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3,709 results for “urbanization.”
Fig. 4 in Ecological And Faunistic Review Of The True Bugs Of Infraorder Cimicomorpha (Heteroptera) Of Urban Cenoses Of Kharkiv City (Ukraine)
Fig. 4. Indicators of hemiptera biodiversity in main urbocenoses of Kharkiv City.
Fig. 11 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City
Fig. 11. Distribution of occupied territories of Streptopelia decaocto and Columba palumbus.
Fig. 8 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City
Fig. 8. Distribution of occupied territories of Phoenicurus phoenicurus.
Fig. 10 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City
Fig. 10. Distribution of occupied territories of Corvus cornix, C. frugilegus and Pica pica.
Phenotypic and genotypic divergence of plant-herbivore interactions along an urbanization gradient
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Urban environments provide challenging conditions for species survival, including increased temperatures, drought, and pollution. Species can deal with these conditions through evolution across generations or the immediate expression of phenotypic plasticity. The resulting phenotypic changes are key to the performance of species and their interactions with other species in the community. We here document patterns of herbivory in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> along a rural-urban gradient, and tested the genetic background and ecological consequences of traits related to herbivore resistance. Aphid densities increased with urbanization levels along the gradient while plant size did not change. Offspring of urban mothers, raised under common garden conditions, were larger and had a decreased trichome density and seed set but a higher caterpillar (<em>Pieris brassicae</em>) tolerance. In contrast, no urban evolution was detected for defenses against aphids (<em>Myzus persicae</em>). Aphids reduced seed set more strongly in urban offspring, but this effect disappeared in second-generation plants. In general, urban adaptations as expressed in size and caterpillar tolerance were found, but these adaptations were associated with smaller inflorescences. The maternal effect on the response of seed set to aphid feeding demonstrates the relevance of intergenerational plasticity as a direct ecological consequence of herbivory. Our study demonstrates that the urban environment interacts with the plant's genotype and the extended phenotype as determined by ecological interactions.</span></p>
Urban Transportation Infrastructure and Cyclist and Pedestrian Safety
<p>The goal of this project was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of crash causes and risk factors to identify the root causes of crashes involving bicyclists and pedestrians in San Antonio, TX. The research included the development of a database of bicycle and pedestrian crash reports in the target area, calculation of crash counts and rates, identifying road segments and intersections with highly concentrated bicycle and pedestrian crashes, and the development of effective safety countermeasures. Several variables and factors were analyzed, including driver characteristics such as age and gender, road-related factors, and environmental factors such as weather conditions and time of the day. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were used to identify the most significant predictors of severe pedestrian/bicyclist crashes. Geospatial analysis was used to investigate crash frequency and severity. High-risk locations were identified through heat maps and hotspot analysis. The downtown area had the highest crash density, but crash severity hotspots were identified outside of the downtown area. The strongest predictors of severe injury include lighting condition, road class, road speed limit, traffic control, collision type, and the age and gender of the pedestrian/bicyclist. Fatal and incapacitating injury risk increased substantially when the pedestrian/bicyclist was at fault. Resource allocation to high-risk locations, a reduction in the speed limit, an upgrade of the lighting facilities in high pedestrian activity areas, educational campaigns for targeted audiences, the implementation of more crosswalks, pedestrian refuge islands, and raised medians, and the use of leading pedestrian/bicyclist interval and hybrid beacons are recommended.</p>
Urban Stream Environmental and Sequencing Datasets for Exploring the Impacts of Full-Scale Distribution System Orthophosphate Corrosion Control Implementation on the Microbial Ecology of Hydrologically Connected Urban Streams
<p>The dataset of environmental parameters and sequence fastqs used to create figures and do analysis in the paper <strong>Exploring the Impacts of Full-Scale Distribution System Orthophosphate Corrosion Control Implementation on the Microbial Ecology of Hydrologically Connected Urban Streams </strong>submitted to Applied and Environmental Microbiology. </p>
Urban biotic homogenization: approaches and knowledge gaps
