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opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Simulated results from an agent-based model examining inequality and innovation in social networks

Theories of innovation often balance contrasting views that either smart people create smart things or smartly constructed institutions create smart things. While population models have shown factors including population size, connectivity, and agent behavior as crucial for innovation, few have taken the individual-central approach seriously by examining the role individuals play within their groups. To explore how network structures influence not only population-level innovation but also performance among individuals, we studied an agent-based model of the Potions Task, a paradigm developed to test how structure affects a group's ability to solve a difficult exploration task. We explore how size, connectivity, and rates of information sharing in a network influence innovation and how these have an impact on the emergence of inequality in terms of agent contributions. We find, in line with prior work, population size has a positive effect on innovation, but that large and small populations perform similarly per capita; that many small groups outperform fewer large groups; that random changes to structure have few effects on innovation; and that the highest performing agents tend to occupy more central network positions. Moreover, we show that every network factor which facilitates innovation leads to a proportional increase in inequality of performance, creating "genius effects" among otherwise "dumb" agents in both idealized and real-world networks.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Descriptive Study on Nursing Students' Interest in Using Digital Communication and Social Media in their Field after Covid-19

This paper is about Descriptive study of nursing students' interest in using Digital communication in their field after Covid 19. Digital communication and social media have massive social interaction among community users that generate an extensive amount of data. The study was conducted in the faculty of nursing at Najran University, King Dome of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A descriptive correlational research design was followed in this study Sample: 300 nursing students. The first tool: is the interview sheet. Include two parts: Part (1) student personal data. Part (2) the nursing students' interest in Digital communication and social media. The second tool: - a questionnaire to Measure nursing students' knowledge about using Digital communication and social media in their field. Results: (74.7%) of nursing students were interested in Digital communication, and more than half (55.3 %) knew about Digital communication and social media, there's a statistical association between the academic level and students' interest. Provide special education about Digital communication to improve students' knowledge in the health field for using after covid 19, In-service Training for Various Digital communication and social media platforms. dissemination of the findings of this research study to the public and private healthcare organizations

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Supplementary material for "Does sociality affect evolutionary speed?"

This supplementary material contains Table 1 which summarises all evidence discussed throughout the paper and used to create Figure 3 in Socias-Martínez and Peckre (2023) Does sociality affect evolutionary speed?, Peer Community Journal, 3: XX. <a href="https://doi.org/10.24072/pcjournal.352">https://doi.org/10.24072/pcjournal.352</a>.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Enquête par questionnaire humanités "Manipuler des données en Sciences Humaines et Sociales (SHS) : R, Python, ou autre ?"

Ce sondage réalisé avec Framaform https://framaforms.org/manipuler-des-donnees-en-sciences-humaines-et-sociales-shs-r-python-ou-autre-1675889669 était destiné à tous les personnels impliqués dans la recherche et / ou l'enseignement en sciences humaines et sociales mobilisant du traitement de données (humanités numériques, sciences sociales computationnelles, etc.). Il a été diffusé sur la liste de diffusions DH, sur les sites de l'Observatoire des Humanités numériques de l'ENS PSL et de l'INSHS du CNRS.L'enquête visait à mieux connaître les usages de la programmation chez les chercheurs, enseignants-chercheurs, étudiants et personnels de soutien à la recherche. Les résultats obtenus permettent de proposer un état des lieux de l'existant afin d'accompagner et d'améliorer les pratiques en proposant des ressources pour s'informer ou se former.217 personnes ont répondu à cette enquête ce qui nous a permis de dresser un panorama réaliste des pratiques actuelles relevant de la programmation en SHS.Le fichier .json permet de recoder le nom des colonnes.Un notebook d'analyse est disponible ici : https://github.com/emilienschultz/digit_hum_2023/blob/main/2023_Digit_Hum_Exploration_sondage_v2.ipynb

opencc-by-4.0Oct 1996View details →

Fig. 4 in Social Behavior and Communication in the Neotropical Cicada Fidicina mannifera (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 4. Parallel walk display between two male Fidicina mannifera on the same tree trunk.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Number and proportion of social workers in the cantonal and national parliaments of Switzerland in 2024

