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Figure 12 in The diversity of Triassic South American sphenodontians: a new basal form, clevosaurs, and a revision of rhynchocephalian phylogeny

Figure 12. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of the holotype of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, B, left supratemporal in: A, dorsal; and B, ventral views. C–E, left quadrate in: C, medial; D, lateral; E, posterior views. F, left vomer in ventral view. G, H, left palatine in: G, lateral; and H, ventral views. I, J, pterygoids in: I, ventral; and J, dorsal views. K, left ectopterygoid in ventral view. L, left pterygoid and epipterygoid in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; artcon, articular condyle; bs, basisphenoid; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; fac, facet; fl, flange; for, foramen; iso, isolated; j, jugal; lat, lateral; m, maxilla; med, medial; p, parietal; pal, palatine; proc, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rid, ridge; sq, squamosal; th, tooth; ven, ventral; ver, vertical; vo, vomer. Scale bars for A, B, F–H, K equals 1 mm; C, D, I, J, L equals 5 mm.

Figure 2 in The diversity of Triassic South American sphenodontians: a new basal form, clevosaurs, and a revision of rhynchocephalian phylogeny

Figure 2. The digitally segmented holotype skull of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (UFRGS-PV-0748-T). A, left lateral; B, right lateral; C, ventral; D, dorsal; and E, posterior views. Abbreviations: artcom, articular complex; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; cor, coronoid; d, dentary; eo, exoccipital; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; op, opisthotic; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pr, prootic; pra, prearticular; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; vo, vomer. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

Figure 1 in The diversity of Triassic South American sphenodontians: a new basal form, clevosaurs, and a revision of rhynchocephalian phylogeny

Figure 1. Cranial material of Clevosaurus brasiliensis. A–C, skull of UFRGS-PV-0748-T in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; and C, right lateral views. D, E, skull of UFSM-PV-0131 in D, dorsal; and E, ventral views. F, G, skull of UFRGS-PV-0974-T in: F, right lateral; and G, left lateral views. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

Figure 3 in The diversity of Triassic South American sphenodontians: a new basal form, clevosaurs, and a revision of rhynchocephalian phylogeny

Figure 3. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (A, B, F–H, R, S, UFSM-PV-0131; C–E, I–O, UFRGS-PV-0748-T; P, Q, UFRGS-PV-0974-T). A, B, right premaxilla in A, lateral; and B, anterior views. C–E, right maxilla in C, lateral; D, ventral; and E, medial views. F, G, nasals in F, left lateral; and G, anterior views. H, rostrum in left lateral view. I, right prefrontal in lateral view. J, right postfrontal in lateral view. K, left postfrontal in medial view. L, parietals and frontals in dorsal view. M, frontals in ventral view. N, O, left jugal in N, lateral; and O, medial views. P, Q, left postorbital in P, lateral; and Q, medial views. R, S, left squamosal in R, lateral; and S, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; ant, anterior; con, conical; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; ht, hatchling; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for C–E, L, M equal 10 mm; F, G, I, N–S equal 5 mm; and A, B, H, J, K equal 1 mm.

Figure 10 in The diversity of Triassic South American sphenodontians: a new basal form, clevosaurs, and a revision of rhynchocephalian phylogeny

Figure 10. The digitally segmented holotype skull of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (UFRGS-PV-0972-T). A, left lateral; B, posterior; C, dorsal; and D, ventral views. Abbreviations: artcom, articular complex; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; c. vert, cervical vertebra; d, dentary; eo, exoccipital; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; hy, hyoid; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; op, opisthotic; p, parietal; pal, palatine; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pr, prootic; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; vo, vomer. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

Figure 15 in The diversity of Triassic South American sphenodontians: a new basal form, clevosaurs, and a revision of rhynchocephalian phylogeny

Figure 15. Life reconstruction of Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (top left) and Clevosaurus brasiliensis (bottom right). Work by Lavinia Gandolfi.

Figure 14 in The diversity of Triassic South American sphenodontians: a new basal form, clevosaurs, and a revision of rhynchocephalian phylogeny

Figure 14. Reconstructions of the skulls of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (A–D) and Microsphenodon bonapartei gen. et sp. nov. (E–H). A, B, cranium of C. brasiliensis in: A, dorsal; B, ventral views. C, right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of C. brasiliensis. D, a medial view of the right mandible of C. brasiliensis. E, F, cranium of M. bonapartei in: E, dorsal, F, ventral views. G, a right lateral view of the cranium and mandible of M. bonapartei. H, a medial view of the right mandible of M. bonapartei. Abbreviations: ang, angular; art, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; cor, coronoid; d, dentary; epi, epipterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pfr, prefrontal; pra, prearticular; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; sur, surangular; vo, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling

FIGURE 2. The top images show an overlay of the reduced-asymmetry australopithecine pelvis (beige) with the ADL australopithecine pelvis (dark green). The bottom color-coded distance map pelvis show the distance between the reduced-asymmetry australopithecine pelvis with the ADL australopithecine pelvis.

FIGURE 4 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling

FIGURE 4. AnyBody australopithecine musculoskeletal model without (left) and with (right) muscle model visualization.