<p>Urbanization is restructuring ecosystems at an unprecedented pace, with complex and profound consequences for life on earth. One of the hypothesized trajectories of urban ecosystems and species communities is biotic homogenization, possibly leading to very similar species assemblages in cities across the globe. Urbanization can, however, also have the opposite effect: biotic diversification, with cities – at least on the local scale – becoming biologically more diverse, mainly as a consequence of high species introduction rates and habitat diversification. Applying the hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach, we systematically map and structure the comprehensive body of literature on the urban biotic homogenization (UBH) hypothesis, comprising 225 individual studies (i.e. tests of the hypothesis) retrieved from 145 publications. The UBH hypothesis is studied at multiple levels with a multitude of approaches and underlying assumptions. We show that UBH is generally used with two very different connotations: about half of the studies investigated a potential increase in community similarity across cities, whereas the other half investigated biotic homogenization within cities, the latter being supported more frequently. We also found strong research biases: (1) a taxonomic bias towards birds and plants; (2) a bias towards small and medium distances (<5000 km) in comparisons across cities; (3) a dominance of studies substituting space for time vs. true temporal studies; (4) a strong focus on terrestrial vs. aquatic systems; (5) more extraurban (including periurban) areas than natural or rural ecosystems for comparison to urban systems; (6) a bias towards taxonomic vs. functional, phylogenetic and temporal homogenization; and (7) more studies undertaken in Europe and North America than in other continents. The overall level of empirical support for the UBH hypothesis was mixed, with 55% of the studies reporting supporting evidence. Results significantly differed when a natural/nature reserve, an extraurban or rural/agricultural area served as reference to infer biotic homogenization, with homogenization being detected least frequently when urban systems were compared to agricultural, i.e. other anthropogenically influenced, study sites. We provide an evidence map and a bibliographic network, and identify key references on UBH with the goal to enhance accessibility and orientation for future research on this topic.</p>
Reducing risky interactions: Identifying barriers to the successful management of human-wildlife conflict in an urban parkland
<p>Managing activities that result in human-wildlife conflict is a challenging goal for modern scientists and managers. In recent years, the self-motivated feeding of wildlife by humans has garnered popularity but with consequent risks for the health and safety of both parties. This has resulted in calls for management in areas of high contact, e.g., parklands. Traditional controls are typically utilised (i.e., signage, patrols), yet their success is varied, leading to a rise in research aiming to improve them. This research has primarily focused on language and design, with little attention paid to the role that audience type (i.e., international tourists versus locals/residents) may play in their success. Proportions in audience type present can vary both between parks and spatially within a single park, however, controls are usually applied homogeneously with no consideration for how response may vary between these groups.</p> <p>Here, we performed a robust before-after study across two summers using a wild fallow deer population in a public park that are commonly fed by visitors as our model. We deployed controls, following best practices as outlined by the literature, and tested their overall effectiveness. We then identified key areas with differences in visitor type proportions and tested for variation in success between them.</p> <p>We found that the number of visitors feeding the deer significantly decreased overall after the introduction of controls, although interactions were not eliminated entirely. We discovered that the effectiveness of these controls varied with changes in visitor type, with the most positive effects occurring in areas with more international tourists and no significant effect occurring in areas dominated by resident visitors. Notably, of the food offerings remaining, the proportion of foods that could be perceived as 'nutritionally beneficial' increased in both sites, marking overall changes in the behaviours of even those visitors who refused to stop feeding.</p> <p>These findings highlight the importance of target audience research in human-wildlife conflict management. We recommend that authorities aiming to reduce these interactions perform systematic surveys to identify the audience type present and cater controls accordingly to maximise their success.</p>
Replication materials for "Effects of Urbanization in China on the East Asian Summer Monsoon as Revealed by Two Global Climate Models"
<p>The datasets are replication materials for the research "Effects of Urbanization in China on the East Asian Summer Monsoon as Revealed by Two Global Climate Models". They show urbanization-induced changes in surface air temperature (SAT), precipitation, and 850hPa atmospheric circulation from two global climate models (NCAR CESM1.2.1 and FGOALS-g3).</p>
