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FIGURE 11 in Revision of the shell-carrying crab genus Conchoecetes Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Dromiidae)

FIGURE 11. Conchoecetes conchifera (Haswell, 1882). A, AM-P3895, paralectotype, female 15.9 × 16.7 mm, dorsal view; B, AM-P3895, lectotype, female, 19.9 × 20.8 mm, dorsal view of anterior half with some setae removed to expose anterolateral margin and chelae (photographs by Shane Ahyong).

FIGURE 14. Conchoecetes intermedius Lewinsohn, 1984, ZRC 1993 in Revision of the shell-carrying crab genus Conchoecetes Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Dromiidae)

FIGURE 14. Conchoecetes intermedius Lewinsohn, 1984, ZRC 1993:0321, ovig. female, 21.8 × 21.5 mm, South China Sea, near Singapore. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view of anterior half.

FIGURE 1 in Revision of the shell-carrying crab genus Conchoecetes Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Dromiidae)

FIGURE 1. Dorsal and Frontal views of a Conchoecetes showing labels used for morphological terms in text. Carapace features: alm—anterolateral margin; alt—anterolateral tooth; hp—hepatic area; lrt–- lateral rostral tooth; mrt–- median rostral tooth; plt—posterolateral tooth; sbt—suborbital tooth; spt—supraorbital tooth. Carapace grooves: br—branchial groove; cd—cardiac groove; cv—cervical groove; fr—frontal groove. Pereopods: Ch—cheliped; P2 to P5—second to fifth pereopods. Pereopod parts: c—carpus; d—dactylus; m—merus; p—propodus; t—talon (dactylus). (See also Fig. 24 for other views of the same crab.)

FIGURE 17. Conchoecetes investigator n in Revision of the shell-carrying crab genus Conchoecetes Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Dromiidae)

FIGURE 17. Conchoecetes investigator n. sp., AM-P2622, holotype, ovigerous female, 18.1 × 18.2 mm, Andaman Is., Indian Ocean. A, dorsal view; B, frontal view; C, ventral view of oral and orbital area.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2020View details →

Additional data for the publication "Rare Earth Elements in oyster shells: provenance discrimination and potential vital effects"

Rare Earth Elements (REE) and yttrium measurements from modern (Marennes-Oléron, France) oyster shells collected by LA-ICP-MS. This dataset is used in the publication 'Rare Earth Elements in oyster shells: provenance discrimination and potential vital effects'.

opencc-zeroJul 2020View details →

Data from: Shells of the bivalve Astarte moerchi give new evidence of a strong pelagic-benthic coupling shift occurring since the late 1970s in the NOW Polynya

Climate changes in the Arctic may weaken the currently tight pelagic-benthic coupling. In response to decreasing sea ice cover, arctic marine systems are expected to shift from a 'sea-ice algae-benthos' to a 'phytoplankton-zooplankton' dominance. We used mollusk shells as bioarchives and fatty acid trophic markers to estimate the effects of the reduction of sea ice cover on the exported food to the seafloor. Bathyal bivalve Astarte moerchi that lives at 600 m depth in northern Baffin Bay reveals a clear shift in growth variations and Ba/Ca ratios since the late 1970s that we relate to a change in food availability. Fatty acid compositions of tissues show that this species feeds mainly on microalgae exported from the euphotic zone to the seabed. We thus suggest that changes in pelagic-benthic coupling are likely due to either local changes in sea ice dynamics, mediated through bottom-up regulation exerted by sea ice on phytoplankton production or to a mismatch between phytoplankton bloom and zooplankton grazing due to change in their phenology. Both possibilities allow a more regular and increased transfer of food to the seabed.

