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3,169 results for “bat”
Cricket Bat
Hi , This is a LowPoly model of a Cricket Bat , U can use for cricket games , Supported to Unity3D , Stay Safe , Thanks & Regards , Omkar Sushil Jawake Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Corona BAT
After the start of the Corona pandemic in the world, the first and main media discussion was bat soup! The Chinese have been eating this soup for years and now it has suddenly become a deadly virus. However, doctors believe that no virus can transmit directly from a bat to a human and requires an intermediate host cell. And this is a fantasy and imaginative 3D design that I designed after these conversations and rumors and the start of vaccination in the ZBRUSH. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Tairona culture zoomorphic pendant – bat
ID no.: 80996/MEK Museum: The Seweryn Udziela Ethnographic Museum in Kraków https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/1496 Digitalisation: RDW MIC, Virtual Małopolska project Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
The emergence activities of nine cave-roosting bats under different lighting conditions
<p>Artificial light at night has become an emerging environmental pollutant, posing a serious threat to biodiversity. Cave-roosting animals are vulnerable to light pollution due to long-term adaptation to nocturnal niches, and the problem is especially severe in the context of cave tourism and limestone mining. Mitigating the adverse impacts of artificial light on cave-dwelling animals presents a challenge. Here, we aimed to assess the relative contribution of spectral parameters and light intensity to emergence behavior among nine bat species inhabiting a karst cave, including <em>Rhinolophus macrotis</em>, <em>Rhinolophus pearsonii</em>,<em> Rhinolophus rex</em>, <em>Rhinolophus pusillus</em>, <em>Rhinolophus siamensis</em>, <em>Rhinolophus sinicus</em>, <em>Hipposideros armiger,</em> <em>Myotis davidii</em>, and <em>Miniopterus fuliginosus</em>. We manipulated light spectra and intensities through light-emitting diode (LED) lighting and gel filters at the entrance of bat roost. We monitored nightly passes per species to quantify bat emergence under the dark control and ten lighting conditions (blue, green, yellow, red, and white light at high and low intensities) using ultrasonic recording. Our analyses showed that the number of bat passes tended to be reduced in the presence of white, green, and yellow light, independent of light intensity. In contrast, the number of bat passes showed no pronounced differences under the dark control, blue light, and red light. The number of bat passes was primarily affected by LED light's blue component, red component, peak wavelength, and half-width instead of light intensity. These results demonstrate that spectral parameters of LED light can significantly affect emergence behavior of cave-dwelling bats. Our findings highlight the importance of manipulating light colors to reduce the negative impacts of light pollution on cave-roosting bats as a function of their spectral sensitivity. We recommend the use of gel filters to manage existing artificial lighting systems in underground habitats exploited by bats.</p>
Data from: Geographic source of bats killed at wind-energy facilities in the eastern United States
<p>Bats subject to high rates of fatalities at wind-energy facilities are of conservation concern, but the impact on broader bat populations is difficult to assess. One reason is the poor understanding of the geographic source of individual fatalities and whether they constitute local resident individuals or migrants. Here, we used stable hydrogen isotopes, trace elements and species distribution models to determine the summer geographic origins of three different bat species (<em>Lasiurus borealis</em>, <em>L. cinereus</em>, and <em>Lasionycteris noctivagans</em>) killed at wind-energy facilities in Ohio and Maryland in the eastern United States. In Ohio, 58.4%, 78.7%, and 97.8% of all individuals of <em>L. borealis</em>, <em>L. cinereus</em>, and <em>L. noctivagans</em>, respectively, lacked evidence of movement and were likely residents. In contrast, in Maryland 22.7%, 62.9% and 72.7% of these same species were classified as residents. Our results suggest that a substantial portion of bats killed at a given wind facility are likely derived from resident populations. Finally, there is variation in the proportion of residents killed between seasons for some species and evidence of philopatry to summer roosts. Overall, these results indicate that impact of wind-energy facilities on resident bat populations may be greater than previously appreciated, but this impact is likely to vary across species and sites. Similar studies should be conducted across a boarder geographic scale to understand the impacts on bat populations from wind-energy facilities.</p>
