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3,538 results for “Lizard”
Figure 9 in An assemblage of early Oligocene lizards (Squamata) from the locality of Boutersem (Belgium), with comments on the Eocene-Oligocene transition
Figure 9. Necrosaurus sp., osteoderm, IRSNB R 250, previously BOU-AR-28-RS, dorsal view.
Figure 7 in An assemblage of early Oligocene lizards (Squamata) from the locality of Boutersem (Belgium), with comments on the Eocene-Oligocene transition
Figure 7. Necrosaurus sp., fragment of maxilla, IRSNB R 248, previously BOU-AR-33-RS, medial view.
Supporting data of "Temperature and barometric pressure affect the activity intensity and movement of an endangered thermoconforming lizard"
<p>JOURNAL PUBLICATION CITATION: Daniel Ariano-Sánchez, Rasmus M. Mortensen, Rory P. Wilson, Peder Bjureke, Stefanie Reinhardt and Frank Rosell. Temperature and barometric pressure affect the activity intensity and movement of an endangered thermoconforming lizard. <em>Ecosphere.</em></p> <p><em>------------</em></p> <p>Raw data in RDS format and R codes of movement paths and step-selection function analyses</p> <p>-------------</p> <p>CleanDBALMM.R – R script of the LMM for VeDBA from obtained from the daily diaries in the backpack system.</p> <p>CleanGPSHeloderma.R – R script for calculation of step-lengths, bearings and turning angles from the GPS data of the Guatemalan Beaded Lizards tracked, including the LMM and circular-linear regressions.</p> <p>CleanSSF.R – R script of the step-selection functions.</p> <p>DBAHeloderma.rds – Raw data of the Guatemalan Beaded Lizard movement obtained from the daily diaries in the backpack system.</p> <p>GPSData.rds - Raw data of the Guatemalan Beaded Lizard movement obtained from GPS tags.</p> <p>ssf3.rds – Dataset for the step-section functions.</p>
Within-lizard erythrocyte size variation
<p>Dataset associated to submitted article: To vary or not to vary: Is within-individual variation in erythrocyte size related to Plasmodium infection in a tropical lizard?<br> <br> Contains measurements of <em>A. gundlachi</em> examination season (season), snout to vent length (svl) , unique identifier (uid), lizard species (spp), sex (sex), <em>Plasmodium azurophilum</em> infection status (infectionstatus), mean erythrocyte area (erymeanarea), standard deviation of erythrocyte area (erysdarea). </p>
Genetic diversity and the origins of parthenogenesis in the teiid lizard Aspidoscelis laredoensis
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Unisexual vertebrates typically form through hybridization events between sexual species in which reproductive mode transitions occur in the hybrid offspring. This evolutionary history is thought to have important consequences for the ecology of unisexual lineages and their interactions with congeners in natural communities. However, these consequences have proven challenging to study owing to uncertainty about patterns of population genetic diversity in unisexual lineages. Of particular interest is resolving the contribution of historical hybridization events vs. postformational mutation to patterns of genetic diversity in nature. Here we use restriction site associated DNA genotyping to evaluate genetic diversity and demographic history in <i>Aspidoscelis laredoensis</i>, a diploid unisexual lizard species from the vicinity of the Rio Grande River in southern Texas and northern Mexico. The sexual progenitor species from which one or more lineages are derived also occur in the Rio Grande Valley region, although patterns of distribution across individual sites are quite variable. Results from population genetic and phylogenetic analyses resolved the major axes of genetic variation in this species and highlight how these match predictions based on historical patterns of hybridization. We also found discordance between results of demographic modelling using different statistical approaches with the genomic data. We discuss these insights within the context of the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that generate and maintain lineage diversity in unisexual species. As one of the most dynamic, intriguing, and geographically well investigated groups of whiptail lizards, these species hold substantial promise for future studies on the constraints of diversification in unisexual vertebrates.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data for: Compensating for a stressful pregnancy? Glucocorticoid treatment during gravidity reduces metabolic rate in female fence lizards post-parturition (In press: Hormones and Behavior)