Dieser Datensatz trägt für den Stichtag 1.1.2024 die Anzahl und Anteile von Sozialarbeitenden in allen 26 kantonalen Parlamenten sowie im nationalen Parlament (National- und Ständerat) der Schweiz zusammen. Die Anzahl und Anteile werden mit anderen Berufsangaben (z.B. Jurist:innen, Landwirt:innen, Lehrpersonen) verglichen. Die Berufsangaben wurden den kantonalen Staatskalendern oder den offiziellen Webseiten der jeweiligen Parlamente entnommen. Die Berufsangaben wurden von den jeweiligen Parlamentsmitgliedern selbst gemacht und sind teils nicht eindeutig zuzuordnen (z.B. "Unternehmer:in", "Geschäftsleiter:in" etc.). Für eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der Ergebnisse siehe: Kindler, T. (2024). Democratic advocacy: Representation of social workers in the cantonal and national parliaments of Switzerland. Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10413049

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Experimentally-seeded social cues in the wild: Costs to bearers and potential benefits to receivers

Conspecifics can provide social cues about the presence of key features of the surrounding environment, such as food or predators. Attending to social cues may therefore potentially benefit receivers, or at least be worth following. Yet, bearing social cues could also be costly, particularly if it increases the likelihood of close-range interaction with non-kin. Here, we experimentally-seeded social cues in the wild onto focal individuals of the social hermit crab (Coenobita compressus), testing (1) the 'potential benefits to receivers' hypothesis, which predicts that receivers will follow social cues to orient towards valuable resources, and (2) the 'costs to bearers' hypothesis, which predicts that bearers of social cues will experience direct (physical) costs or indirect (constrained movement) costs due to interaction with receivers. Consistent with hypothesis (1), in natural encounters, conspecifics that crossed paths frequently made antennal contact, potentially gathering social information at close range. In experiments, naïve conspecifics followed focal individuals bearing 'positive' social cues (about a valuable food resource) significantly more often than they followed individuals bearing less attractive ('neutral' or 'ambivalent') social cues, pointing to a potential benefit. Consistent with hypothesis (2), individuals bearing positive social cues incurred greater direct and indirect costs, being physically flipped more often and achieving shorter displacements compared to individuals bearing other social cues. We conclude that experimentally-seeded social cues in the wild can confer costs to bearers and potentially benefit receivers. Broadly, the costs of bearing social cues, revealed here, underscore the importance of not overlooking that social cues may be costly.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Recovery from social isolation requires dopamine in males, but not the autism-related gene nlg3 in either sex

Social isolation causes profound changes in social behaviour in a variety of species. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms modulating behavioural responses to social isolation and social recovery remain to be elucidated. Here, we quantified the behavioural response of vinegar flies to social isolation using two distinct protocols (social space preference and spontaneous tendencies to form groups). We found that social isolation increased social space and reduced sociability. These effects of social isolation were reversible and could be reduced after 3 days of group housing. Flies with a loss of function of neuroligin3 (ortholog of autism-related neuroligin genes) with known increased social space in a socially enriched environment, were still able to recover from social isolation. We also show that dopamine is needed for a response to social isolation and recovery in males but not in females. Furthermore, only in males, dopamine levels are reduced after isolation and are not recovered after group housing. Finally, in socially enriched flies mutant for neuroligin3, dopamine levels are reduced in males, but not in females. We propose a model to explain how dopamine and neuroligin3 are involved in the behavioural response to social isolation and its recovery in a dynamic and sex-specific manner.

