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Fig. 6 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 6. Heatmap highlighting variation of volatile compounds across the 63 hop accessions from Northern France. This heatmap has been generated with normalized data for the top 51 molecules responsible for differences between the chemical profiles. Red and green colors indicate lowest and highest performance of the traits, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 5. Identification of population genetic structure of the 63 accessions of Humulus lupulus L. sampled in Northern France (Hauts-de-France region) using 11 microsatellites. A. Bar plot showing the distribution of individual assignations estimated for K = 2 and K = 6 clusters, from Bayesian inference cluster analysis performed with the 53 Humulus lupulus haplotypes sampled from the 14 locations (from A to K). Each vertical line represents an individual and the length of each colored line corresponds to the membership coefficient (scale at the left of the bar plot) for each cluster. Individuals are grouped according to their sampling locations. B. Frequencies of the 6 clusters (represented by colors) within each sampled location. Colors are same than on Fig. 5A. C. Principle Component Analysis (PCoA) based on genetic distances between each accession. Individuals were colored according to their sample site collection. D. Dendrogram underlying genetic clustering of the 63 hop accessions, including 10 commercial varieties (samples 1 to 10), 3 heirloom varieties (samples 11 to 13) and 50 wild sampled from 11 geographical locations (cf Table 1). 1: Nugget, 2: Strisselspalt, 3: Golding, 4: Challenger, 5: Brewers Gold, 6: Cascade, 7: Magnum, 8: Northern Brewer, 9: Target, 10: Fuggle, 11: Groene Bel, 12: Star, 13: Coigneau, Location A: 14 to 18; Location B: 19 to 23; Location C: 24 to 28; Location D: 29 to 32; Location E: 33 and 34; Location F: 34 and 35; Location G: 37 and 38; Location H: 39 to 42; Location I: 43 to 52; Location J: 53 to 58; Location K: 59 to 63. The tree was constructed using the unweighted neighbor-joining method based on genetic dissimilarity among the haplotypes according to microsatellite markers. Each branch corresponds to a hop genotype and the colors of branches indicate locations from which the genotypes were sampled. The color code is the same as the one on Fig. 5C.

Fig. 2 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 2. Analysis of volatile compounds in hop cones by GC-MS. A. Chemical structure of main volatile compounds found in hop cones. B. GC-MS total ion chromatogram of a hop cone sample (cv. Nugget). Compounds identified correspond to the following compounds: (1) β-myrcene; (2) β-caryophyllene; (3) linalool; (4) 2- undecanone; (5) copaene; (6) α-humulene; (7) γ-muurolene.

Fig. 4 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 4. Results of characterization of soil samples collected close to the root environment of the 63 hops studied. These 63 hops samples are represented by ten commercial varieties: Nugget comes from « comm_1 »; Strisselspalt comes from « comm_2 » and other commercial cultivars come from the same field « comm_3–10 »; three heirloom varieties coming from the same field identified as « old »; and fifty wild hops identified according to Table 1. The characterization of soil samples was based on pH and conductivity measurements, on organic matter content determined by loss of ignition as well as on dosage of the sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium elements. A. Dendrogram including hierarchical cluster analysis (N = 8) among soil samples determined by soil characterization. B. Heatmap associated to the dendrogram. The 8 clusters of the hierarchical clustering were reported on the heatmap. C. Pictures of soil samples from locations B (Tourbi`ere de Vred, Vred) (1), D (Cap Blanc nez, Wissant) (2) and K (Dunes d'Ecault) (3).

Fig. 1. Main hop prenylated phenolic compounds A in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 1. Main hop prenylated phenolic compounds A. Chemical structure of major chalcones and acylphloroglucinols produced by hops and their molecular weight. B. Chromatogram of a crude hydro-ethanolic extract of hops (cultivar Nugget) at 330 nm. XN: xanthohumol, α1: co-humulone; α2: humulone; α3: ad-humulone; β1: colupulone; β2: lupulone; β3: ad-lupulone.

Fig. 3 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 3. Geographical repartition of the fifty accessions of wild hop (Humulus lupulus L.) collected on the 11 locations A to K in the North of France.

Fig. 8. Untargeted metabolomic analysis A in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 8. Untargeted metabolomic analysis A. Principle component analysis of the 63 chemotypes of hop studied. Each symbol represents a single plant from the different accessions. Commercial varieties (10 accessions), heirloom varieties (3 accessions), wild hops collected on different locations (50 accessions, Fig. 3). B. Principle component analysis of the chemical markers.

Fig. 7 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 7. Results of the statistical treatment of data for the quantitation of xanthohumol, co-, n-, ad-humulone and co-, n-, ad-lupulone. This quantitation has been performed on the 63 crude hydro-ethanolic extracts of hop cone powder from Northern France, including 10 commercial varieties, 3 heirloom varieties and 50 wild hops (Fig. 1, Table 2). A. PCA biplot of quantitation data with score plot and loading plot of variables. Individuals were colored by collection site for a given observation. Variable contribution to component was represented by arrows length. B. Dendrogram of the hierarchical cluster analysis among the 63 hops based on the quantitation similarity (Ward's method, distance scale) (N = 3).