Forest bat activity declines with increasing wind speed in the proximity of operating wind turbines
<p>The increasing use of onshore wind energy is leading to an increased deployment of wind turbines in structurally rich habitats such as forests. Forest-affiliated bats, in turn, are at risk of colliding with the rotor blades. Due to the legal protection of bats in Europe, it is imperative to restrict the operation of wind turbines to periods of low bat activity to avoid collisions. However, bats have also been observed to avoid wind turbines over several hundred meters distance, indicating a displacement that cannot solely be explained by modifications to the habitat. This avoidance suggests a displacement of bats by indirect factors related to wind turbine operation, e.g., wake turbulences and noise emissions. Therefore, we investigated whether the activity of forest-affiliated bats is influenced by operation mode (on/off) under variable wind conditions along transects from 80 to 450 m distance to wind turbines. We divided recordings by foraging guild, i.e., either narrow-space (<em>Myotis</em>, <em>Plecotus)</em>, edge-space (<em>Pipistrellus, Barbastella</em>), or open-space foraging bats (<em>Nyctalus, Eptesicus, Vespertilio</em>), and analyzed the effects of wind turbine operation and wind speed on the recorded bat guild activity with mixed effects models. The acoustic activity of narrow-space foraging bats decreased by 91% with increasing wind speed when wind turbines were operating, while bat activity remained unaffected by wind speed when turbines were not operating. This was neither observed for open-space foraging bats nor for edge-space foraging bats, and neither wind turbine operation nor wind speed (ranging between 0 – 4 m/s at 10 m height above ground) were found to affect bat activity when considered alone. Wind turbine noise emissions are known to increase with rotor speed and consequently, wind speed, thus presenting a likely explanation for the interactive negative effect of turbine operation and wind speed specifically on noise-sensitive narrow-space foraging bats. To understand potential ecological long-term consequences for bat populations in forest areas with wind turbines and to design effective conservation measures, future research should focus on disentangling the effects of different disturbances related to turbine operation.</p>
Hibernating female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) adjust huddling and drinking behaviour, but not arousal frequency, in response to low humidity
<p>Many mammals hibernate during winter, reducing energy expenditure via bouts of torpor. The majority of a hibernator's energy reserves are used to fuel brief, but costly, arousals from torpor. Although arousals likely serve multiple functions, an important one is to restore water stores depleted during torpor. Many hibernating bat species require high humidity, presumably to reduce torpid water loss, but big brown bats (<em>Eptesicus fuscus</em>) appear tolerant of a wide humidity range. We tested the hypothesis that hibernating female <em>E. fuscus </em>use behavioural flexibility during torpor and arousals to maintain water balance and reduce energy expenditure. We predicted: (1) <em>E. fuscus </em>hibernating in dry conditions would exhibit more compact huddles during torpor and drink more frequently than bats in high humidity conditions; and (2) frequency and duration of torpor bouts and arousals, and thus, total loss of body mass would not differ between bats in both environments. We housed hibernating <em>E. fuscus</em> in temperature- and humidity-controlled incubators at 50% or 98% relative humidity (8°C, 110 days). Bats in the dry environment maintained a more compact huddle during torpor and drank more frequently during arousals. Bats in both environments<em> </em>had a similar number of arousals, but arousal duration was shorter in the dry environment. However, total loss of body mass over hibernation did not differ between treatments indicating that both groups used similar amounts of energy. Our results suggest that behavioural flexibility allows hibernating <em>E. fuscus</em> to maintain water balance and reduce energy costs across a wide range of hibernation humidities.</p>
Plate 1 in Some noteworthy bat (Mammalia: Chiroptera) records from Manipur State, Northeastern India
Plate 1. Landscape of the bat collection localities in Tamenglong district, Manipur.
Plate 3 in Some noteworthy bat (Mammalia: Chiroptera) records from Manipur State, Northeastern India
Plate 3. Dorsal, ventral and lateral view of cranium
Plate 2 in Some noteworthy bat (Mammalia: Chiroptera) records from Manipur State, Northeastern India
Plate 2. Lateral view of Kerivoula picta specimen from Manipur (V/M/ERS/502).
Figure 2 in Distribution and roosting ecology of the lesser mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma hardwickii Gray, 1831 (Chiroptera: Rhinopomatidae)
Figure 2. The fatty abdominal tissue of Rhinopoma hardwickii.
