Arrow indicates stomata in the epidermis; E. Primary phloem; co—collenchyma, ep—epidermis, hy—hypodermis, me—medula, pa—ground parenchyma, ph—phloem, vb— vascular bundles, t—trichomes, xy - xylem. Asterisk shows sieve tube elements. Scale bars (A = 100 µm, B = 70 µm, C-E = 40 µm).

FIGURE 5 in A new Critically Endangered species of stone breaker (Phyllanthus, Phyllanthaceae) from Central Brazil, with notes on its leaf and stem anatomy

FIGURE 5. Cross sections of Phyllanthus pterocaulis leaf blade and petiole. A–F. Leaf blade; A, B Mesophyll; C. border; D. Non-gladular trichomes (*); E. Idioblasts containing druses; F. Vascular bundle; G. Midrib; H. General aspect of the petiole; I. Epidermis and cortex in the petiole. co—cortex, d—druses, ep—epidermis, pa—ground parenchyma, pp—palisade parenchyma. sp—spongy parenchyma, vb— vascular bundle. Scale bars (A–G, I = 40 µm, B = 70 µm).

FIGURE 2. Phyllanthus pterocaulis M.J. Silva. A in A new Critically Endangered species of stone breaker (Phyllanthus, Phyllanthaceae) from Central Brazil, with notes on its leaf and stem anatomy

FIGURE 2. Phyllanthus pterocaulis M.J. Silva. A. Habit; B. Portion of branch showing the cymules and fruit; C. Detail of the cymules; D. Staminate flower in frontal view; E. Pistillate flower in lateral view, the sepals green whitish; F. Pistillate flower in upper view, the sepals reddish; G. Fruit; H. Seeds in dorsal and lateral view. Photographs by M. J. Silva.

FIGURE 1. Phyllanthus pterocaulis M.J. Silva. A in A new Critically Endangered species of stone breaker (Phyllanthus, Phyllanthaceae) from Central Brazil, with notes on its leaf and stem anatomy

FIGURE 1. Phyllanthus pterocaulis M.J. Silva. A. Habit; B. Portion of branch, note the winged projections and hispidulous trichomes; C. Stipules; D. Leave, note the ciliate margin; E. Detail of lower side of the leaf blade showing trichomes; F. Detail of the bisexual cymules. G. Staminate flower; H. Pistillate flower in frontal view; I. Pistillate flower, note the disk and ovary; J. Fruit; K. Mericarps removed showing the carpophorous; L. Seed, lateral view; M. Seed, dorsal view. (drawings by Cristiano Gualberto, from the holotype)