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Biomass material - undulating venus shell - supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for the adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions in aqueous solution

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) has a high adsorption capacity for heavy metals, but easily forms aggregates. Herein, preprocessed undulating venus shell (UVS) is used as support material to prevent NZVI from reuniting. The SEM and TEM results show that UVS had a porous layered structure and NZVI particles were evenly distributed on the UVS surface. A large number of adsorption sites on the surface of UVS-NZVI are confirmed by IR and XRD. UVS-NZVI is utilized for adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ at pH=6 in aqueous solution, and <a name="_Hlk35440679">the experimental maximum adsorption capacities are 29.91 mg·g-1 and 38.99 </a>mg·g-1, respectively. Adsorption isotherm results indicate that the adsorption of ions by UVS-NZVI is more in line with the Langmuir model when Pb2+ or Cd2+ existed alone. For the mixed solution of Pb2+ and Cd2+, only the adsorption of Pb2+ by UVS-NZVI conforms to the Langmuir model. Kinetic studies demonstrate that the determination coefficients (R2) of the pseudo first-order kinetic model for UVS-NZVI adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ are higher than those of the pseudo second-order kinetic model and Elovich kinetic model. Highly efficient performance for metal removal makes UVS-NZVI show potential application to heavy metal ion adsorption.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Images from: Sexual dimorphism in shells of Cochlostoma septemspirale (Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoroidea, Diplommatinidae, Cochlostomatinae)

Here we provide the complete set of images used by <a href="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.208.2869">Reichenbach et al. (2012)</a> as basis for a dataset of distance measurements. The images are available in two versions: The first has the measured distances marked in the photo; the second is the original, untouched file. Metadata for images may be retrieved via the image number, which is also part of the dataset published separately by <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4267813">Reichenbach et al. (2020)</a>. There, the relevant information (sex of specimen, locality, date of collecting, etc.) is given for each specimen. Cited papers are listed below in the "References" section.

opennotspecifiedSep 2020View details →

FIGURES 1–3. Eratoid shells. 1 in Contributions to the knowledge of the Eratoidae. X. Revision of the genus Archierato Schilder, 1933 (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

FIGURES 1–3. Eratoid shells. 1. Archierato pyrulata (Tate, 1890), topotype, CS 36. L 6.3 mm, W 4.8 mm, H 3.8 mm, Ypresian, late Eocene of Adelaide, South Australia. 2. Hespererato vitellina (Hinds, 1844), lectotype, NHMUK 1966236/1. L 12.3 mm, W 9.5 mm, H 8.0 mm, 'Bay of Magdalena', W Baja California, W Mexico (photo: Harry Taylor, NHMUK; © Natural History Museum of London 2014). 3. Hespererato scabriuscula (Gray in Sowerby I, 1832), lectotype, NHMUK 1966363/1. L 10.3 mm, W 6.2 mm, H 5.1 mm, "Santa Elena, Colombia" (photo: Harry Taylor, NHMUK; © Natural History Museum of London 2014).

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

FIGURE 6. Decapods from the Moeshima Shell Bed. A–J in Fossil decapods from the Upper Quaternary in Shinjima Island in Kagoshima Kyushu, Japan, and description of a new species of ghost shrimp (Axiidea Eucalliacidae)

FIGURE 6. Decapods from the Moeshima Shell Bed. A–J, Laticallichirus grandis (Karasawa & Goda, 1996); A, 145597, lateral view of left major cheliped; B, MFM145598, lateral view of right major cheliped; C, MFM145599, lateral view of right carpus; D, MFM145600, lateral view of left minor cheliped; E, MFM145601, lateral view of right dactylus; F, MFM145602, lateral view of right dactylus; G, MFM145603, lateral view of right dactylus; H, MFM145604, lateral view of left dactylus; I, MFM145605, lateral view of right merus; J, MFM145606, lateral view of left merus. K, Paguridae gen. et sp. indet., MFM145607, lateral view of fragment of the fixed finger. L, Pagurus cf. megalops (Stimpson, 1858b), MFM 145608, lateral view of left cheliped. M, Ebalia tuberculosa (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), MFM145612, dorsal view of carapace. N, Myra sp., MFM145613, lateral view of fragment of the merus. O, Philyra cf. syndactyla Ortmann, 1892, MFM145614, lateral view of right cheliped. P, Majidae gen. et sp. indet., MFM145615, dorsal view of fragment of the carapace. Q, Leptomithrax sp., MFM 145616, lateral view of left cheliped. R, Romaleon sp., MFM 145617, lateral view of fragment of the dactylus. S, Charibdis sp. MFM145619, lateral view of fragment of the fixed finger. Scale bars of A–H, K, M, O, Q and S indicate 5.0 mm, and I, J, L, N, P and R indicate 1.0 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Data for "Parity-preserving and magnetic field-resilient superconductivity in InSb nanowires with Sn shells"

