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Fig. 4 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 4. Follicular relic formation and appearance in the distal area of an ovariole and anterior lateral oviduct (loa) with the germinal vesicle (gv), oocyte with yolk (oy), follicular epithelium (fe) beginning to slough off into the ovariole base (as shown by the arrow), follicular relics (fr), and collar in Megamelus scutellaris. Note the granular appearance of follicular relics having a high enough density to begin to expand or bulge the sides of the lateral oviduct.

Fig. 2 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of the female reproductive system of Megamelus scutellaris showing a) distal portion of the ovary showing the distal lateral oviduct (lop), common oviduct (co), bursa copulatrix (b), and spermatheca/spermathecal gland (spt and sptg, respectively), and b) close-up of ovariole morphology (b) showing the anterior lateral oviduct (loa), germarium (g), vitellarium (v), and terminal filament (tf).

Fig. 3 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Fig. 3. Choice of cups with either unscented sucrose solution or with bananascented sucrose solution made by Tamarixia radiata following a pre-test exposure to either 1.0 M sucrose solution or 1.0 M sucrose solution and banana flavor extract (G-test; ** = P ≤ 0.01; NS = not significant).

Fig. 1 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of nectary architectures presented to Tamarixia radiata in foraging evaluations. Location of nectaries shown in red. A. Cy- athium of euphorbiaceous species with exposed nectaries. B. Partially exposed nectaries as found in buckwheat. C. Partially hidden nectaries as found in alyssum. D. Partially exposed nectaries covered with trichomes as found in marjoram. E. Hidden nectaries as found in composites. Drawings are only indicative of size and spatial relationships and are not to scale.

Fig. 2 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Fig. 2. Mean (± SE) feeding time of Tamarixia radiata when presented with different concentrations of sugars commonly occurring in nectar (sucrose, fructose, glucose) and honeydew (melizitose, raffinose). Bars within the same concentration having different letters are different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA).

Fig. 1 in Biology of Telenomus pachycoris (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a parasitoid of eggs of Pachycoris torridus (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae): the effects of egg age, exposure time, and temperature

Fig. 1. Number of generations of Telenomus pachycoris reared in Pachycoris torridus eggs at different constant temperatures with 70 ± 10% RH and a photoperiod of 12:12 h L:D.

Fig. 1 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of the female reproductive system of Megamelus scutellaris showing ovaries (ov), common oviduct (c), anterior and posterior portions of the lateral oviduct (loa and lop, respectively), and overall structure of a follicle including the germinal vesicle (gv) and oocyte with yolk (oy).

Fig. 3 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of the female reproductive system of Megamelus scutellaris showing a) close-up of the distal portion of an ovariole showing the anterior lateral oviduct (loa), follicular epithelium (fe), ovariole sheath (os), germinal vesicle (gv), oocyte with yolk (oy), and collar (c), and b) distal portion of an ovariole showing a newly ovulated egg (e) into the anterior lateral oviduct (loa), ovary (ov), ovariole (lov), and the collar (c).

Fig. 5. The 3 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 5. The 3 nulliparous stages of Megamelus scutellaris. a) N1—Note the lack of differentiation in the vitellarium (v) and large size of the germarium (g) in comparison to the vitellarium. b) N2—In this stage the ovarioles are fully differentiated, no fully mature follicles, and no follicular relics. c and d) N3—In this stage the ovarioles are fully differentiated, no follicular relics are present, and at least 2 follicles are mature and ready to be ovulated as indicated by darkening of the interior of the oocyte by yolk deposition.

Fig. 2 in Biology and food habits of the invasive snail Allopeas gracile (Gastropoda: Subulinidae)

Fig. 2. Change in height (top) and mass (bottom) of Allopeas gracile over a 280 d period of culture.

Fig. 1 in Biology and food habits of the invasive snail Allopeas gracile (Gastropoda: Subulinidae)

Fig. 1. Lateral view of Allopeas gracile, showing the characteristic elongate spire and aperature, and small size. Photo by L. Buss, University of Florida.

Fig. 5 in Biology and food habits of the invasive snail Allopeas gracile (Gastropoda: Subulinidae)

Fig. 5. Growth curves of Allopeas gracile when cultured for 49 d on selected weed or flower foliage, animal tissue, or other potential food. Soil and lime-agar served as controls, as these were available to all snails.

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Fig. 1 in Selitrichodes neseri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) recovered from Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) galls afer initial release on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in Brazil, and data on its biology

Fig. 1. Municipality of Rio Real, Bahia State, where Selitrichodes neseri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) adults were released for the first time in Brazil.

Fig. 10 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 10. Comparisons of inflammatory cells recruited to inflammatory foci in cane toads, Rhinella marina (a) and native frogs, Cyclorana australis (b). Each anuran species was exposed to infective larvae of Rhabdias hylae (white bars) and Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (grey bars). Graphs show average values ± 1 S.E.M.

Fig. 7 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 7. Histological investigation of lungworm infection in anurans. Graphs show the proportion of (a) metamorph native frogs (Cyclorana australis) and (b) metamorph cane toads (Rhinella marina) infected with lungworms, not infected with lungworms, or with inflammatory 'foci' (probable cases of a lungworm larva penetrating the anuran's body but failing to survive).

Fig. 2 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 2. The distribution of lungworm larvae in cane toad metamorphs. (a) Toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias hylae (native frog lungworm) and (b) toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (cane toad lungworm). Data in panel (b) are from Pizzatto et al. (2010), with permission. LUNG refers to adult lungworms found within the lung, SKIN/MUSCLE refers to larvae found in the skeletal muscle or subcutaneous tissue, HEAD refers to larvae detected in the head or neck region (excluding those found in eye tissue), EYE indicates larvae found in the eye or periocular tissue, and COELOM denotes larvae within the coelom or coelomic membranes.

Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a transverse section of (a) R. hylae larva in the connective tissue of the head of a cane toad and (b) the inflammatory response composed primarily of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells surrounding the parasite. Haematoxylin and eosin stain, 400× magnification, scale bar equals 30 μm.

Fig. 4 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 4. Effect of time since exposure to Rhabdias hylae larvae on cane toad metamorphs: (a) shows the number of larvae found in toads and (b) shows the number of foci (areas of inflammation with no visible larvae) in toads, as determined by histological methods.

Fig. 9 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 9. Change in the average number of inflammatory foci (probable cases of larval parasites breaking down) observed in all anurans over time. Graph shows average values ± 1 S.E.M.

Fig. 6 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 6. Effects of Rhabdias hylae infection on cane toad metamorphs: (a) the average percentage of neutrophils and (b) lymphocytes around inflammation sites over time in cane toads infected with Rhabdias hylae. Graphs show average values ±1 S.E.M.