<p>This dataset accompanies the paper "Compensating for a stressful pregnancy? Glucocorticoid treatment during gravidity reduces metabolic rate in female fence lizards post-parturition" (In press: Hormones and Behavior). A READ_ME/metadata explanation is available in Sheet 1. Address any queries to Dr. K. MacLeod, kirstyjmacleod@gmail.com.</p> <p>Abstract: Reproduction is a critical part of an animal’s life history, but one which incurs significant costs to survival and future reproductive potential. These physiological consequences are likely to be influenced by context – for example, if an individual is subject to environmental stressors, physiological and behavioral changes associated with reproduction may be altered. Glucocorticoids, hormones produced as part of the physiological response to stressors, may alter how reproduction affects female physiology and behavior, and therefore the outcomes of reproductive trade-offs. Glucocorticoids prioritize immediate survival over reproduction, for example through changes in immune function, metabolic rate, and foraging, which may reduce energy expenditure or increase energy gain. However, we previously found that female eastern fence lizards (<em>Sceloporus undulatus</em>) experiencing elevated glucocorticoid levels during gestation were nevertheless able to maintain reproductive output and body condition. Here we investigate compensatory mechanisms by which eastern fence lizard females may maintain reproduction under experimental increases in a glucocorticoid, corticosterone (CORT). We found that, although CORT-treated females had similar immune function and behavior, they had reduced metabolic rates 3-5 days post-parturition compared to control females. Given that CORT-treated females spent a similar time basking and had equal food intake compared to control females, we suggest that the reduced metabolic rate is a mechanism by which CORT-treated females maintain their energy balance and reduce the energetic costs of gestation during periods of stress. This study suggests that physiological responses to reproduction may be context-dependent and could act to minimize costs of reproduction in situations where CORT is elevated (such as during periods of environmental stress). </p>
Changes in selection pressure can facilitate hybridization during biological invasion in a Cuban lizard
<p>Hybridization is among the evolutionary mechanisms most frequently hypothesized to drive the success of invasive species, in part because hybrids are common in invasive populations. One explanation for this pattern is that biological invasions coincide with a change in selection pressures that limit hybridization in the native range. To investigate this possibility, we studied the introduction of the brown anole (<i>Anolis sagrei</i>) in the southeastern United States. We find that native populations are highly genetically structured. In contrast, all invasive populations show evidence of hybridization among native-range lineages. Temporal sampling in the invasive range spanning 15 years showed that invasive genetic structure has stabilized, indicating that large-scale contemporary gene flow is limited among invasive populations and that hybrid ancestry is maintained. Additionally, our results are consistent with hybrid persistence in invasive populations resulting from changes in natural selection that occurred during invasion. Specifically, we identify a large-effect X chromosome locus associated with variation in limb length, a well-known adaptive trait in anoles, and show that this locus is often under selection in the native range, but rarely so in the invasive range. Moreover, we find that the effect size of alleles at this locus on limb length is much reduced in hybrids among divergent lineages, consistent with epistatic interactions. Thus, in the native range, epistasis manifested in hybrids can strengthen extrinsic post-mating isolation. Together, our findings show how a change in natural selection can contribute to an increase in hybridization in invasive populations.</p>
Data for: Determinants of resource use in lizard assemblages from the Neotropical semiarid Caatinga
<p>Non-sessile animals could partition the use of resources in different axes, reducing the effects of competition and allowing coexistence. Here, we investigated the spatial and trophic niche dimensions in four lizard assemblages in the Neotropical semiarid Caatinga to investigate the determinants of resource use and the extent which lizards partition their niches. We sampled each lizard assemblage once, for ten days, in the dry season of 2017 and 2018. In two lizard assemblages, we detected non-random niche overlap patterns that were higher or lower than expected by chance. The high niche overlap patterns suggests that either there is intense current competition for available microhabitats or an abundance of microhabitats. The lower niche overlap may be influenced by the presence of species adapted to sandy habitats (psamophilous), suggesting that spatial partitioning detected has historical basis, which is supported by the pPCA results and by the lack of patterns in the realized niche distribution of species across niche space. We detected trophic niche partitioning in three lizard assemblages. In one assemblage, we discovered random spatial and trophic niche overlap patterns, revealing that competition is not a determining factor in the structure of that assemblage. In fact, phylogenetic effects were predominantly the main determinants of resource use in the four studied lizard assemblages. Arid and semiarid habitats cover about one third of land surface of the world. Comparisons between our findings and those from other regions of the world may aid identify general trends in the lizard ecology of dry environments.</p>