Zip files:     Paper Figures.zip:         This zip file contains all datasets necessary for plotting the paper figures.         MTX datasets are named the same as corresponding figures.         DAT datasets (raw data) with a figure - filename map (Figure-rawdata map.xlsx).         Jupyter notebooks for interactive graphing.     Data Summaries.zip:         Plotted extended data beyond paper figures, in ppt and measurement logs (laboratory notebooks)     TEM.zip:         TEM results.     Full Original Raw Data.zip:         Full Original Raw Data for each cooldown. See "Data Summaries.zip" for device information. See "Paper Figures.zip" for visualization. Data formats:     MTX:         A simple 2D/3D matrix format developed for Spyview (https://nsweb.tn.tudelft.nl/~gsteele/spyview/).     DAT:         Original spreadsheet data.     SET:         Instrument settings.     PY:         Measurement scripts.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Save your host, save yourself? caste-ratio adjustment in a parasite with division of labor and snail host survival following shell damage

Shell damage and parasitic infections are frequent in gastropods, influencing key snail host life-history traits such as survival, growth, and reproduction. However, their interactions and potential effects on hosts and parasites have never been tested. Host–parasite interactions are particularly interesting in the context of the recently discovered division of labor in trematodes infecting marine snails. Some species have colonies consisting of two different castes present at varying ratios; reproductive members and nonreproductive soldiers specialized in defending the colony. We assessed snail host survival, growth, and shell regeneration in interaction with infections by two trematode species, Philophthalmus sp. and Maritrema novaezealandense, following damage to the shell in the New Zealand mud snail Zeacumantus subcarinatus. We concomitantly assessed caste-ratio adjustment between nonreproductive soldiers and reproductive members in colonies of the trematode Philophthalmus sp. in response to interspecific competition and shell damage to its snail host. Shell damage, but not parasitic infection, significantly increased snail mortality, likely due to secondary infections by pathogens. However, trematode infection and shell damage did not negatively affect shell regeneration or growth in Z. subcarinatus; infected snails actually produced more new shell than their uninfected counterparts. Both interspecific competition and shell damage to the snail host induced caste-ratio adjustment in Philophthalmus sp. colonies. The proportion of nonreproductive soldiers increased in response to interspecific competition and host shell damage, likely to defend the parasite colony and potentially the snail host against increasing threats. These results indicate that secondary infections by pathogens following shell damage to snails both significantly increased snail mortality and induced caste-ratio adjustments in parasites. This is the first evidence that parasites with a division of labor may be able to produce nonreproductive soldiers according to environmental factors other than interspecific competition with other parasites.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Glowing seashells: diversity of fossilized coloration patterns on coral reef-associated cone snail (Gastropoda: Conidae) shells from the Neogene of the Dominican Republic

