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1,630 results for “Stepping”
Fig. 1 in A new piece in the puzzle for the riverine slugs of the Acochlidiidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Acochlidimorpha) helps tracing steps of their freshwater invasion
Fig. 1 Type locality and living specimens of Wallacellia siputbiru n. gen. n. sp. and 3D reconstruction of complete paratype. A Map of Ambon Island with type locality (red dot). A′ Location of Ambon within Indonesia (insert). B Photograph of type locality (about 300 m upstream from collecting site). C, C′, C″ Living specimens crawling on the wall of a glass of water. C Dorsal view, asterisk indicates position of mantle "hood." C′, C″ Ventral views, note enlarged right rhinophore. D Preserved paratype embedded in Epon epoxy resin (left view). Note blue-green coloration. E 3D-reconstructed paratype, anterior right view, showing enlarged right rhinopore and copulatory organ. F Paratype, right view, overview of organ systems, body outline shown transparent. Abbreviations: cop, copulatory organ; dg, digestive gland; ey, eye; ft., foot; go, gonad; hf, headfoot; kd, kidney; lt (right), labial tentacle; nd, nephroduct; pc, pericardium; rh (right), rhinophore; vs, visceral sac. Scale bars: F 5 km, A′ 500 km, E 500 μm, F 1 mm. Map data: Creative Commons, Esri, NASA, NGA, USGS/Esri, HERE, Garmin, METI/NASA, USGS
Figures 1–4 in Taxonomy as the first step towards conservation: an appraisal on the taxonomy of medium- and large-sized Neotropical mammals in the 21 century
Figures 1–4. Distribution of (1) body size, (2) longevity, (3) gestation length, and (4) female maturity of Neotropical species clustered per order. Data based on Myhrvold et al. (2015). Black vertical lines indicate the median. Red dashed lines are reference values. Note that some species of Rodentia are also classified as medium and large mammals (MLM); see the text.
Figures 7–10 in Taxonomy as the first step towards conservation: an appraisal on the taxonomy of medium- and large-sized Neotropical mammals in the 21 century
Figures 7–10. Examples of recent taxonomic changes in Neotropical medium and large mammals. For each taxon, maps on the left refer to distribution by IUCN and on the right refer to current literature (see Table 1). Split of greater long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus kappleri) into three species (7); of Brazilian porcupine (Coendou prehensilis) into four taxa (8); of pampas cats (Leopardus colocola) into five species (9), and of tapeti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis) into numerous species (10). Among those examples, the cottontails (Sylvilagus) are the only ones that had their conservation status reevaluated by the IUCN, leading to the recognition of a new threat scenario. The remaining taxa are all pending a (re)evaluation (PE). Note the drastic reduction in the geographic range of L. colocola, C. prehensilis, and most species of Sylvilagus.
Summary of steps from Phytophthora colocasiae isolation and identification to mycelium production
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FIGURE 2 in Second-step lectotypification of the name Taxus chienii (Taxaceae)
FIGURE 2. Lectotype of Taxus chienii W.C. Cheng. Photo by Zhou Wei.
Datasets temperature, sunlight hours and daily steps
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Data from: Experiments on the role of deleterious mutations as stepping stones in adaptive evolution
Many evolutionary studies assume that deleterious mutations necessarily impede adaptive evolution. However, a later mutation that is conditionally beneficial may interact with a deleterious predecessor before it is eliminated, thereby providing access to adaptations that might otherwise be inaccessible. It is unknown whether such sign-epistatic recoveries are inconsequential events or an important factor in evolution, owing to the difficulty of monitoring the effects and fates of all mutations during experiments with biological organisms. Here, we used digital organisms to compare the extent of adaptive evolution in populations when deleterious mutations were disallowed with control populations in which such mutations were allowed. Significantly higher fitness levels were achieved over the long term in the control populations because some of the deleterious mutations served as stepping stones across otherwise impassable fitness valleys. As a consequence, initially deleterious mutations facilitated the evolution of complex, beneficial functions. We also examined the effects of disallowing neutral mutations, of varying the mutation rate, and of sexual recombination. Populations evolving without neutral mutations were able to leverage deleterious and compensatory mutation pairs to overcome, at least partially, the absence of neutral mutations. Substantially raising or lowering the mutation rate reduced or eliminated the long-term benefit of deleterious mutations, but introducing recombination did not. Our work demonstrates that deleterious mutations can play an important role in adaptive evolution under at least some conditions.