Data from a test of female defense in male collared lizards
<p>A widely held principle in behavioral ecological research is that polygynous social systems evolve either by direct male defense of females or male defense of resources, although which of these mechanisms applies in particular species is rarely examined experimentally. We tested the relative importance of female versus resource defense in polygynous territorial male collared lizards (<em>Crotaphytus</em> <em>collaris</em>). Using a novel experimental design, we temporarily removed some of the resident females from male territories to create a female-free removal zone, whereas resident females were left intact within a non-removal zone. We then compared activity of males within each zone during three experimental phases: before we removed females, for two days when females were absent, and the day following return of females. If males defend females directly, we expected them to adjust the location of their patrol and display within removal and non-removal zones depending on the presence/absence of females, whereas we expected no such change if males defend resources. Male activity in the removal zone generally decreased when females were removed but then increased when females were replaced, whereas we observed the opposite pattern in the non-removal zone. The observed shifts in the location of patrol and display in response to the presence/absence of females, while resources remained constant, indicate that polygynous male collared lizards defend females directly. Our results suggest that male collared lizards take advantage of strong female philopatry to relatively small areas by focusing their patrol and display activities where potential mates reside.</p>
The size of a smell: assessment of rival's size from femoral secretions in the common wall lizards
<p>Animal communication depends on signals conveying information to a receiver who must perceive and decode them. Signals involved in territoriality are usually complex stimuli that should be correctly interpreted to avoid unnecessary conflicts. Lacertids use both visual and chemical stimuli in modulating their aggressive response against conspecifics and the rival's size is one of the most important information, affecting the success probability in a combat. To assess the actual ability of decoding information about rival's size based on its chemical stimulus alone, 60 males of Podarcis muralis were tested for three consecutive days in an arena bearing a mirror (to simulate an equal-sized intruder), and the chemical cues (femoral secretions) from an unknown individual of different size. Significant differences were observed in tongue-flicks number, which grew as the size difference between the focal lizard and the secretion donor decreased. This can be interpreted as the need for the lizard to better evaluate the potential competitor's characteristics. The size difference also affected the number of bites against the mirror, which increased when the size of the focal lizard was larger than the donor triggering the aggressive response with a higher probability of winning the contest, as expected if the focal lizard had correctly decoded the information about the opponent's size by chemical stimulus. Although previous studies have shown that some components of the chemical signals are potentially informative about the signaller's size, this is the first demonstration that male P. muralis are actually able to decode and use such information.</p>
Protein-lipid association in lizard chemical signals