The biology of modern Conidae (cone snails)—which includes the hyperdiverse genus Conus—has been intensively studied, but the fossil record of the clade remains poorly understood, particularly within an evolutionary framework. Here, ultraviolet light is used to reveal and characterize the original shell coloration patterns of 28 species of cone snails from three Neogene coral reef-associated deposits from the Cibao Valley, northern Dominican Republic. These fossils come from the upper Miocene Cercado Fm. and lower Pliocene Gurabo Fm., and range in age from about 6.6-4.8 Ma. Comparison of the revealed coloration patterns with those of extant species allow the taxa to be assigned to three genera of cone snails (Profundiconus, Conasprella, and Conus) and at least nine subgenera. Thirteen members of these phylogenetically diverse reef faunas are described as new species. These include: Profundiconus? hennigi, Conasprella (Ximeniconus) ageri, Conus anningae, Conus lyelli, Conus (Atlanticonus?) franklinae, Conus (Stephanoconus) gouldi, Conus (Stephanoconus) bellacoensis, Conus (Ductoconus) cashi, Conus (Dauciconus) garrisoni, Conus (Dauciconus?) zambaensis, Conus (Spuriconus?) kaesleri, Conus (Spuriconus?) lombardii, and Conus (Lautoconus?) carlottae. Each of the three reef deposits contain a minimum of 14–16 cone snail species, levels of diversity that are similar to modern Indo-Pacific reef systems. Finally, most of the 28 species can be assigned to modern clades and thus have important implications for understanding the biogeographic and temporal histories of these clades in tropical America.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Predator-prey interactions between shell-boring beetle larvae and rock-dwelling land snails

Drilus beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are specialized predators of land snails. Here, we describe various aspects of the predator-prey interactions between multiple Drilus species attacking multiple Albinaria (Gastropoda: Clausiliidae) species in Greece. We observe that Drilus species may be facultative or obligate Albinaria-specialists. We map geographically varying predation rates in Crete, where on average 24% of empty shells carry fatal Drilus bore holes. We also provide first-hand observations and video-footage of prey entry and exit strategies of the Drilus larvae, and evaluate the potential mutual evolutionary impacts. We find limited evidence for an effect of shell features and snail behavioral traits on inter- and intra-specifically differing predation rates. We also find that Drilus predators adjust their predation behavior based on specific shell traits of the prey. In conclusion, we suggest that, with these baseline data, this interesting predator-prey system will be available for further, detailed more evolutionary ecology studies.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: The chemical basis of a signal of individual identity: Shell pigment concentrations track the unique appearance of Common Murre eggs

In group-living species with parental care, the accurate recognition of one's own young is critical to fitness. Because discriminating offspring within a large colonial group may be challenging, progeny of colonial breeders often display familial or individual identity signals to elicit and receive costly parental provisions from their own parents. For instance, the Common Murre (or Common Guillemot: Uria aalge) is a colonially breeding seabird that does not build a nest and lays and incubates an egg with an individually unique appearance. How the shell's physical and chemical properties generate this individual variability in coloration and maculation has not been studied in detail. Here, we quantified two characteristics of the avian-visible appearance of murre eggshells collected from the wild: background coloration spectra and maculation density. As predicted by the individual identity hypothesis, there was no statistical relationship between avian-perceivable shell background coloration and maculation density within the same eggs. In turn, variation in both sets of traits was statistically related to some of their physico-chemical properties, including shell thickness and concentrations of the eggshell pigments biliverdin and protoporphyrin IX. These results illustrate how individually unique eggshell appearances, suitable for identity signaling, can be generated by a small number of structural mechanisms.

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

Data from: Microplastics disrupt hermit crab shell selection

Microplastics (plastics < 5 mm) are a potential threat to marine biodiversity. However, the effects of microplastic pollution on animal behaviour and cognition are poorly understood. We used shell selection in common European hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus) as a model to test whether microplastic exposure impacts the essential survival behaviours of contacting, investigating, and entering an optimal shell. We kept 64 female hermit crabs in tanks containing either polyethylene spheres (n = 35) or no plastic (n = 29) for five days. We then transferred subjects into suboptimal shells and placed them in an observation tank with an optimal alternative shell. Plastic-exposed hermit crabs showed impaired shell selection: they were less likely than controls to contact optimal shells or enter them. They also took longer to contact and enter the optimal shell. Plastic exposure did not affect time spent investigating the optimal shell. These results indicate that microplastics impair cognition (information-gathering and processing), disrupting an essential survival behaviour in hermit crabs.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Shell ornamentation as a likely exaptation: evidence from predatory drilling on Cenozoic bivalves

