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FIGURES 11–18 in Resdescription of two synhymeniid ciliates, Chilodontopsis simplex Ozaki & Yagiu, 1941 and Zosterodasys transverses (Kahl, 1928) Foissner et al., 1994 (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea)

FIGURES 11–18. Photomicrographs of Chilodontopsis simplex from live cells (11, 12) and after protargol impregnation (13– 18). (11, 12) Ventral views of typical individuals, arrow indicates the caudal contractile vacuole. (13–16) Ventral (13, 15, 16) and dorsal (14) views of the infraciliature, arrows indicate the synhymenium. (17, 18) Ingested diatoms. D = diatom; Ma = macronucleus. Scale bars = 30 µm.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 9. Va ri ou s Zosterodasys species and their supposed synonyms from life (E), after Heidenhain's haematoxylin stain (A), after silver carbonate (C, D, F–H) and protargol (B) impregnation. (A) Zosterodasys hisioensis, ventral view of a representative specimen. Length 200 µm. From Ozaki & Yagiu (1941). (B) Zosterodasys texensis, total ventral view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. From Alekperov et al. (2007/8). Reprinted by permission from "Protistology", 2007/2008, 5 (2/3): 101–130. (C, D, H) Zosterodasys serrani, frontal view of oral opening (C) and ventral (D) as well as dorsal (H) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. Arrowheads denote synhymenium which is restricted to the ventral body side (D). Length not provided. From Fernandez-Leborans (1990). (E–G) Zosterodasys henarensis, ventral view of a representative specimen (E) and schematized ventral (G) as well as dorsal (F) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. Arrowheads denote proximal and distal end of synhymenium that almost completely encircles the body. Length not provided. From Sola et al. (1990).

FIGURE 8. Var i in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 8. Var i ou s Zosterodasys species and their supposed synonyms from life (A), after Heidenhain's haematoxylin stain (J), and after protargol impregnation (B–I). (A–F) Zosterodasys minutus, ventral view of a representative specimen (A), variability of body shape and size as well as of the nuclear apparatus (B–D), ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. Note the S-shaped pattern of the synhymenium which completely encircles the cell (C–F). From Gong et al. (2007). (G, H) Zosterodasys minor, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (G) and dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (H). From Alekperov et al. (2007/8). Reprinted by permission from "Protistology", 2007/2008, 5 (2/3): 101–130. (I) Chilodontopsis vorax (?), total ventral view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. From Burkovsky (1970a). (J) Zosterodasys numerosus, ventral view of a representative specimen showing many scattered contractile vacuoles. From Ozaki & Yagiu (1941).

FIGURE 7. Vari o in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 7. Vari o us Zosterodasys species and their supposed synonyms from life (A–C), after Heidenhain's haematoxylin stain (H), and after protargol impregnation (D–G). (A–D, F, G) Zosterodasys kryophilus, ventral view of a representative specimen (A), lateral view showing dorsoventral flattening of the body (B), ventral view showing cortical granulation and contractile vacuole pattern (C), surface view of cortex showing a fibre bundle extending in parallel and right of the somatic kineties (D), ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. From Petz et al. (1995). (E) Zosterodasys sp., ventrolateral view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. This species is very likely a misidentified Orthodonella apohamatus, as indicated by the comparatively long preoral area, which can be a rostrum. From Agatha et al. (1993). (H) Zosterodasys acutus, ventral view of a representative specimen showing three contractile vacuoles (arrowheads) arranged in a row near right margin in posterior body half, a unique pattern as yet not found in any other Zosterodasys species. From Ozaki & Yagiu (1941). CV – contractile vacuoles, G – cortical granules.

FIGURE 6. Var i in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 6. Var i ou s Zosterodasys species and their supposed synonyms after protargol impregnation. (A–D) Zosterodasys raikovi, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (A), dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (B), and nuclear (C) as well as oral (D) apparatus. From Aliev (1990). (E, F) Zosterodasys derouxi, total view of ventral (E) and dorsal (F) ciliary pattern as well as of the nuclear and contractile vacuole apparatus. From Aliev (1990). (G) Zosterodasys mirabilis, total view of ventral ciliary pattern. From Alekperov (1984). (H–J) Zosterodasys kasymovi, frontal view of oral apparatus (I) and dorsal (H) as well as ventral (J) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. From Aliev (1990). (K–N) Zosterodasys mirabilis, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (K), dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (N), and nuclear (L) as well as oral (M) apparatus. From Fernandez-Leborans & Alekperov (1996).