<p>Most animal chemical signals comprise a complex mixture of compounds, each with its own chemical properties, which are combined to maximize signal efficacy in a given environment. Such blends forms integrated functional units hypothesized to be shaped by selective forces acting on the functional mixture as a whole, rather than on a single component.</p> <p>Chemical communication plays a pivotal role in lizards, and many species have developed specialized epidermal glands whose secretions are waxy, homogeneous blends of lipids and proteins used for intra- and inter-specific signalling. Lipids are historically considered the main semiochemical source, while proteins provide mere structural support to the lipophilic fraction. Recent discoveries, however, point towards a key signalling role for proteins, as well.</p> <p>The potential signalling functions of both proteins and lipids let use to hypothesise that they should undergo to a certain degree of integration. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the composition and complexity of the lipophilic and proteinaceous fractions of the epidermal gland secretions of 36 lizard species (Lacertidae), and combining quantitative, phylogenetically-informed analysis with tandem mass spectrometry to identify the proteins responsible for such a potential association.</p> <p>We found the composition and complexity of proteins and lipids to be strongly correlated. Protein composition was mostly influenced by the relative proportion of cholestanol, provitamin D<sub>3</sub>, stigmasterol, and tocopherol, while the complexity of the protein pattern increased with that of lipids. Additionally, two identified proteins (carbonic anhydrase and protein disulfide isomerase) increased their concentration as provitamin D<sub>3</sub> became more abundant.</p> <p>Our results validate the hypothesis of an integration between the lipid and protein fractions of lizard secretions. The prevalence of proteins with enzymatic properties suggests the integration to be more complex than previously thought: proteins may serve to modulate the efficacy, stability, and durability of the signal, by dynamically controlling the chemical environment of the blend. Likewise, we cannot exclude that proteins contribute to the semiochemical function of the mixture, maybe forming with lipids an individual-specific chemical profile.</p> <p>Here we present the original data not available from other, already published researches (i.e., protein electrophoretic profiles and lipid composition). Notably:</p> <p>LM8.xls = excel sheet reporting the percentage concentrations of the eight lipids specifically used to characterize the lipophilic fraction</p> <p>MSdata.zip = mass spectrometry raw files (in .mzXML format) obtained from the analysis of the three molecular weight region related to the increase in provitamin D<sub>3</sub> abundance.</p>
Thermoregulatory behavior varies with altitude and season in the sceloporine Mesquite lizard.
<p>In ectothermic vertebrates, body temperature is the factor that most affects physiology and behavior. Most ectotherms show limited physiological control of body temperature, so they use behavioral strategies to regulate and maintain a constant temperature within a range. The variation of environmental temperature due to altitude and seasonality could have a great impact on the regulation of body temperature in lizards, even more so in elevation gradients, in which environmental temperature decreases with elevation.</p> <p>We chose three populations of the lizard Sceloporus grammicus that inhabit along an altitudinal gradient at 2500, 3400, and 4100 m and compared some seasonal (spring, summer, and autumn) thermal traits:</p> <p>1. Body temperature in the field when the lizards were active<br> 2. The relationship between body, air, and substrate temperatures where they were first observed<br> 3. The temperature that they selected in a thermal gradient in laboratory conditions<br> 4. The precision of thermoregulation, the thermal quality of the environment, the effectiveness of thermoregulation, and the Blouin-Demers index<br> 5. The ambient temperatures available during the period of activity (Operative temperature)</p> <p>Thus, our data suggest that the thermal quality of the environment is low at higher altitudes and in summer, while lizards are capable of modifying their body temperature when they are active in the field and the temperature they select in the laboratory due to the effect of altitude and of the season, according to the requirements they have in each part of the year.</p>
How to estimate body condition in large lizards? Argentine black and white tegu (Salvator merianae, Duméril and Bibron, 1839) as a case study
<p>Body condition is a measure of the health and fitness of an organism represented by available energy stores, typically fat. Direct measurements of fat are difficult to obtain non-invasively, thus body condition is usually estimated by calculating body condition indices (BCIs) using mass and length. The utility of BCIs is contingent on the relationship of BCIs and fat, thereby validation studies should be performed to select the best-performing BCI before application in ecological investigations. We evaluated 11 BCIs in 883 Argentine black and white tegus (<em>Salvator</em> <em>merianae</em>) removed from their non-native range in South Florida, United States. Because the length-mass relationship in tegus is allometric, a segmented linear regression model was fit to the relationship between mass and length to