GRASS GIS Location for South-East US urban growth case study
<p>GRASS GIS Location containing data prepared for a FUTURES urban growth modeling case study for the South East United States (NC, SC, TN, GA, AL, FL). Contains NLCD 2001-2019 (land cover for all years; 2001 and 2019 impervious descriptor), county boundaries, USGS DEM, PAD-US protected areas.</p>
South-East US historical and projected population per county for FUTURES urban growth modeling in GRASS GIS
<p>South East US historical (2001-2019) and projected (2020-2100) population per county for 6 states (NC, SC, TN, GA, AL, FL). Historical data come from The National Vital Statistics System (https://seer.cancer.gov/popdata/download.html) and future data are projected by Hauer 2019 (https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2019.5) for SSP2 scenario. Data are formatted for r.futures.demand module, which is a GRASS GIS addon for computing future land demand for FUTURES urban growth model. </p>
Functional diversity of farmland bees across rural-urban landscapes in a tropical megacity
Urbanization is a major threat to biodiversity and food security, as expanding cities, especially in the Global South, increasingly compete with natural and agricultural lands. However, the impact of urban expansion on agricultural biodiversity in tropical regions is overlooked. Here we assessed how urbanization affects the functional response of farmland bees, the most important pollinators for crop production. We sampled bees across three seasons in 36 conventional vegetable-producing farms spread along an urbanization gradient in Bengaluru, an Indian megacity. We investigated how landscape and local environmental drivers affected different functional traits (sociality, nesting behaviour, body size and specialization) and functional diversity (functional dispersion) of bee communities. We found that the functional responses to urbanization were trait specific with more positive than negative effects of grey area (sealed surfaces and buildings) on species richness, functional diversity and abundance of most functional groups. As expected, larger, solitary, cavity-nesting, and surprisingly, specialist bees benefitted from urbanization. In contrast to temperate cities, the abundance of ground-nesters increased in urban areas, presumably because larger patches of bare soil were still available besides roads and buildings. However, overall bee abundance and the abundance of social bees (85% of all bees) decreased with urbanization, threatening crop pollination. Crop diversity promoted taxonomic and functional diversity of bee communities. Locally, flower resources promoted the abundance of all functional groups, and natural vegetation could maintain diverse pollinator communities throughout the year, especially during the non-cropping season. However, exotic plants decreased functional diversity and bee specialization. To safeguard bees and their pollination services in urban farms, we recommend (1) to preserve semi-natural vegetation (hedges) around cropping fields to provide nesting opportunities for above-ground nesters, (2) to promote farm-level crop diversification of beneficial crops (e.g., pulses, vegetables and spices), (3) to maintain native natural vegetation along field-margins, (4) to control and remove invasive exotic plants that disrupt native plant-pollinator interactions. Overall, our results suggest that urban agriculture can maintain functionally diverse bee communities and, if managed in a sustainable manner, can be used to develop win-win solutions for biodiversity conservation of pollinators and food security in and around cities.
Rare species biodiversity, socio-demographics and local and landscape characteristics in Northern California community urban gardens
<p>Cities are sometimes characterized as homogenous with species assemblages composed of abundant, generalist species having similar ecological functions. Under this assumption, rare species, or species observed infrequently, would have especially high conservation value in cities for their potential to increase functional diversity. Management to increase the number of rare species in cities could be an important conservation strategy in a rapidly urbanizing world. However, most studies of species rarity define rarity in relatively pristine environments where human management and disturbance is minimized. We know little about what species are rare, how many species are rare, and what management practices promote rare species in urban environments. Here, we identified which plants and species of birds and bees that control pests and pollinate crops are rare in urban gardens and assessed how social, biophysical factors, and cross-taxonomic comparisons influence rare species richness. We found overwhelming numbers of rare species, with over 50% of plant cultivars observed classified as rare. Our results highlight the importance of women, older individuals, and gardeners who live closer to garden sites in increasing the number of rare plants within urban areas. Fewer rare plants were found in older gardens and gardens with more bare soil. There were more rare bird species in larger gardens and more rare bee species where canopy cover was higher. We also found that in some cases, rarity begets rarity, with positive correlations found between the number of rare plants and bee species and between bee and bird species. Overall, our results suggest that urban gardens include a high number of species existing at low frequency and that social and biophysical factors promoting rare, planned biodiversity can cascade down to promote rare, associated biodiversity.</p>