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 4. Zosterodasys agamalievi and its supposed synonyms from life (D), after silver carbonate (E, I, J) and protargol (A–C, F–H) impregnation. (A–C) Zosterodasys agamalievi, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (A, C) and dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (B). From Deroux (1978). (D) Chilodontopsis vorax, total ventral view. Length 180 µm. From Kahl (1933). (E, I, J) Zosterodasys cantabrica, total ventral (E) and dorsal (J) view of ciliary pattern and frontal view of oral opening (I). From Fernandez-Leborans (1990). (F–H) Chilodontopsis vorax, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (F), dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (G), and nuclear apparatus (H). From Agamaliev (1967). FL – fibrilar loop.

FIGURE 5. Var i in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 5. Var i ou s Zosterodasys species and their supposed synonyms from life (F, G) and after protargol impregnation (A–E, H–R). (A–D) Chilodontopsis vorax, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (A), dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (B), frontal view of oral opening (C), and nuclear apparatus (D). From Agamaliev (1967). (E) Zosterodasys agamalievi, total ventral view of ciliary pattern. From Kivimaki et al. (2009). (F, G) Chilodontopsis caudata, total ventral view. Length 70 µm. From Kahl (1933, 1935). (H, I) Zosterodasys debilis, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (H) and nuclear apparatus (I). From Alekperov (1984). (J–L) Zosterodasys debilis, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (J), dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (K), and nuclear apparatus (L). From Fernandez-Leborans & Alekperov (1996). (M, N) Zosterodasys debilis, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (M) and nuclear apparatus (N). From Asadullayeva & Alekperov (2007). (O–R) Zosterodasys alizadei, total ventral (O) and dorsal (R) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear (P) as well as oral (Q) apparatus. From Aliev (1990).

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 2. Illustrated key to Zosterodasys species isolated from marine and brackish habitats. For instructions how to use the key, see Material and methods. All size ranges refer to live specimens.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 3. Illustrated key to Zosterodasys species isolated from freshwater habitats. For instructions how to use the key, see Material and methods. All size ranges refer to live specimens, except for Z. henarensis and Z. serrani, in which data are available only for fixed cells.

FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree inferred from the 18S in Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea

FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree inferred from the 18S rRNA gene sequences showing the position of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. based on the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. TIM2 + I (0.6080) + G (0.4720) was selected as the best model from jModelTest version 2.1.7. Support values at the nodes represent the bootstrap values of maximum likelihood analysis and the posterior probability of the BI model. Dashes denote bootstrap values <50% or different topologies in ML and BI phylogenies.

FIGURE 4 in Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea

FIGURE 4. Dividers of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. after protargol impregnation. A–D. Ventral and dorsal views of middle dividers showing the migrating cirri. E–H. Ventral and dorsal views of late dividers. CC, caudal cirri; DK1-3, dorsal kineties 1–3; DKA, anlagen of dorsal kineties; I–VI, anlagen of frontoventral cirri I–VI; LMA, left marginal anlage; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; RMA, right marginal anlage. Scale bars 100 μm.

FIGURE 1 in Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea

FIGURE 1. Morphology of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. alive (A, B) and after protargol staining (C, D). A. Ventral view of a representative individual. B. Dorsal view. The arrow indicates the contractile vacuole. C, D. Ventral and dorsal views of holotype specimen showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DK1-3, dorsal kineties 1–3; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; LMR, left marginal row; LVR, left ventral row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PVC, postoral ventral cirrus; RMR, right marginal row; RVR; right ventral row. Scale bars 100 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea

FIGURE 3. Photomicrographs of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. after protargol impregnation. A–C. Ventral and dorsal views of specimen. D–G. Ventral and dorsal views of a middle dividers. H–K. Ventral and dorsal views of a late dividers, showing the dividing macronucleus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DK1-3, dorsal kineties 1–3; DKA, anlagen of dorsal kineties; I–VI, anlagen of fronto-ventral cirri I–VI; LMA, left marginal anlage; LMR, left marginal row; LVR, left ventral row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; RMA, right marginal anlage; RMR, right marginal row; RVR, right ventral row. Scale bars 100 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea

FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. from live specimens using bright field and differential interference contrast optic methods. A–C. Ventral and dorsal views of typical specimens. D. Midventral row. E. Anterior ventral portion to show the undulating membranes. F. Nuclear apparatus. G. Dorsal cilia. CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal bristles; Ma, macronuclear nodules; MVR, midventral row; PM, paroral membrane. Scale bars 100 µm.