define size classes. We evaluated percent, residual, and scaled fat and determined percent fat was the best measure of fat because it was the least associated with snout-vent length (SVL). We evaluated performance of BCIs with the full dataset and within size classes and identified Fulton's K as the best-performing BCI for our sampled population, explaining up to 19% of the variation in fat content. Overall, we found that BCIs: 1) maintained relatively weak relationships with measures of fat and 2) splitting data into size classes reduced the strength of the relationship (i.e., bias) between percent fat and SVL but did not improve the performance of BCIs. We postulate that the weak performance of BCIs in our dataset was likely due to the weak association of fat with SVL, the body plan and life-history traits of tegus, and potentially inadequate accounting of available energy resources. We caution against assuming that BCIs are strong indicators of body condition across species and suggest that validation studies be implemented, or that alternative or complementary measures of health or fitness should be considered.</p>
Distinct responses and range shifts of lizards populations across an elevational gradient under climate change
<p><span>Ongoing climate change has profoundly affected global biodiversity, but its impacts on populations across elevations remain understudied. </span><span>Using a mechanistic niche model incorporating species traits, we predicted ecophysiological responses (activity times, oxygen consumption and evaporative water loss) for lizard populations at high-elevation (< 3600 m asl) and extra-high-elevation (> 3600 m asl) under recent (1970–2000) and future (2081–2100) climates. Compared with their high-elevation counterparts, lizards from extra-high-elevations are predicted to experience a greater increase in activity time and oxygen consumption but a similar increase in evaporative water loss. By integrating these ecophysiological traits into a hybrid species distribution model (HSDM), we were able to make the following predictions under two warming scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP5-8.5). By 2081–2100, we predict that lizards at both high- and extra-high-elevations will shift upslope; lizards at extra-high-elevations will gain more and lose less habitat than will their high-elevation congeners. We therefore advocate the conservation of high-elevation species in the context of climate change, especially for those populations living close to their lower elevational range limits. In addition, b</span><span>y comparing the results from </span><span>HSDM and traditional species distribution models, we highlight the importance of </span><span>considering intraspecific variation and local adaptation in physiological traits along elevational gradients when forecasting species' future distributions under climate change</span><span>. </span></p>
Range restriction, climate variability, and human-related risks imperil lizards worldwide
Aims: Identifying major reasons for species imperilment is a necessary step for conservation, yet the degree to which we can generalize is hard for species-rich yet less-studied taxa, such as lizards. Here, we aim to bridge the gap by providing comprehensive analyses of the correlates and processes of species extinction and threats for global lizards. Location: Global Time period: Current Major taxa studied: Lizards Methods: We compiled a dataset comprising extinction risk status, six intrinsic traits, and seven extrinsic factors for 5256 lizard species. We carried out binomial distribution tests for 43 families and seven realms to check the non-randomness in species' extinction risk and then employed phylogenetic linear regressions to identify the key factors that relate to the extinction proneness of lizards and species subgroups. Based on the IUCN threat assessment, we identified major threats for global lizards and for major families and regions. Results: We found strong evidence of taxonomic and geographical non-randomness in the extinction risk of lizards. Geographical range size, human footprint and density, insular endemism, temperature and precipitation seasonality, and body size were key predictors of extinction risk, and the first three factors were also important across families and realms. Moreover, newly described species were more likely to have a restricted range size and a higher extinction risk. Globally, the most detrimental threat was habitat destruction, while overexploitation, species invasion, and climate change varied widely in importance among species groups. Main conclusions: Overall, we highlight the detrimental influences of range restriction, climate variability, and anthropogenic threats to species persistence. We suggest that lizards are potentially at high risk of extinction due to widespread human disturbance and species with extinction-prone traits require conservation prioritization. Moreover, lizards of different families and regions require different management strategies because of variation in extinction-risk correlates and threats. --