Predation is an important process in modern oceans and in the evolutionary history of marine ecosystems. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that shelled prey modified their ornamentation in response to predation. However, bivalve ornamentation has also been argued to be important in maintaining a stable life position in the sediment and in burrowing. To test whether concentric ribs were effective against drilling by carnivorous gastropods, we examined drill hole position and completeness for four Cenozoic bivalve species that differ in rib strength (Astarte radiata, A. goldfussi, Lirophora glyptocyma, and L. latilirata). The percentage of drill holes located between the ribs increases with increasing rib strength, whereas the percentage of drill holes on top of ribs decreases. This result suggests that gastropods select the drill hole site more effectively as rib strength increases, thereby saving time and energy, and that natural selection favors gastropods that select drill hole sites between ribs. Because of this greater stereotypy, the percentage of drill holes that are incomplete is generally lower in strongly ribbed species. The proportion of drill holes located on top of ribs is greater for incomplete than complete holes, implying that ribs can be effective against predators, but only when selected as the drilling location. We show that ribs are most effective against drilling predation for bivalves with moderately sized ribs, between which gastropods have difficulty siting drill holes. Concentric ribs are unlikely to have evolved as an adaptation against drilling predation because concentric ribs evolved in the Paleozoic and were already common in the Mesozoic, whereas drilling frequency increased later, in the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene. Moreover, rib strength of North American Astarte did not change through this time interval. Thus, the ribs considered here are a likely exaptation to drilling given their effectiveness at deterring drilling predation on bivalves with moderate ribs.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Historical baselines and the future of shell calcification for a foundation species in a changing ocean

Seawater pH and the availability of carbonate ions is decreasing due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, posing challenges for calcifying marine species. Marine mussels are of particular concern given their role as foundation species worldwide. Here, we document shell growth and calcification patterns in Mytilus californianus, the California mussel, over millennial and decadal scales. By comparing shell thickness across the largest modern shells, the largest mussels collected in the 1960s-1970s and shells from two Native American midden sites (1000-2420 years BP), we found that modern shells are thinner overall, thinner per age category, and thinner per unit length. Thus, the largest individuals of this species are calcifying less now than in the past. Comparisons of shell thickness in smaller individuals over the past 10-40 years, however, do not show significant shell thinning. Given our sampling strategy, these results are unlikely to simply reflect within-site variability or preservation effects. Review of environmental and biotic drivers known to affect shell calcification suggest declining ocean pH as a likely explanation for the observed shell thinning. Further future decreases in shell thickness could have significant negative impacts on M. californianus survival and, in turn, negatively impact the species rich complex that occupies mussel beds.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Different modes of migration among Late Cretaceous ammonoids in northwestern Hokkaido, Japan: evidence from the analyses of shell whorls

The thickness ratios of shell whorls (= whorl breadth / shell diameter) in the ammonoids Damesites sugata, Hypophylloceras subramosum, and Gaudryceras tenuiliratum from the Late Cretaceous outer shelf deposits in the Kotanbetsu area of northwestern Hokkaido, Japan, were examined in order to determine their mode of migration. The thickness ratios of D. sugata differ significantly with depth on the outer shelf environment, but show no significant difference laterally at a similar depth. These results suggest that D. sugata did not frequently migrate to different depths on the outer shelf environment, but tended to live and migrate laterally at a similar depth on the outer shelf. The thickness ratios of H. subramosum and G. tenuiliratum show no significant difference between different depths on the outer shelf environment nor for lateral direction at a similar depth. This suggests that H. subramosum and G. tenuiliratum frequently migrated at different depths on the out er shelf environment and laterally at a similar depth. There is no difference in hatchling diameters in all the examined species at different depths on the outer shelf environment, suggesting that the thickness ratios became manifest after the post-hatchling stage due to limited migration, which would have been in a nektobenthic habitat. The various modes of migration in the study area are reconstructed in this study, suggesting a diversified paleoecology of Late Cretaceous ammonoids.