Figure 6 in First record of two urotsylid ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) from Japan expanding the circumscription of species

Figure 6. Micrographs of Uncinata bradburyae after protargol staining. (A) Ventral view of a late divider, showing newly formed oral ciliature and cirri, arrow and arrowheads show frontoterminal cirri and endoral membrane, respectively; (B) the same divider as in A; arrows show new proximal membranelles, arrowheads indicate two right dorsal kinety anlagen formed in subcortical pounch; (C) a very late divider, showing new cirri and membranelles, arrows indicate the further development of right dorsal kinety anlagen, arrowheads denote frontoterminal cirri, doruble-arrowhead marks paroral and endoral membranes; (D, F) part of the same proter (D) and opisthe (F) as in C, arrows show left dorsal kinety anlagen; (E) part of the opisthe as in C, arrows indicate the fusing macronuclear nodules; (G) right dorsal kinety anlagen formed de novo close to the parental rightmost dorsal kinety (arrows); (H) anlage of left marginal row near the parental row and a few cirri become dedifferentiated and join the process (arrow); (I) ventral view of a mid-reorganiser, showing the development of anlagen and primordium, arrow shows the leftmost frontal cirrus derived from the anterior end of undulating membranes anlage, inset: proximal part of oral primordium in subcortical pounch; (J) ventral view of a very late reorganiser, showing all new structures are formed, arrow shows the anterior portion of left marginal row curves rightward, arrowhead indicates buccal cirrus; (K, L) ventral view of the anterior (K) and posterior (L) portion of the same late reorganiser, showing the further

Figure 5 in First record of two urotsylid ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) from Japan expanding the circumscription of species

Figure 5. Micrographs of Uncinata bradburyae, (A–F) from life and (G–N) after protargol staining. (A) Ventral view of a representative individual, showing general morphology, arrow and arrowhead indicate the distal end of adoral zone and the snout-like structure, respectively; (B) ventral view of a cell, showing yellow-greenish pigments and food vacuoles (arrows); (C) a small, lightly contracted cell; (D) ventral view of anteterior body portion, showing narrow buccal field and transverse section of left marginal row (arrow); (E) broadly rounded posterior body end; (F) densely arranged, corlourless cortical granules; (G) ventral view of a specimen, showing ciliature and macronuclear nodules, arrow and arrowhead indicate the distal end of adoral zone and transverse section of left marginal row, respectively; (H) posterior end of the cell, showing ejected cortical granules; (I) macronuclear nodules and micronuclei (arrowheads), double arrowhead shows the elongated adoral membranelles; (J) anterior portion of body, showing oral ciliature and the transverse section of left marginal row (arrow); (K) ventral adoral membranelles including elongated ones (arrows) at the proximal end of adoral zone, and macronuclear nodules some of which show replication band (arrowheads); (L) structure of elongated membranelles (arrows); (M) ventral view of anterior body portion, showing oral ciliature, three enlarged frontal cirri (arrowheads), buccal cirrus (double arrowhead), and other cirri, arrow indicates the gap between frontal and ventral adoral membranelles; (N) ventral view of anterior portion of body, indicating oral ciliature and some cirri, arrow and arrowheads show the distal end of adoral zone and three enlarged frontral cirri, respectively, double arrowhead indicates transverse section of left marginal row; inset: details of adoral membranelles at proximal end of adoral zone. Scale bars: 100 μm.

Figure 4 in First record of two urotsylid ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) from Japan expanding the circumscription of species

Figure 4. Morphogenesis and reorganisation of Uncinata bradburyae from protargol staining. (A) A small part of a middle divider, showing analgen for right dorsal kineties and right marginal row, arrow indicates the dedifferentiation of a parental cirrus in the middle part of right marginal row; (B) ventral view of a late divider, showing the development of cirri and new membranelles in both proter and opisthe, arrow and arrowhead indicate the leftmost frontal cirrus and buccal cirrus, respectively; inset: anlagen for right dorsal kineties almost formed de novo in subpellicular pounch close to the parental rightmost dorsal kinety; (C) part of a middle divider, showing two kinds of anlagen for dorsal kineties formed de novo; (D) part of a middle divider, showing fused macronuclear mass, micronuclei (arrowheads) and the anlagen for left dorsal kineties right of the parental leftmost dorsal kinety; (E) part of a late divider, showing two dorsal kinety anlagen each with five streaks visible at right of the parental rightmost dorsal kinety at two levels, two macronuclear nodules (arrows) and micronuclei (arrowheads); (F) a mid-reorganiser, showing the development of cirral anlagen and oral primordium, arrowhead indicates the leftmost frontal cirrus, inset: oral primordium in subcortical pounch; (G) a late reorganiser, showing new oral and somatic ciliature are almost formed, arrow indicates two frontoterminal cirri migrated to the mid-body of cell, inset: the anlagen for right dorsal kineties; (H) a very late reorganiser, showing all new structures are almost finally positioned. FAM, frontal adoral membranelles; FTC, frontoterminal cirri; LDA, left doral kinety anlage; LMA, left marginal anlage; LMR, left marignal row; RDA, right dorsal kienty anlage; RMA, right marginal anlage; RMR, right marginal row; VAM, ventral adroal membranelles; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figure 2 in First record of two urotsylid ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) from Japan expanding the circumscription of species