Data from: Epigenetic divergence as a potential first step in darter speciation
Recent studies show that epigenetic variation in the form of DNA methylation may serve as a substrate for selection. Theory suggests that heritable epigenetic marks that increase fitness should increase in frequency in a population, and these changes may result in novel morphology, behaviour, or physiology, and ultimately reproductive isolation. Therefore, epigenetic variation might provide the first substrate for selection during the course of evolutionary divergence. This hypothesis predicts that populations in the earliest stages of divergence will differentiate in their methylome prior to any genetic differentiation. While several studies have investigated natural epigenetic variation, empirical studies that test predictions about its role in speciation are surprisingly scarce. Here, we investigate DNA methylation variation using an isoschizomeric digest method, Methyl-Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism, across multiple stages of evolutionary divergence in natural populations of North American stream fishes. We show that epigenetic differentiation between methylomes is greater than genetic divergence among closely related populations across two river drainages. Additionally, we demonstrate that epigenetic divergence is a stronger predictor of the strength of behavioural reproductive isolation and suggest that changes in the methylome could influence the evolution of reproductive isolation between species. Our findings suggest a role for epigenetics not only in the initiation of divergence, but also in the maintenance of species boundaries over greater evolutionary timescales.
Simulation Circuits for A Time-Domain Approach to Electrical Impedance Tomography using Numerical Analysis of the Step Response
<p>SImulation circuits for the paper of the same name presented in the conference.</p>
Full year of consistent Direct Normal Irradiance data at 1-min, 10-min and 1-hour time steps.
<p>Full year of consistent Direct Normal Irradiance data at 1-min, 10-min and 1-hour time steps. The consistency is obtained by building the 10-min and 1-hour time step years from the 1-min year. The measurements correspond to the year 2016 and were taken by the meteorological station of the Group of Thermodynamics and Renewable Energy (GTER) of the University ofSeville.</p> <p>The geographical coordinates of the measurement station are: Latitude: 37º24’42’’ North, Longitude: -6º 00’21’’ East.</p> <p>This measurement station measures solar DNI with a sampling and logging frequency of 0.2 Hz and an ISO first class EppleyNIP pyrheliometer mounted on a sun tracker Kipp and Zonen 2AP.</p>
MagNetUS 2021 - Day 3 - PC Report Out of Breakout Room Discussions, Discussion of Next Steps
<p>MagNetUS 2021 - Day 3</p> <p>PC Report Out of Breakout Room Discussions, Discussion of Next Steps</p>
Figure 3 from: Guralnick RP, Cellinese N, Deck J, Pyle RL, Kunze J, Penev L, Walls R, Hagedorn G, Agosti D, Wieczorek J, Catapano T, Page EDM (2015) Community Next Steps for Making Globally Unique Identifiers Work for Biocollections Data. ZooKeys 494: 133-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.494.9352
Figure 3 - Identifier schemes differ in whether redirections and mappings to ensure stability are centrally managed or not. Top: a DOI dereferencing service like CrossRef or Datacite redirects to the actual content provider; the URIs of content data and RDF metadata are publicly visible and can be used as independent (albeit often unstable) identifiers. Bottom: A linked open data pattern, where each content provider assumes the responsibility for maintaining a stable mapping; the content negotiation is internal. Modified after Hagedorn 2013.
Figure 2 from: Guralnick RP, Cellinese N, Deck J, Pyle RL, Kunze J, Penev L, Walls R, Hagedorn G, Agosti D, Wieczorek J, Catapano T, Page EDM (2015) Community Next Steps for Making Globally Unique Identifiers Work for Biocollections Data. ZooKeys 494: 133-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.494.9352
Figure 2 - Example of a PURL-URI as a QR-Code, in this example attached to a digitised lichen type specimen in the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo. The QR-Code corresponds to http://purl.org/nhmuio/id/c1a8b878-a4f9-448b-be00-26cbad58b11c.
Figure 1 from: Guralnick RP, Cellinese N, Deck J, Pyle RL, Kunze J, Penev L, Walls R, Hagedorn G, Agosti D, Wieczorek J, Catapano T, Page EDM (2015) Community Next Steps for Making Globally Unique Identifiers Work for Biocollections Data. ZooKeys 494: 133-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.494.9352
Figure 1 - Example of UUIDs embedded within QR-Codes on microcentrifuge tube labels. The 5 mm × 5 mm QR-Codes (Version 2) are printed with a standard laser printer on sheets of self-adhesive 9 mm dots, and scan reliably with a standard barcode reader, while still providing room for a human-readable 5-character prefix + 5-digit number (the human-readable number and UUID are permanently cross-linked in the data management system). Photo: Robert K. Whitton.
Figure 5 from: Oeyen JP, Wesener T (2015) Steps towards a phylogeny of the pill millipedes: non-monophyly of the family Protoglomeridae, with an integrative redescription of Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis (Diplopoda, Glomerida). In: Tuf IH, Tajovský K (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Myriapodology, Olomouc, Czech Republic. ZooKeys 510: 49-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.510.8675
Figure 5 - Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis (Strasser, 1965) male and female, SEM. A Leg-pair 1, male, right side, posterior view B Leg-pair 2, female, right side, posterior view C Leg-pair 2, male, left side, posterior view D Leg-pair 2, female, right vulva, ventral view E Leg-pair 2, male gonopore, posterior view F Leg-pair 9, male, right side, posterior view G Leg-pair 17, left side, anterior view H Leg-pair 18, right side, posterior view I Telopod with syncoxite, anterior view J Telopod, inner horn of syncoxite K Telopod, posterior view. Abbreviations: Cx = Coxa; Pre = Prefemur; Fem = Femur; Post = Postfemur; Tib = Tibia; Tar = Tarsus; Vu = Vulva; Go = Gonopore; Mp = Median plate; Lp = Lateral plate; Op = Operculum; 1-4 = Podomere 1-4; cL = Central lobe; h = Inner horn; Scx = Syncoxite; Tr = Trichostele. Scale bar: 400 μm (A, B); 250 μm (C); 100 μm (D, H); 25 μm (E); 200 μm (F, I); 150 μm (G, K); 50 μm (J).