Sample Input Data and Supporting Files for the SELECT Model of Urbanization
<p>Sample Input Data and Supporting Files for the SELECT Model of Urbanization</p> <p>Code available at: https://github.com/IMMM-SFA/select</p>
Data supporting: Invader at the edge - genomic origins and physiological differences of round gobies across a steep urban salinity gradient
<p>Species invasions are a global problem of increasing concern, especially in highly connected aquatic environments. Despite this, salinity conditions can pose physiological barriers to their spread and understanding them is important for management. In Scandinavia's largest cargo port, the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), is established across a steep salinity gradient. We used 12 937 SNPs to identify the genetic origin and diversity of three sites along the salinity gradient and round goby from <span>western,</span> <span>central and </span>northern Baltic Sea, as well as north European rivers. Fish from two sites<span> from the extreme ends of the gradient</span> were also acclimated to freshwater and seawater, and tested for respiratory and osmoregulatory physiology. Fish from the high salinity environment in the outer port showed higher genetic diversity, and closer relatedness to the other regions, compared to fish from lower salinity upstream the river. Fish from the high salinity site also had higher maximum metabolic rate, fewer blood cells and lower blood Ca2+. Despite these genotypic and phenotypic differences, salinity acclimation affected fish from both sites in the same way: seawater increased the blood osmolality and Na+ levels, and freshwater increased the levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Our results show genotypic and phenotypic differences over short spatial scales across this steep salinity gradient. These patterns of the physiologically robust round goby are likely driven by multiple introductions into the high salinity site, and a process of sorting, likely based on behaviour or selection, along the gradient. Since this euryhaline fish risks spreading from this area, seascape genomics and phenotypic characterisation can inform management strategies even within an area as small as a coastal harbour inlet.</p>
Evaluation of the impact of chemical control on the ecology of Rattus norvegicus of an urban community in Salvador, Brazil
<p>dataset of rodent trapping in a pre/post-intervention scheme. Check publication of the same name for details on the study design. File contains complete comprehensive codebook.</p>
Getting to know our biomonitor neighbours: urban lichens and allied fungi of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Phylogenetic Datasets
<p>Here we provide one of the first detailed studies of lichen and allied fungi diversity in a continental North American city (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), including an annotated checklist, images of all species, dichotomous keys, and local distribution maps. Edmonton is the northernmost city in North America with a population of over one million, and an industrial and transportation gateway for much of northern Canada. Lichen-based biomonitoring could be a tool to track airborne pollutants resulting from Edmonton's growing populace and industrial activity. The first step towards such a program is documenting the diversity and distribution of lichens in the city. To accomplish this, we conducted a city-wide, systematic survey of 191 sites focused on epiphytes growing on deciduous boulevard trees. We augmented that survey with surveys of rare trees, opportunistic collections from river valley and ravine habitats, herbarium collections, phylogenetic analyses of a subset of collections, and observations submitted to online nature-reporting applications. We present ITS sequence barcode data for 33 species, phylogenetic analyses for Candelariaceae<em>, Endocarpon, Flavopunctelia, </em>the <em>Lecanora dispersa</em> group, <em>Lecidella, Peltigera</em>, <em>Physconia</em>, and <em>Punctelia</em>, and detailed descriptions of 114 species in 47 genera and 23 families. Two species are hypothesized to be new to North America (<em>Endocarpon </em>aff. <em>unifoliatum, Lecidella albida</em>), twelve more are new to Alberta (<em>Amandinea dakotensis</em>, <em>Bacidia circumspecta</em>, <em>Candelaria pacifica</em>, <em>Candelariella antennaria, Heterodermia japonica</em>, <em>Lecania naegelii, Lecanora sambuci, Lecanora stanislai, Lecidea erythrophaea</em>, <em>Peltigera islandica, Phaeocalicium </em>aff. <em>tremulicola, </em>and the introduced <em>Xanthoria parietina</em>), and five are putative new species to science (<em>Physcia</em> aff. <em>dimidiata</em>, <em>Physcia</em> aff. <em>stellaris</em>, <em>Phaeocalicium</em> sp., <em>Phaeocalicium</em> aff. <em>tremulicola</em>, Lichenaceae