FIGURE 1 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling

FIGURE 1. The flowchart shows the major steps required to build the ADL australopithecine model. In the blue boxes, the ADL human model is driven with the Schreiber and Moissenet (2019) human locomotion data. From these ADL human simulations, the dimension of the pelvis and femur can be extracted as well as model motion profiles used at later stages of the process (Figure 5). The gray boxes show the major steps in transforming (TPS-based morphing) the ADL human pelvis to match the australopithecine morphology (A.L. 288-1 reduced-asymmetry pelvis; Australopithecus afarensis), thus creating the ADL australopithecine pelvis. The green boxes show the steps necessary to create the ADL australopithecine (hybrid) femur from the ADL human femur.

FIGURE 5 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling

FIGURE 5. This flowchart shows the major steps required to generate the C3D motion file to drive the walking simulations with an australopithecine hip. Blue, light blue, and blue/grey and blue/green dashed boxes are the same boxes from Figure 1. The original ADL human model (blue box) is morphed based on the australopithecine pelvis (blue/grey dashed box) and femur (blue/green dashed box) to create the ADL australopithecine model (orange box). The results from the human walking simulation (blue box) are combined with the L5-sacral offset translation (light blue box) to generate new "experimental marker data" that are combined with the original ground reaction force data from Schreiber and Moissenet (2019) (purple box). The ADL australopithecine model and new motion data are then used to drive the simulations of walking with an australopithecine hip.

FIGURE 6 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling

FIGURE 6. Motion of the pelvis and lower limb joints for one individual walking simulation with both human (red lines) and australopithecine (black circles) shaped hips. A. Pelvic rotation (transverse plane), tilt (sagittal plane) and drop (coronal plane). B. Hip flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and internal-external rotation. C. Knee flexion-extension, ankle dorsi-plantar flexion, subtalar eversion-inversion.

FIGURE 8 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 8. Comparison of the two beak larvae to a larva of Coniopterygidae. A. Larva (specimen 6802) from Haug et al. (2020b). B. New beak larva (specimen 6803, based on Figure 5B). C. Larva of Aleuropteryx loewi (based on several figures from Rousset, 1966).

FIGURE 6 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 6. Additional specimens of larvae of Sisyridae preserved in Baltic amber. Images kindly provided by Jonas Damzen (JD) and Marius Veta (RMV). A. JD 6345, specimen 6503, in ventral view, 3.5 mm long. B, C. RMV 2380, specimen 6504, 3 mm long. B. Dorsal view. C. Ventral view. D, E. JD 4198, specimen 6505, 4 mm long. D. Dorsal view. E. Ventral view. F, G. RMV 2793, specimen 6506, 2 mm long. F. Left lateral view. G. Right lateral view. H, I. RMV 2794, specimen 6507, 3.2 mm long. H. Lateral view. I. Dorsal view.

FIGURE 7 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 7. Scatterplot of PC2 vs. PC1. Note how the two beak larvae (specimens 6802 + 6803) plot together with larvae of Coniopterygidae.

FIGURE 4 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 4. Fossil larva, "beak larva" type 2, from Myanmar amber, PED 0596, specimen 6803. A. Dorsal view; posterior part not well accessible. B. Colour-marked version of A. Abbreviations: 1t = trunk appendage 1; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; pl = palp; pt = prothorax.

FIGURE 5 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 5. Fossil larva, "beak larva" type 2, from Myanmar amber, PED 0596, specimen 6803, continued. A. Ventral view; details not well accessible; posterior end not inside the amber. B. Close-up on head in dorsal view. C. Close up on trunk appendage 1 in dorsal view. D. Same as C; estimated outline of appendage, visible through tergite outlined in red. Abbreviations: at = antenna; "b" = beak; pl = palp.

FIGURE 3 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 3. Fossil larva of Sisyridae from Baltic amber, CCGG 7122, specimen 6502. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Colour-marked version of B. D. Close-up of head in dorsal view. E. Colour-marked version of D. F. Close-up on gills. G. Close-up on trunk end. Abbreviations: at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet.

FIGURE 1 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 1. Fossil larva of Coniopterygidae from Baltic amber, CCHH 540-1, specimen 6301. A. Ventral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Colour-marked version of B. D. Close-up of head in dorsal view. E. Close-up of head in ventral view. F. Close-up on right hind leg; arrows mark claws. G. Close-up of hind leg; arrows mark claws. Abbreviations: a1–a8 = abdomen segment 1–8; at = antenna; cx = coxa; e1–3 = element 1–3; fe = femur; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; st = stemmata; ta = tarsus; te = trunk end; ti = tibia; tr = trochanter.

FIGURE 2 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 2. Fossil larva of Sisyridae from Baltic amber, CCGG 1383, specimen 6501. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Colour-marked version of B. D. Close-up of head in dorsal view. E. Colour-marked version of D; arrows mark stemmata. F. Close-up on gills. G. Close-up on processes on trunk segments. Abbreviations: a3–a7 = abdomen segment 3–7; at = antenna; gi = gills; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet; te = trunk end.