Microhabitat humidity rather than food availability drives thermo-hydroregulation responses to drought in a terrestrial lizard
<p>The content of this archive includes raw data and metadata for the paper "Microhabitat humidity rather than food availability drives thermo-hydroregulation responses to drought in a terrestrial lizard" by Bodineau et al. In this experimental study, we investigated how microclimate conditions and food availability influence thermo-hydroregulation strategies and body condition of lizards (Zootoca vivipara) during a simulated drought. We found that water restriction and food deprivation caused physiological alterations such as muscle catabolism and mobilization of caudal energy reserves. Lizards developed behavioural strategy to counteract water and food deprivation like decreased thermoregulation effort, higher shelter use and increased eye closure behaviours. Hydric quality of the shelter rather than food availability was the main modulator of trade-offs between thermoregulatory and hydroregulatory activities and an important buffer against the deleterious effects of water restriction. These original findings challenge the assumptions of mechanistic models of ectotherms, which are currently calibrated on the thermal biology of ectotherms. They demonstrate the urgent need to take into account the dual effect of warming and drought events, behavioural interactions between thermoregulation and hydroregulation and the buffering role of microclimatic conditions.</p>
Widespread introgression of MHC genes in Iberian Podarcis lizards
<p>Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes are crucial for the adaptive immune response of jawed vertebrates. Their variation, reaching extreme levels, is driven mainly by an arms race between hosts and pathogens. One hypothesized mechanism contributing to MHC polymorphism is adaptive introgression, the exchange of genetic variants between hybridizing species favoured by selection, yet its effect on MHC variation is poorly understood. Detection of adaptive MHC introgression, though challenging, may be facilitated by the analysis of species complexes forming multiple hybrid zones. Here, we investigated MHC introgression in six hybrid zones formed by seven species of <em>Podarcis</em> lizards inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula. To differentiate adaptive introgression from neutral introgression, we compared the patterns of gene exchange in MHC and genome-wide markers. We found elevated sharing of MHC alleles in the proximity of contact beyond the areas of detectable genome-wide admixture in most hybrid zones and, in half of them, asymmetric MHC exchange. In general, the elevated MHC allele sharing between species pairs with abutting ranges compared to geographically isolated species pairs also supports the prevalence of introgression. Collectively, our results demonstrate widespread MHC introgression in the Iberian <em>Podarcis</em> complex and suggest its adaptiveness. Contrary to previous results from <em>Triturus</em> newts, we did not observe differences in the rate of introgression between MHC classes. Our work adds support to the emerging view of adaptive introgression as a key mechanism shaping MHC diversity. It also raises questions about the effect of elevated MHC variation and factors leading to the asymmetry of adaptive introgression.</p>
Impacts of fungal disease on dyadic social interactions in a wild agamid lizard
<p><span>Emerging infectious fungal diseases are responsible for the extinction of myriad species across a range of phyla. As recently shown by the COVID-19 pandemic, social transmission can be key to disease spread, and in this context, humans are not alone in trying to be alone. In group-living species, individuals have been shown to use social behaviour to avoid infection; diseased individuals can isolate from the group, or healthy animals can avoid diseased conspecifics. However, to date, little is known about social behaviour as a mechanism to avoid fungal infection. In this study, we investigate the extent to which wild urban eastern water dragons (<em>Intellagama lesueurii</em>), a gregarious reptile, modify their social behaviour as a response to infection with a recently emerged infectious fungal disease, caused by the pathogen <em>Nannizziopsis barbatae</em>. Using individual data from a long-term study population inhabiting Roma Street Parkland in Brisbane's Central Business District (QLD, Australia) and focal sampling, we test whether dragons exhibit self-isolation and social distancing behaviours in the context of dyadic social approach events. Statistical