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Figure 1 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 1. Lateral view of sequence (positions 1-4; position 1 repeated in composite middle frame) showing the capture of a thomisid of the genus Mecaphesa by a penultimate male Colonus puerperus (Hentz 1846) from South Carolina (after Hill 2018a). Note the manner in which this Colonus held its prey, with fangs securely embedded in the rear of the prosoma.

Figure 9 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 9. Five sequential matings (1-2, 3, 4, 5-6, 7) of the two male forms with the same female Maevia inclemens over the course of five days. 1-2, This mating was interrupted as the male switched from one side to the other, but after an atypical low crawl display with legs I extended, the tufted male quickly recaptured the female and continued to mate on the other side. 5-6, mating on the right and then left sides. Note the many erect spines on the legs of the mating male in each instance.

Figure 8 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 8. Sequential positions (1-4) of the tufted male Maevia inclemens as he advanced toward the female in a still later mating attempt (after Figure 7). Here the view of the female is shown. 1-2, Waving legs I. 3, Fully extended for maximum height. 4, Display from a lower position with raised legs I.

Figure 3 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 3. Adult male Maevia inclemens, tufted (black) form. The tufts of the dorsal carapace may not be present in all males of this form. Note the lack of stripes on the uniformly-colored legs. 2, Feeding on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae).

Figure 4 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 4. Four sequential positions of a male (1-4) during the successful courtship of a female Paraphidippus aurantius (Lucas 1833) on a plant in the laboratory. Males were placed on plants with three recently molted females, all from Greenville County, South Carolina. In each case the female stopped moving soon after she sighted the male, and the male advanced to mate successfully when she did not turn to face him as he stepped from side to side. In this example the female stopped moving at a distance of about 10 cm from the approaching male. The subsequent mating included insertion of each pedipalp on the respective side of the epigynum, and occupied more than 20 minutes. P. aurantius males will cohabit with and defend penultimate females (Thurlow 2016), and their large chelicerae are associated with the ritual male-male combat (agonistic behavior) that may ensue. This represents a pattern seen in many other salticids (e.g., Lyssomanes viridis, Tedore & Johnsen 2012, 2013, 2015), in which male-male contests account for most sexual selection. At the other end of the spectrum of sexual selection lie the highly ornamented salticids of the genus Maratus, for which male-male contests are virtually unknown (save one species), and a female may examine the details of male ornamentation up-close before acceptance (Otto & Hill 2021). Most salticids appear to fall somewhere between these two extremes, relying to some extent on both male-male combat and active selection by females.

Figure 2 in First records of the jumping spider genus Irura Peckham & Peckham 1901 (Araneae: Salticidae: Simaethina) from India

Figure 2. Three adult male (1-3, 4, 5) and one adult female (6-7) Irura sp. A from Hong Kong, where this remarkable species has been frequently seen and photographed in recent years. Although often identified as I. bidenticulata Guo, Zhang & Zu 2011, this identity cannot be confirmed from the published description of that species, based on specimens collected on Hainan. Certain features in the description, including colour and the presence of a large pair of black spots between the PME, may be due to the fact that only preserved specimens of I. bidenticulata were described. This colourful species has also been found in Assam (Chetia 2020). Photographs copyright © Artur Tomaszek, used with permission.

Figure 1. Adult female Maevia inclemens. 1-2, 6 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 1. Adult female Maevia inclemens. 1-2, 6, Feeding on a small fly (Diptera: Brachycera). 3-4, Feeding on a small robber fly (Diptera: Ascilidae). With the exception of Figure 5:8, only three M. inclemens individuals, two males and one female, all photographed on plants in the laboratory, are shown in this paper. All were collected in Massachusetts, June 2020.

Figure 7 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 7. Microanatomy of the teeth of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Gorgonopsis. 1, Drawing of the skull of G. libratus by Danielle Dufault. 2, Sagittal sections through the distal and mesial carinae (sharp edges) of a maxillary tooth (ROM 57981) of a cf. Gogonopsis sp. Abbreviations: dej, dentine-enamel junction; e, enamel; if, interdental fold; is, interdental sulcus; pd, primary dentine. Figure adapted from Brink et al. (2015), used under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.