sp.). Illustrations are provided for all species to aid in verification and public outreach. Species richness was highest in foliose lichens (48), followed by crustose and calicioid lichens and allied fungi (41), with the lowest richness in fruticose lichens (25). We did a preliminary assessment of the suitability of species for citizen-science biomonitoring by assessing their distribution across the city, perceptibility to the public, identification accuracy, and, for a subset, how consistently species were surveyed by trained novices. Compared to other urban areas where lichen diversity has been studied, Edmonton is relatively species-rich in calicioids and <em>Peltigera</em>. Promising bioindicators may be limited to chlorolichens, including <em>Caloplaca</em> spp., <em>Evernia mesomorpha</em>, <em>Flavopunctelia</em> spp., <em>Phaeophyscia orbicularis</em>, <em>Physcia adscendens</em>, <em>Physcia aipolia </em>group<em>, Physcia </em>aff. <em>stellaris</em>, <em>Usnea </em>spp., and <em>Xanthomendoza fallax</em>. Other genera that may be responsive to pollutants such as <em>Cladonia</em> and <em>Peltigera</em> were almost exclusively restricted to river valley and ravine ecosystems, limiting their application as bioindicators. Some species commonly used as biomonitors elsewhere were too rare, small, poorly developed, or obscured by more common species locally (e.g., <em>Candelaria concolor s.l.</em>, <em>Xanthomendoza hasseana</em>). The low overlap with lists of biomonitoring species from other regions of North America illustrates the necessity of grounding monitoring in knowledge of local diversity. Future augmentation of this list should focus on enhanced sampling of downed wood-, conifer-, and rock-dwelling lichens, particularly crustose species. The next step in developing a biomonitoring program will require modelling species' responses to known air quality and climatic gradients.</p>
Thermal physiology of Drosophila tripunctata across an urbanization gradient
<p><span>In <em>Drosophila </em>spp., their often high number of annual generations, large population sizes, and large amounts of standing genetic variation should predispose them to undergo contemporary adaptation to climatic warming. However, a number of laboratory experimental evolution studies in this group of organisms suggest strong limits on the rate and magnitude of contemporary thermal adaptation. Here we explore this discrepancy by examining the potential for rapid evolutionary divergence between wild populations of <em>Drosophila </em>tripunctata (Loew 1962) from rural and urban sites. We performed a multi-generation common garden study and found evidence for the evolution of higher heat tolerance (critical thermal maximum) in urban population flies. We also detected evolutionary divergence in cold resistance (chill coma recovery time) with diminished cold resistance in urban population flies, though the effect was weaker than the shift in heat tolerance. Although our study provides evidence of contemporary urban thermal adaptation, the magnitude of phenotypic change lagged behind the magnitude of environmental temperature change across the urbanization gradient, suggesting potential limits on the evolution of urban thermal physiology. </span></p>
Urban environments have species-specific associations with invasive insect herbivores
<p>Urban areas are expanding rapidly, with the majority of the global and US population inhabiting them. Urban forests are critically important for providing ecosystem services to the growing urban populace, but their health is threatened by invasive insects. Insect density and damage are highly variable in different sites across urban landscapes, such that trees in some sites experience outbreaks and are severely damaged while others are relatively unaffected. To protect urban forests against damage from invasive insects and support future delivery of ecosystem services, we must first understand the factors that affect insect density and damage to their hosts across urban landscapes. This study explores how a variety of environmental factors that vary across urban habitats influence density of invasive insects. Specifically, we evaluate how vegetational complexity, distance to buildings, impervious surface, canopy temperature, host availability, and density of co-occurring herbivores impact three invasive pests of elm trees: the elm leaf beetle (<em>Xanthogaleruca luteola</em>), the elm flea weevil (<em>Orchestes steppensis</em>), and the elm leafminer (<em>Fenusa ulmi</em>). Except for building distance, all environmental factors were associated with density of at least one pest species. Furthermore, insect responses to these factors were species-specific, with direction and strength of associations influenced by insect life history. These findings can be used to inform future urban pest management and tree care efforts, making urban forests more resilient in an era where globalization and climate change make them particularly vulnerable to attack. Keywords: urban forest, invasive species, impervious surface, temperature, species interactions.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.