Figure 4 from: Oeyen JP, Wesener T (2015) Steps towards a phylogeny of the pill millipedes: non-monophyly of the family Protoglomeridae, with an integrative redescription of Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis (Diplopoda, Glomerida). In: Tuf IH, Tajovský K (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Myriapodology, Olomouc, Czech Republic. ZooKeys 510: 49-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.510.8675
Figure 4 - Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis (Strasser, 1965) male, SEM. A Thoracic shield, dorso-lateral view B Thoracic shield, meso-lateral C Thoracic shield, schism detail, ventro-lateral view D Tergite, detail of peg, antero-lateral view E Tergite, detail of depression, lateral view F Tergite, ventral view G Tergite, dorso-lateral view H Tergite, ozopore, dorsal view I Collum, dorsal view J Tergite 11 and anal shield, detail of furrow, ventro-lateral view K Tergite 11 and anal shield, left side, anterior view L Tergite 11 and anal shield, right side, posterior view. Abbreviations: AS = Anal shield; Dp = Depression; F = Furrow; Oz = Ozopore; LDp = Lateral depression; P = Peg; Sch = Schisma; stri = striae; T11 = Tergite 11. Arrows point anteriorly. Scale bar: 400 μm (A, H, I, K, L); 300 μm (B, F); 100 μm (C, D, J); 50 μm (E); 500 μm (G).
Figure 3 from: Oeyen JP, Wesener T (2015) Steps towards a phylogeny of the pill millipedes: non-monophyly of the family Protoglomeridae, with an integrative redescription of Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis (Diplopoda, Glomerida). In: Tuf IH, Tajovský K (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Myriapodology, Olomouc, Czech Republic. ZooKeys 510: 49-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.510.8675
Figure 3 - Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis (Strasser, 1965) male, SEM. A Head, frontal view B Head, ventral view C Head, detail of lateral area D Antenna, posterior viewE Antenna, antennomere 6 and 7 F Antenna, apical edge of antennomere 3 G Mandible, mesal view H Gnathochilarium, ventral view I Endochilarium, dorsal view J Gnathochilarium, lateral and inner palpi, dorsal view K Endochilarium, detail of median area, dorsal view. Abbreviations: 1-7 = Antennal segments number 1-7; 4iT = 4-combed inner tooth; AC = Apical cone; AF = Antennal fossa; Ca = Cardine; Co = Condylus; cP = Central pads; CT = Central tooth; eT = External tooth; fS = fringed seam; Gu = Gula; iA = Intermediate area; iL = Incisura lateralis; iP = Inner palpi; L = Labrum; LL = Lamella linguales; LP = Lateral palpi; M = Mentum; MP = Molar plate; O = Ocellaria; O1-O4 = Ocelli 1-4; pL = Pectinate lamellae; pmL = paramedian lobe; TO = Organ of Tömösváry; SC = Sensory clusters; St = Stipites. Arrows mark sensilla basiconica. Scale bar: 400 μm (A, B); 200 μm (C); 150 μm (D); 25 μm (E); 10 μm (F); 100 μm (G); 250 μm (H, I); 40 μm (J); 50 μm (K).
Figure 2 from: Oeyen JP, Wesener T (2015) Steps towards a phylogeny of the pill millipedes: non-monophyly of the family Protoglomeridae, with an integrative redescription of Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis (Diplopoda, Glomerida). In: Tuf IH, Tajovský K (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Myriapodology, Olomouc, Czech Republic. ZooKeys 510: 49-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.510.8675
Figure 2 - Maximum likelihood bootstrap consensus tree. Members of the family Protoglomeridae are marked in bold.
Figure 1 from: Oeyen JP, Wesener T (2015) Steps towards a phylogeny of the pill millipedes: non-monophyly of the family Protoglomeridae, with an integrative redescription of Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis (Diplopoda, Glomerida). In: Tuf IH, Tajovský K (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Myriapodology, Olomouc, Czech Republic. ZooKeys 510: 49-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.510.8675
Figure 1 - Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis (Strasser, 1965) female in situ and habitat. A Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis female rolled up, in situ B Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis female in situ C Habitat of Eupeyerimhoffia archimedis, close to the type locality Ferla.
Supplementary material 2 from: Barroso M, Moreira J, Capa M, Nygren A, Parapar J (2022) A further step towards the characterisation of Terebellides (Annelida, Trichobranchidae) diversity in the Northeast Atlantic, with the description of a new species. ZooKeys 1132: 85-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.91244
List of COI sequences considered in present study
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Allen Brain Atlas
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