Figure 3. Adult female Tutelina elegans. 1-4 in Fluorescence in jumping spiders of the genus Tutelina (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantini)

Figure 3. Adult female Tutelina elegans. 1-4, Flash photographs of female from Greenville County, South Carolina. 5-6, Female from Massachusetts. 7-13, Blacklight (NUV, peak 395 nm) photos of female from Greenville County, South Carolina. The brighter, cyan structures are fluorescent.

Figure 2 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 2. Large grasshopper held safely and securely by the fangs of a Phidippus carolinensis Peckham & Peckham 1909, suspended on its dragline, and photographed at Ft. Sill, Oklahoma (1 JUL 2013). Photo credits: 1-3, © Victor W. Fazio III (iNaturalist), modified under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.

Figure 7 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 7. Sequential positions (1-10) of the tufted male Maevia inclemens as he advanced toward the female in a later mating attempt (after Figure 6).

Figure 4 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 4 (continued from previous page). Selected frames from a 1920 fps video record of an adult female Psecas viridipurpureus leaping to capture an orthopteran. 7-18, Contact with legs I and II preceded the bite of this spider with its chelicerae by several milliseconds, and simultaneous flexion of those legs appeared to contribute to the force of that bite. After legs IV were disengaged, legs I-III continued to hold the prey. If this prey were not held in place, recoil of the extended dragline may have pulled that prey free of its hold on a surface (Hill 2018a; see Figure 2).

Figure 2. Adult male Tutelina elegans. 1-4 in Fluorescence in jumping spiders of the genus Tutelina (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantini)

Figure 2. Adult male Tutelina elegans. 1-4, Flash photographs of male from Massachusetts. 5, Male from Greenville county, South Carolina. 6-12, Blacklight (NUV, peak 395 nm) photos of male from Greenville County, South Carolina. The brighter, cyan structures are fluorescent.

Figure 1 in First records of the jumping spider genus Irura Peckham & Peckham 1901 (Araneae: Salticidae: Simaethina) from India

Figure 1. Landsat-based map of south and southeast Asia, with records of all species of Irura that have been described to date. White circles represent species known from a single locality. Records (20), (32) and (33) represent spiders identified from photographs published on iNaturalist and FLICKR.

Figure 10 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 10. Attempted mating by the grey male Maevia inclemens. This sequence shows how the male jumped the female while she was suspended from her dragline, just after capturing a fly (1), and attempted to mate with her (2). The female promptly released her prey, and the male then fed on it for many minutes (3-4), still in a suspended position [23 JUNE 2020 14:09- 14:13]. Three days later this male approached and mated successfully with the female for a second time (Figures 5:1-7, 9:7).

opencc-by-nd-4.0Oct 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Multiple broods of the jumping spider Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae)

Figure 1 (continued on next page). Multiple broods of a female Asemonea tenuipes, in a single nest. 1, Female attending to the 20 eggs of her first brood. 2, Same female, now gravid, with 20 emergent first instars from her first brood eight days later.

Figure 4 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 4 (continued on next page). Selected frames from a 1920 fps video record of an adult female Psecas viridipurpureus leaping to capture a field cricket. The number of each frame is shown in brackets. 1, The estimated scale and takeoff velocity (~120 cm/s) are based on Galiano's (1963) record of the size of a female P. viridipurpureus (~13 mm, prosoma length 4.8 mm, abdomen length 8.6 mm; see also Figure 5). Compared to earlier records (Hill 2018b), this represents a very high takeoff velocity for a salticid, comparable to that attained by Colonus puerperus. White arrows (1-4, 6) point to the extended fangs. In (6) both fangs are visible. Also note elevation of the pedipalps prior to contact with the prey. Locality: Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas, 69117-000, Brasil (2.701472°S, 59.71042°W).

Figure 5 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 5. Display by grey males, Maevia inclemens. 1-7, Successive (low crawl) positions of the grey male male from Massachusetts, advancing to successfully mate with the female. When close, this male jumped and captured the female (Figure 9:7). 8, Display by a grey male from Sherburne County, Minnesota, recorded in 1982.

Figure 2 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 2. Adult male Maevia inclemens, grey (striped) form. Note the stripes on the prolateral surface of each femur.

Figure 11 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 11. Sequential (1-2) views of encounter between the two male forms of Maevia inclemens. Apart from a brief defensive reaction by the grey male (2), no ritual combat ensued and the males did not appear to recognize that they were conspecific.