opencc-byDec 2020View details →

Altar a Lxs Caídxs de la Revuelta Social

Altar "Homenaje a lxs caídxs de la Revuelta Social". "Un Altar para mantener vivo el recuerdo de quienes luchando nos han dejado de la mano de la represión estatal pero queremos mantener viva su memoria." Su realizacion estuvo a cargo de @julianherrerosrivera y @tamara.estay, junto a Maria Jose Cornejo y Ricardo Morales. Actualmente en el Museo del Estallido Social https://museodelestallidosocial.org/ Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

Data from: Stress-induced loss of social resilience in honeybee colonies and its implications on fitness

Stressors may lead to a shift in the timing of life-history events of species causing a mismatch with optimal environmental conditions, potentially reducing fitness. In honeybees, the timing of brood rearing and nest emergence in late winter/early spring is critical, as colonies need to grow fast after winter to prepare for reproduction. However, the effects of stress on these life-history events in late winter/early spring and the possible consequences are not well understood. Therefore, we tested whether (1) honeybee colonies shift timing of brood rearing and nest emergence as a response to stressors, and (2) if there is a consequent loss of social resilience, reflected in colony fitness (survival, growth and reproduction). We monitored stressed (high load of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor or nutrition-restricted) colonies and presumably non-stressed colonies from the beginning of 2020 till the spring of 2021. We found that honeybee colonies do not shift the timing of brood rearing and nest emergence in spring as a coping mechanism to stressors. However, we show that there is a loss of social resilience in stressed colonies, leading to reduced growth and reproduction. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the effects of stressors on social resilience in eusocial organisms.

Data from: Jeans and language: social networks and reproductive success are associated with the adoption of outgroup norms

Traditional norms of human societies in rural China may have changed due to population expansion, rapid development of the tourism economy and globalization since the 1990s; people from different ethnic groups might adopt cultural traits from outside their group or lose their own culture at different rates. Human behavioural ecology can help to explain adoption of outgroup cultural values. We compared the adoption of four cultural values, specifically speaking outgroup languages/mother tongue and wearing jeans, in two co-residing ethnic groups, the Mosuo and Han. Both groups are learning outgroup traits, including each other's languages through contact in economic activities, education and social networks, but only the Mosuo are starting to lose their own language. Males are more likely to adopt outgroup values than females in both groups. Females of the two groups are no different in speaking Mandarin and wearing jeans, whereas males do differ, with Mosuo males being keener to adopt them than Han males. The reason might be that Mosuo men experience more reproductive competition over mates than others, as Mosuo men have larger reproductive skews than others. Moreover, Mosuo men but not others gain fitness benefits from the adoption of Mandarin (they start reproducing earlier than non-speakers). This article is part of the theme issue 'Social norm change: from evolution to policy intervention'.

Data for: What you have, not who you know: food-enhanced social capital and changes in social behavioural relationships in a non-human primate

Social network position in non-human primates has far-reaching fitness consequences. Critically, social networks are both heterogenous and dynamic, meaning an individual's current network position is likely to change due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, our understanding of the drivers of changes in social network position is largely confined to opportunistic studies. Experimental research on the consequences of in situ, controlled network perturbations is limited. Here we conducted a food-based experiment in rhesus macaques to assess whether allowing an individual the ability to provide high-quality food to her group changed her social behavioural relationships. We considered both her social network position across five behavioural networks, as well as her dominance and kin interactions. We found that gaining control over a preferential food resource had far-reaching social consequences. There was an increase in both submission and aggression centrality and changes in the socio-demographic characteristics of her agonistic interaction partners. Further, we found that her grooming balance shifted in her favour as she received more grooming than she gave. Together, these results provide a novel, preliminary insight into how in situ, experimental manipulations can modify social network position and point to broader network-level shifts in both social capital and social power.