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Fig. 2 in Genetic diversity and biochemical analysis of Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper) in response to root and basal rot disease, Phytophthora capsici

Fig. 2. Three-dimensional analysis of the principal components derived from polymorphism pattern of 37 resistant and susceptible C. annuum genotypes to Phytophthora capsici by ISSR markers using NTSYS software, UPGMA algorithm and Jaccard similarity coefficient.

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Fig. 3 in Genetic diversity and biochemical analysis of Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper) in response to root and basal rot disease, Phytophthora capsici

Fig. 3. Activity of Peroxidase or Peroxide reductases (POX), (POX)(A), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (B), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (C), Catalase (CAT) (D), Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) (E), Glucanase (F) and Phenol contents (G) in inoculated resistant and susceptible pepper genotypes in comparison to controls, non-inoculated ones to damping-off disease, Phytophthora capcisi.

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Fig. 1 in Genetic diversity and biochemical analysis of Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper) in response to root and basal rot disease, Phytophthora capsici

Fig. 1. Two-dimensional diagram for principal coordinate analysis in C. annuum genotypes using ISSR markers. G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5: Genotype grouping. The results of PCA (Principal Coordinate Analysis) were largely consistent with those of ISSR markers. The studied genotypes were divided into five groups. There was no significant relationship between resistant and molecular markers in the present study (r = 0.020ns).

Fig. 6 in Assessing the genetic and chemical diversity of Taraxacum species in the Korean Peninsula

Fig. 6. The chemical dendrogram obtained by HCA (Euclidean distance and Ward's linkage method) on the LC–MS feature table. TCA: T. campylodes; TCO: T. coreanum; TE: T. erythrospermum; TU: T. ussuriense; TP: T. platycarpum.

Fig. 5 in Assessing the genetic and chemical diversity of Taraxacum species in the Korean Peninsula

Fig. 5. Bar plots showing the ion intensities of selected defensive metabolites (3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 16, 17, 18, and 19) in analyzed Taraxacum samples. TCA: T. campylodes; TCO: T. coreanum; TE: T. erythrospermum; TU: T. ussuriense; TP: T. platycarpum.

Fig. 3 in Assessing the genetic and chemical diversity of Taraxacum species in the Korean Peninsula

Fig. 3. LC–MS base peak ion (BPI) chromatograms of 13 Taraxacum extracts. The selected major chromatographic peaks are annotated with peak numbers. T. campylodes, T. coreanum, and T. platycarpum were triplicated, while T. erythrospermum and T. ussuriense were duplicated. Gaps between the chromatograms were added to help visualize the differences, so the y-axis values do not equal the absolute intensities.

Fig. 1 in Assessing the genetic and chemical diversity of Taraxacum species in the Korean Peninsula

Fig. 1. Maps of the complete chloroplast genomes and 45S rDNA units of six Taraxacum species and the locations of polymorphic regions. The number of variable regions for each species is in Table 2 for the chloroplast genomes and Table 3 for the 45S rDNA. (A) The chloroplast genome map of the six Taraxacum species. Polymorphic regions among the species are indicated inside the circle in black and red bars for SNP and InDel, respectively. The innermost graph is Pi value representing nucleotide diversity. (B) The 45S rDNA coding region of the six Taraxacum species. SNPs and IndeLs among the six Taraxacum species are represented in blue and red, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Assessing the genetic and chemical diversity of Taraxacum species in the Korean Peninsula

Fig. 2. The phylogenomic relationship of Taraxacum species based on chloroplast (CP) and 45S rDNA. The phylogenetic position of each species was analyzed using 74 protein coding sequences from the CP genomes and 45S rDNA transcription unit sequences, along with previously reported CP sequences and 45S rDNA (Genbank accession number: MT003979) of Artemisia fukudo (Asteraceae) (Whitehead and Bowers, 2013).

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Fig. 5 in Genetic and chemical diversity of the toxic herb Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. (syn. Senecio jacobaea L.) in Northern Germany

Fig. 5. Principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) ordination of the genetic similarity of 75 individuals of J. vulgaris from Northern Germany. Coordinate 1 explains 29.47% of the shown variability and coordinate 2 explains 10.00% of the shown variability. Colours indicate membership to the different populations.

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Fig. 3 in Genetic and chemical diversity of the toxic herb Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. (syn. Senecio jacobaea L.) in Northern Germany

Fig. 3. PA content and composition of J. vulgaris. A) Averaged PA content in mg/kg dry weight of the individuals per population (± SEM). At first total PA content of every individual was calculated and afterwards the mean content of all individuals per population. Significant differences to the total averaged PA content (dotted line) are indicated by *. B) PA diversity of the populations shown by mean numbers of different PAs detected in populations (± SEM). Significant differences to the total averaged number of PA (dotted line) are indicated by *. C) Categorisation of J. vulgaris chemotypes: Difference in relative abundance of erucifoline and jacobine per population. Bars below 0 indicate jacobine type and bars over 0 indicate erucifoline type populations. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.