Figure 2. Micrographs of Trichototaxis marina, (A–J) from life and (K–R) after protargol staining. (A) Ventral view of a representative individual, showing general morphology and grooves along cirral rows (arrows); (B, C, F) different body, showing shape variation; (D) illustrates the flexibility of the cell; (E) cortical granules densely arranged along cirral rows (arrows); (G) ventral view of a cell, showing grooves along cirral rows (arrows); (H) indicates the bases of membranelles and cirri; (I) weird pigment spots (arrows); (J) anterior body portion, showing thick buccal lip (arrow) and the ingested diatoms (arrowheads); (K) ventral view to show ciliature and nuclear apparatus; (L) basal body composition of cirri, arrowheads indicate micronuclei; (M) cirri and associated fibres; (N) ventral view of a specimen, showing oral apparatus and ciliary pattern, arrow and arrowhead show buccal cirri and endoral membrane, respectively; (O) ventral view of the same specimen as in N, showing somatic ciliature in posterior portion of cell; (P) ventral view of part of buccal field, showing buccal lip (arrow), buccal cirrus (arrowhead) and undulating membranes; (Q) middle part of a cell, showing the arrangement of macronuclear nodules and micronuclei (arrowheads); (R) macronuclear nodules, micronuclei (arrow) and adoral membranelles. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; EM, edoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FT, frontoterminal cirri; LMR1, the innermost left marginal row; LMR2, the exterior left marginal row; MN, macronuclear nodule; PM, paroral membrane; PT, pretransverse ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figure 3 in First record of two urotsylid ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) from Japan expanding the circumscription of species

Figure 3. Morphology of Uncinata bradburyae, (A) from life and (B–E) after protargol staining. (A) Ventral view showing representative body shape; (B, C) ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same specimen, showing ciliature, macronuclear nodules and micronuclei (arrowheads). Arrow shows the distal end of adoral zone of membranelles, double arrowhead indicates the transverse section of left marginal row; (D) ventral ciliature of a large cell, arrow and arrowhead indicate buccal cirrus and the gap between frontal and ventral membranelles, respectively; (E) ventral view of a small form, showing ciliature, macronuclear nodules (contours) and micronuclei (arrowheads). DK1, the leftmost dorsal kinety; DKn, the rightmost dorsal kinety; EM, endoral membrane; FAM, frontal adoral membranelles; FC, frontal cirri; FTC, frontoterminal cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MC, midventral complex; PM, paroral membrane; PT, pretransverse ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; VAM, ventral adoral membranelles. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figure 1 in First record of two urotsylid ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) from Japan expanding the circumscription of species

Figure 1. Morphology of Trichototaxis marina, (A) from life and (B–E) after protargol staining. (A) Ventral view showing representative body shape; (B) ventral view of a specimen, showing three left marginal rows; (C) ventral view of a specimen having two buccal cirri, cirri from the same anlage are connected by a broken line; (D) ventral view of a cell with three buccal cirri, arrow shows paroral membrane, arrowhead indicates one displaced buccal cirrus; (E) dorsal view of a specimen, showing dorsal kineties, macronuclear nodules, and micronuclei (arrowheads). AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, the leftmost dorsal kinety; DK2, the second dorsal kinety counting from the left; DKn, the rightmost dorsal kinety; F, fibres; FC, frontal cirri; FT, frontoterminal cirri; LMR1, the innermost left marginal row; LMR2, the exterior left marginal row; LMR3, the outermost left marginal row; MN, macronuclear nodule; MP, midventral pair; PT, pretransverse ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 μm.