Data from: Social stability via management of natal males in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Keystone individuals are expected to disproportionately contribute to group stability. For instance, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) who police conflict contribute towards stability. Not all individuals' motivations align with mechanisms of group stability. In wild systems, males typically disperse at maturity and attempt to ascend via contest competition. In a captive system, dispersal is not naturally enabled – individuals attempt to ascend in their natal groups, which can be enabled by matrilineal kin potentially destabilizing group dynamics. We relocated select high-ranking natal males from five groups and assessed group stability before and after. We quantified hierarchical metrics at the individual and group level. After removal, we found significantly higher aggression against the established hierarchy (reversals), indicative of opportunistic attempts to change the hierarchy. Mixed-sex social signaling became more hierarchical, but the strength of this effect varied. Stable structure was not uniformly reached across the groups and alpha males did not all benefit. Indiscriminate natal male removal is an unreliable solution to group instability. Careful assessment of how natal males are embedded within their group is necessary to balance individual and group welfare.

Facultative symbiont virulence determines horizontal transmission rate without host specificity in Dictyostelium discoideum social amoebas

In facultative symbioses, only a fraction of hosts are associated with symbionts. Specific host and symbiont pairings may be the result of host-symbiont coevolution driven by reciprocal selection, or priority effects pertaining to which potential symbiont became associated with a host first. Distinguishing between these possibilities is important for understanding the evolutionary forces that affect facultative symbioses. We used the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and its symbiont Paraburkholderia bonniea to determine whether ongoing coevolution affects which host-symbiont strain pairs naturally co-occur within a facultative symbiosis. Relative to other Paraburkholderia, including another symbiont of D. discoideum, P. bonniea features a reduced genome size that indicates a significant history of coevolution with its host. We hypothesized that ongoing host-symbiont coevolution would lead to higher fitness for naturally co-occurring (native) host and symbiont pairings compared to novel pairings. We show for the first time that P. bonniea symbionts can horizontally transmit to new amoeba hosts when hosts aggregate together during the social stage of their life cycle. Here we find evidence for a virulence-transmission trade-off without host specificity. Although symbiont strains were significantly variable in virulence and horizontal transmission rate, hosts and symbionts responded similarly to associations in native and novel pairings. We go on to identify candidate virulence factors in the genomes of P. bonniea strains that may contribute to variation in virulence. We conclude that ongoing coevolution is unlikely for D. discoideum and P. bonniea. The system instead appears to represent a stable facultative symbiosis in which naturally co-occurring P. bonniea host and symbiont pairings are the result of priority effects.

Ontogeny of superorganisms: Social control of queen specialization in ants

The functioning of biological systems relies on the cooperation of specialized components and understanding the processes that produce such specialization is a major challenge in biology. Here we study the ontogeny of biological systems at a new phenotypic level: the superorganisms (i.e., insect societies with specialized individuals). We investigate how founding queens, the earliest developmental stage of ant colonies, transition from expressing behavioral pluripotency to becoming strictly specialized in egg production. We demonstrate that the presence of workers both initiates and maintains this queen specialization and propose that such a social control of queen behavior is common in ants and regulated by ancestral mechanisms. These findings contradict the traditional view of social insect queens as being intrinsically specialized in egg production and may reshape our understanding of division of labor in insect societies.

Social network shrinking is explained by active and passive effects but not increasing selectivity with age in wild macaques

Evidence of social disengagement, network narrowing, and social selectivity with advancing age in several non-human animals challenges our understanding of the causes of social ageing. Natural animal populations are needed to test whether social ageing and selectivity occur under natural predation and extrinsic mortality pressures, and longitudinal studies are particularly valuable to disentangle the contribution of within-individual ageing from the demographic processes that shape social ageing at the population level. Data on wild Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) were collected between 2013 and 2020 at the Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. We investigated the social behaviour of 61 adult females observed for 13,270 hours to test several mechanistic hypotheses of social ageing and evaluated the consistency between patterns from mixed-longitudinal and within-individual analyses. With advancing age, females reduced the size of their social network, which could not be explained by an overall increase in the time spent alone, but by an age-related decline in mostly active, but also passive, behaviour, best demonstrated by within-individual analyses. A selective tendency to approach preferred partners was maintained into old age but did not increase. Our results contribute to our understanding of the driver of social ageing in natural animal populations and suggest that social disengagement and selectivity follow independent trajectories during ageing.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2024View details →

