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doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g010 in An Unusual New Theropod with a Didactyl Manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g010

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g003 in An Unusual New Theropod with a Didactyl Manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g003

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g007 in An Unusual New Theropod with a Didactyl Manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g007

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g005 in An Unusual New Theropod with a Didactyl Manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g005

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g004 in An Unusual New Theropod with a Didactyl Manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g004

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

Figure 9 in Pendraig milnerae , a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales

Figure 9. Life reconstruction of P. milnerae gen. et sp. nov. among the fissures of Pant-y-ffynnon and three individuals of the rhynchocephalian lepidosaur Clevosaurus cambrica during the Late Triassic. Artwork by James Robbins.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

FIG. 12. — Specimen B3 in New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)

FIG. 12. — Specimen B3, anterior cervical vertebra of an indeterminate Allosauroidea from Callovian or Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and left lateral (C) views.Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpol, centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; cprf, centroprezygapohyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; plr, pleurocoel; po, postzygapophysis; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pp, parapophysis; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa; sprf, spinoprezygapohyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in Allometric growth in the frontals of the Mongolian theropod dinosaur Tarbosaurus bataar

Fig. 2. Measurement parameters used in study, with frontal of Tarbosaurus bataar Maleev, 1955a (MPC-D 107/22), from Bugiin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Maastrichtian, as an example. Measurement parameters in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), medial (A3), and lateral (A4) views. 1, width of the nasal process; 2, width of the prefrontal suture; 3, width of the lacrimal socket; 4, length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture; 5, width of the frontal between medial edge of the orbital slot and the midline; 6, width of the frontal between the most lateral point of the posterior shelf and the midline; 7, length of the dorsotemporal fossa between the middle of the dorsotemporal ridge and the frontoparietal suture; 8, length of the brain between most anterior point of the olfactory bulb fossa and the most posterior point of the cerebral fossa; 9, depth of the frontal at the region that is immediately anterior to the most anterior point of the sagittal crest; 10, length of the postorbital suture between the most anterior point of the anterior part and the most posterior point of the posterior part of the suture; 11, dorsoventral depth of the anterior part of the postorbital suture; 12, dorsoventral depth of the posterior part of the postorbital suture. The same numbers appear in Figs. 3–5 and Table 1.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2011View details →

Fig. 2 in Large theropod dinosaur footprint associations in western Gondwana: Behavioural and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Schematic Mesozoic chronostratigraphy for the Hualhuani and Chacarilla formations, with the expected relative positions of the track−bearing strata.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2011View details →

Fig. 1 in A reassessment of Kelmayisaurus petrolicus, a large theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China

Fig. 1. Left maxilla (A) and left dentary (B) of carcharodontosaurid theropod Kelmayisaurus petrolicus Dong, 1973 (IVPP V 4022, China, Lianmugin Formation, Lower Cretaceous). Photographs in lateral (A1, B1), medial (A2, B2), ventral (A3), and dorsal (B3) views. Scale bars 5 cm. Designation "d" refers to dentary tooth, designation "m" refers to maxillary tooth position. Dorsal view of dentary shows tooth row only.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2008View details →

Fig. 6 in Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger

Fig. 6. Abelisaurid theropod Kryptops palaios gen. et sp. nov. MNN GAD1−5 from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger. Mid dorsal vertebra, spine in left lateral (A, B) and posterior (C, D) views, and centrum in anterior view (E, F). Photographs (A, C, E) and line drawings (B, D, F). Cross−hatching indicates broken bone.

FIG. 4. Interactive musculoskeletal modeling and simulation involves 4 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 4. Interactive musculoskeletal modeling and simulation involves 4 steps: (1) Computed tomography (CT) scanning, (2) dissection, (3) measurement of kinematics, and (4) measurement of all external forces. Modified from Heers, et al., 2016, 2018.

FIG. 2 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 2. Simplified drawings of the crania of early-diverging pennaraptorans. A. Yi. Qualitative reconstruction of STM 31-2, modified from Xu et al. (2015). B. Epidexipteryx. Qualitative reconstruction of IVPP V15471, modified from Zhang et al. (2008). C. Incisivosaurus. Qualitative reconstruction of IVPP V13326, modified from Xu et al. (2002). D. Citipati. Qualitative reconstruction of IGM 100/978, modified from Clark et al. (2002). Scale is 1 cm.

FIG. 4 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 4. Phylomorphospace of hand evolution in Maniraptora. Phylogeny mapped over the scores of the first three principal components of shape. Color coding is consistent with figure 2. Asterisk indicates juvenile enantiornithine NIGP 130723 (Chiappe et al. 2007).

FIG. 6 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 6. Ancestral area estimation applying the DIVALIKE+J model with starting constraints to a dated coelurosaurian phylogeny (above and following two pages). Green shading denotes the period when the Apulian route (AR) connected northeast Africa and southwest Europe, while red shadings denote Bering land bridge (BLB) connections. The blue line denotes the time of separation between Laurasia and Gondwana (SL-G), while the yellow line denotes the time of separation between South America and Africa (SSA-A).

FIG. 4. Hypothesis 4 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 4. Hypothesis 4, Cretaceous North America–Asia faunal exchanges. This includes both the Early and Late Cretaceous establishments of the Bering land bridge. The green arrowed line denotes the approximate dispersal directions and route. Dotted lines denote paleogeography at 110 Ma, solid lines denote paleogeography at 75 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; AO, Atlantic Ocean; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.

FIG. 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 1. Flight feather morphology across paravian phylogeny (modified from Feo et al., 2015). Early-diverging taxa (indicated by dashed pink lines) exhibit flight feather trailing edges characterized by narrow angles of barb-to-rachis attachment. The crownlike condition (broad angles of barb-to-rachis trailing edge attachment; blue dashed lines) arose on the internode subtending Ornithothoraces, and may have conferred a more flexible trailing edge of the wing during flight in order to increase feather-to-feather contact and maintenance of a coherent wing surface in flight during active downstrokes. Silhouettes from phylopic.org.

FIG. 4 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 4. Major evolutionary transformations in the avian furcula, coracoid and sternum, and manus in context of a simplified phylogeny, as documented in A. Archaeopteryx, B. Jeholornis, C. Confuciusornis, D. Sapeornis, E. Early Cretaceous Enantiornithes (Parabohaiornis), and F. Early Cretaceous Ornithuromorpha (Yanornis). Generally during early avian evolution, the furcula, coracoid, and sternum become more craniocaudally elongate, while the manual digits become reduced and fusion between the metacarpals increases. Illustrations not to scale.

FIG. 4. A in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 4. A wide range of bacterial morphotypes observed in the decay experiments. Bacteria are shown in false colors in the SEM images: A, Club rods; B, E, spirochaetes; C, N, actinomycetes; D, flagellated vibrio; F, fusiform G, H, curved vibrio; I, J, O, cocci and coccobacilli; and K, M, bacilli; L, streptobacilli. Scale bars = 5 μm.

FIG. 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 3. Simplified phylogenetic hypothesis of theropod dinosaurs showing the tooth-reduction patterns in different clades (modified from Wang et al., 2014a, 2017a, 2019; and Zheng et al., 2018).