Trade-offs in habitat use and occupancy of bats across the gradient of urbanization and seasons
<p>Urbanization, occurring across a gradient from low- to high-density development, is a primary driver of landscape change that can affect biodiversity. Animals balance trade-offs in obtaining resources and avoiding anthropogenic disturbances across the gradient of urbanization to maximize their fitness. However, additional research is necessary to understand seasonal variations in how animals respond to urbanization, particularly in arid regions, where resource availability shifts drastically across seasons. Our objective was to evaluate the response of a suite of bat species to urbanization and whether species shift their response to urbanization across seasons. We predicted that the response of bats to urbanization would differ among species, with some species being more sensitive to urbanization than others. We also predicted that bat species would increase use of moderate and highly urbanized areas in the summer season, where food and water resources were assumed to be greater compared to wildland areas. To evaluate these predictions, we used a stratified random sampling design to sample 50 sites with stationary acoustic bat monitors across the gradient of urbanization in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, USA during four seasons. We identified a total of 14 bat species during 1000 survey nights. Consistent with predictions, bat species exhibited different responses to urbanization, with most species exhibiting a negative relationship with urbanization, and some species exhibiting a quadratic or positive relationship with urbanization. Counter to predictions, most species did not appear to shift their response to urbanization across seasons. Differences in the response of bat species to urbanization was likely related to species traits (e.g., wing morphology and echolocation call characteristics) and behavioral strategies that influence a species' susceptibility to anthropogenic disturbances and ability to access available resources in urbanized areas. Consistent with predications, plant productivity and water were important for some species in the summer season. Ultimately, to promote the management and conservation of bats, it is likely important to maintain resources in urbanized areas for bats that are more tolerant of urbanization and to conserve areas of undeveloped high-quality habitat with low anthropogenic disturbance in wildland areas for bats that are sensitive to urbanization.</p>
Data from: Bat pollination in the Yungas
<p>Bat-plant pollination interactions at the range margin in the southwestern Neotropics have been largely unexplored. Here, we report for the first time on bat pollination, visitation rate, and efficiency for <em>Melidiscus giganteus</em>, <em>Helicteres lhotzkyana</em>, and <em>Pitcairnia oranensis</em>, representing the first direct evidence of bat pollination in the Southern Andean Yungas.</p>
Figure 1 in Distribution and roosting ecology of the lesser mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma hardwickii Gray, 1831 (Chiroptera: Rhinopomatidae)
Figure 1. The lesser mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma hardwickii.
Role of individual and population heterogeneity in shaping dynamics of multi-pathogen shedding in an island endemic bat
<p>Dataset for the manuscript "<strong>Role of individual and population heterogeneity in shaping dynamics of multi-pathogen shedding in an island endemic bat</strong>", including information of the bat samples and infection data.</p>
Trophic resource partitioning drives fine-scale coexistence in cryptic bat species
Understanding the processes that enable species coexistence has important implications for assessing how ecological systems will respond to global change. Morphology and functional similarity increase the potential for competition, and therefore, co-occurring morphologically similar but genetically unique species are a good model system for testing coexistence mechanisms. We used DNA metabarcoding and High Throughput Sequencing to characterise for the first time the trophic ecology of two recently-described cryptic bat species with parapatric ranges, Myotis escalerai and Myotis crypticus. We collected faecal samples from allopatric and sympatric regions and from syntopic and allotopic locations within the sympatric region to describe the diets both taxonomically and functionally and compare prey consumption with prey availability. The two bat species had highly similar diets characterised by high arthropod diversity, particularly Lepidoptera, Diptera and Araneae, and a high proportion of prey that is not volant at night, which points to extensive use of gleaning. Diet overlap at the prey-item level was lower in syntopic populations, supporting trophic shift under fine-scale co-occurrence. Furthermore, the diet of M. escalerai had a marginally lower proportion of not nocturnally volant prey in syntopic populations, suggesting that the shift in diet may be driven by a change in foraging mode. Our findings suggest that fine-scale coexistence mechanisms can have implications for maintaining broad-scale diversity patterns. This study highlights the importance of including both allopatric and sympatric populations and choosing meaningful spatial scales for detecting ecological patterns. We conclude that a combination of high taxonomic resolution with a functional approach helps identify patterns of niche shift.