Analyzing Linguistic Patterns in the Social Media Discourse of Juan Guaidó and Nicolás Maduro during the 2019 Political Conflict in Venezuela - research data

In this paper, the political conflict in Venezuela in 2019 is approached from a corpus linguistic point of view. The conflict between Juan Guaidó, the speaker of the parliament, and Nicolás Maduro, who won the internationally unrecognized 2018 presidential election, escalated on January 23, 2019, when Guaidó proclaimed himself the legitimate president of Venezuela. By comparatively analyzing the tweets of the two politicians three months before and after January 23, 2019, a corpus-based discourse analysis will be conducted to investigate whether and to what extent linguistic patterns (especially most frequent words and their co-occurrences, as well as n-grams) change within the respective social media communication of these political opponents. The analysis reveals changes in linguistic patterns, especially with respect to co-occurrences and n-grams, detected in the corpus data, and demonstrates that politicians use Twitter to present themselves, in the case of Guaidó, as the representative of the people wanting to lead Venezuela into a democratic future, and, in the case of Maduro, as the only legitimate president and defender of Venezuela against internal and external threats.

Social association of monk parakeets in relation to proximity and relatedness

Monk parakeets are social parrots that live in loose colonies, often building communal nests and breeding cooperatively. Relatives are clustered within nests and within colonies. Data was collected to test the hypothesis that social associations of monk parakeets when away from their nests (foraging, collecting nest material, etc) are driven by either the spatial proximity of their nests and/or by their relatedness. The dataset includes information on the identities of all birds that could potentially associate with a focal bird when away from their respective nests, an index of their association strength (calculated using the simple ratio index), the distance between their respective nests, the dyadic relatedness of the birds estimated using microsatellite genotypes, the number of times the two birds were seen together, and the total number of times the focal bird was observed. Data are separated into different files according to the year of data collection (2018 or 2019) to avoid pseudoreplication. Additional files exclude data from each year collected at a feeding station; these data files relate to a conservative anlaysis in case the supply of supplementary food affected social associations. An additional file contains data only for birds whose nests were in the same tree; this file was for an analysis of the effect of relatedness on social association while controlling for nest proximity. Finally, a file is also included that contains the 2018 as described above, but with dyads defined by sex (male-male, female-male or female-male). Each data file relates to a specific analysis in the paper. The conclusion is that monk parakeets do have specific social associations with conspecifics, and that these are infleuenced by nest proximity but not by genetic relatedness.

Data from: Heat stress conditions affect the social network structure of free‐ranging sheep

Extreme weather conditions, like heatwave events, are becoming more frequent with climate change. Animals often modify their behaviour to cope with environmental changes and extremes. During heat stress conditions, individuals change their spatial behaviour and increase the use of shaded areas to assist with thermoregulation. Here, we suggest that for social species, these behavioural changes and ambient conditions have the potential to influence an individual's position in its social network, and the social network structure as a whole. We investigated whether heat stress conditions (quantified through the temperature humidity index) and the resulting use of shaded areas, influence the social network structure and an individual's connectivity in it. We studied this in free‐ranging sheep in the arid zone of Australia, GPS‐tracking all 48 individuals in a flock. When heat stress conditions worsened, individuals spent more time in the shade and the network was more connected (higher density) and less structured (lower modularity). Furthermore, we then identified the behavioural change that drove the altered network structure and showed that an individual's shade use behaviour affected its social connectivity. Interestingly, individuals with intermediate shade use were most strongly connected (degree, strength, betweenness), indicating their importance for the connectivity of the social network during heat stress conditions. Heat stress conditions, which are predicted to increase in severity and frequency due to climate change, influence resource use within the ecological environment. Importantly, our study shows that these heat stress conditions also affect the animal's social environment through the changed social network structure. Ultimately, this could have further flow on effects for social foraging and individual health since social structure drives information and disease transmission.