analyses of data collected </span><span>from 633 observations of 123 unique individuals (78 non-diseased, 45 diseased) during 2020 – 2021 suggested that while the presence of the fungal disease had no effect on individuals' social behaviour, the severity of the fungal disease did significantly affect individuals' social behaviour. Specifically, we found that (i) diseased individuals were no less social than their non-diseased conspecifics, (ii) </span><span>non-diseased individuals did not avoid or spend less time with diseased conspecifics,</span><span> and (iii) models considering the severity of skin lesions caused by <em>Nannizziopsis barbatae, </em>instead of their presence or absence, suggested that individuals avoided more severely diseased conspecifics regardless of their own disease status</span><span>. </span><span> <span>These findings warrant further investigation, given the evidence that many species have displayed behavioural adaptations to disease, and the increasing risk posed by emerging infectious fungal diseases.</span></span></p>
Data from: Context-dependent thermolability of sex determination in a lacertid lizard with heteromorphic sex chromosomes
<p>Developmental conditions can profoundly impact key life history traits of the individual. In cases where offspring sex is driven by developmental reaction norms, permanent changes to the phenotype can fundamentally alter life history trajectories. Sex determination mechanisms in reptiles are remarkable diverse including well-characterized genetic and temperature-dependent sex determination. In rarer, but increasingly more commonly documented cases, sex can also be determined by a combination of the two, with temperature overriding the genetically determined sex. Thus, sex-by-temperature interactions is a mechanism that can be contextually labile, where reaction norms of sex against developmental environment might only be observable under certain conditions. We examine the effects of incubation temperature on hatchling sex in an oviparous lizard with clearly defined heteromorphic sex chromosomes presumed to determine sex solely on a genetic basis. We also test the repeatability of our results by replicating incubation experiments across three years. We show that warmer temperatures may override chromosomal sex and cause overproduction of daughters. However, this effect was inconsistent among years, with high temperature only resulting in a daughter-significant bias in one year. Warm-incubated daughters were more efficient at converting yolk into tissue, which would allow for greater resource allocation to other fitness-related processes, such as growth. This suggests that thermolabile sex determination could be a trait under selection. More energy-efficient embryos also produced faster-growing offspring, suggesting that energy utilization patterns of the embryo were maintained into the juvenile stage, which could have important implications for the ontogenetic development and evolution of life histories.</p>
Spiny tails and clades: A fully sampled phylogeny of hoplocercine lizards (Iguanidae/Hoplocercinae) and its taxonomic and nomenclatural implications
<p>Hoplocercine lizards (<em>Enyalioides</em>, <em>Morunasaurus</em>, and <em>Hoplocercus</em>) form a clade of ca. 20 currently recognized species. The phylogenetic relationships among hoplocercine lizards, whose members exhibit striking differences in morphology (e.g., spiny vs. non-spiny tails), have not been clearly resolved by previous molecular phylogenetic studies. We generated a considerably larger dataset including 130 new DNA sequences from one mitochondrial and four nuclear loci for all named and two unnamed species of Hoplocercinae. We analyzed the data under concatenated maximum likelihood (RAxML) and Bayesian (MrBayes) as well as summary coalescent (ASTRAL) approaches. While our phylogenetic hypotheses strongly supported the monophyly of Hoplocercinae, neither <em>Enyalioides</em> nor <em>Morunasaurus</em> was supported as monophyletic. Instead, <em>M. groi </em>was inferred with strong support to form a clade with<em> E. heterolepis </em>and<em> E. laticep</em>s. This clade was in turn the sister taxon to other species of <em>Morunasaurus</em> (<em>M. annularis, M. peruvianus</em>). The remaining species of Enyalioides formed a separate clade with a basal split between western (3 species) and eastern (13 species) subclades. Tree topology tests rejected the monophyly of <em>Enyalioides</em> but failed to reject monophyly of <em>Morunasaurus</em>, suggesting that further study is needed to resolve its taxonomic status. Based on our results, we establish the converted clade names Hoplocercinae, <em>Hoplocercus</em>, <em>Enyalioides</em>, and <em>Morunasaurus</em>, as well as the new clade name <em>Zimiamviasaurus</em>. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.