Swift-BAT Response Files for NITRATES
<p>The response files used in the NITRATES search. </p> <p>resp_tabs.tar.gz - contains the photoelectric and Compton response files that were generated using detectors only in the mass model. The direct response. </p> <p>resp_tabs_ebins.tar.gz - same as resp_tabs.tar.gz except it uses only the 9 analysis energy bins</p> <p>comp_flor_resps.tar.gz - contains the Compton and fluorescence response files that were generated using the whole mass model. The indirect response. </p> <p>hp_flor_resps.tar.gz - contains the fluorescence only response files that were generated using the whole mass model. The indirect response.</p> <p>solid_angle_dpi.npy - file with the solid angle each detector is exposed to through the holes in the mask. Used for the diffuse model. </p> <p>rate_resps.tar.gz - contains a grid of spectral models folded through the response for the split rates analysis for a spectral norm of 1. This is for a grid of points in imx and imy.</p> <p>rate_resps_outFoV.tar.gz - the same as rate_resps.tar.gz except for the out of FoV grid points. </p>
Population genetics as a tool to elucidate pathogen reservoirs: Lessons from Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of White-Nose disease in bats
<p>Emerging infectious diseases pose a major threat to human, animal, and plant health. The risk of species-extinctions increases when pathogens can survive in the absence of the host. Environmental reservoirs can facilitate this. However, identifying such reservoirs and modes of infection is often highly challenging. In this study, we investigated the presence and nature of an environmental reservoir for the ascomycete fungus <i>Pseudogymnoascus destructans</i>, the causative agent of White-Nose disease. Using 18 microsatellite markers, we determined the genotypic differentiation between 1,497 <i>P. destructans</i> isolates collected from nine closely situated underground sites where bats hibernate (i.e., hibernacula) in Northeastern Germany. This approach was unique in that it ensured that every isolate and resulting multi-locus genotype was not only present, but also viable and therefore theoretically capable of infecting a bat. The distinct distribution of multi-locus genotypes across hibernacula demonstrates that each hibernaculum has an essentially unique fungal population. This would be expected if bats become infected in their hibernaculum (i.e., the site they spend winter in to hibernate) rather than in other sites visited before they start hibernating. In one hibernaculum where both the walls and the hibernating bats were sampled at regular intervals over five consecutive winter seasons (1,062 isolates), higher genotypic richness was found on walls compared to bats and multi-locus genotypes showed a stable frequency over multiple winters. This clearly implicates hibernacula walls as the main environmental reservoir of the pathogen, from which bats become re-infected annually during hibernation.</p>
Singing strategies are linked to perch use on foraging territories in heart-nosed bats
<p>These data include the GPS data of 14 VHF telemetry tracked heart-nosed bats (<em>Cardioderma cor</em>) and associated singing behavior collected during the long dry season (May to October) in Tanzania. These data were used to establish that singing occurs on nighttime foraging areas, and that foraging areas are exclusive and repeatedly used, supporting the hypothesis that <em>C. cor</em> maintain individualistic foraging territories with singing. Times and locations of singing are included in the data set and linked to the GPS waypoints of perches individuals used repeatedly during then 4-6 nights of tracking. GPS data is organized by list of separate waypoints and whether they were used for singing. Furthermore, individuals sit in trees and sing for long stretches of time, and thus these durations were subsampled into 2 minute intervals and associated with the perch location to create a dateset of points for Kernal Density Estimates. Times and perch locations for KDE, including associated singing behavior, are also included. Finally, singing duration of each individual is broken down by perch, night, and hour. Of the 14 tracked individuals, 13 are male (one of which stopped singing soon after tracking commenced) and one is a nonsinging female. </p>
Counterintuitive scaling between population abundance and local density: implications for modelling transmission of infectious diseases in bat populations
<p>1. Models of host-pathogen interactions help to explain infection dynamics in wildlife populations and to predict and mitigate the risk of zoonotic spillover. Insights from models inherently depend on the way contacts between hosts are modelled, and crucially, how transmission scales with animal density.</p> <p>2. Bats are important reservoirs of zoonotic disease and are among the most gregarious of all mammals. Their population structures can be highly heterogenous, underpinned by ecological processes across different scales, complicating assumptions regarding the nature of contacts and transmission. Although models commonly parameterise transmission using metrics of total abundance, whether this is an ecologically representative approximation of host-pathogen interactions is not routinely evaluated.</p> <p>3. We collected a 13-month dataset of tree-roosting <i>Pteropus </i>spp. from 2,522 spatially referenced trees across eight roosts to empirically evaluate the relationship between total roost abundance and tree-level measures of abundance and density – the scale most likely to be relevant for virus transmission. We also evaluate whether roost features at different scales (roost-level, subplot-level, tree-level) are predictive of these local density dynamics.</p> <p>4. Roost-level features were not representative of tree-level abundance (bats per tree) or tree-level density (bats per m<sup>2</sup> or m<sup>3</sup>), with roost-level models explaining minimal variation in tree-level measures. Total roost abundance itself was either not a significant predictor (tree-level 3-D density) or only weakly predictive (tree-level abundance).</p> <p>5. This indicates that basic measures, such as total abundance of bats in a roost, may not provide adequate approximations for population dynamics at scales relevant for transmission, and that alternative measures are needed to compare transmission potential between roosts. From the best candidate models, the strongest predictor of local population structure was tree density within roosts, where roosts with low tree density had a higher abundance but lower density of bats (more spacing between bats) per tree.</p> <p>6. Together, these data highlight unpredictable and counterintuitive relationships between total abundance and local density. More nuanced modelling of transmission, spread and spillover from bats likely requires alternative approaches to integrating contact structure in host-pathogen models, rather than simply modifying the transmission function.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.