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9,097 results for “wild”
Data from: Risk alleles for tuberculosis infection associate with reduced immune reactivity in a wild mammalian host
Integrating biological processes across scales remains a central challenge in disease ecology. Genetic variation drives differences in host immune responses, which, along with environmental factors, generates temporal and spatial infection patterns in natural populations that epidemiologists seek to predict and control. However, genetics and immunology are typically studied in model systems, whereas population-level patterns of infection status and susceptibility are uniquely observable in nature. Despite obvious causal connections, organizational scales from genes to host outcomes to population patterns are rarely linked explicitly. Here we identify two loci near genes involved in macrophage (phagocyte) activation and pathogen degradation that additively increase risk of bovine tuberculosis infection by up to 9-fold in wild African buffalo. Furthermore, we observe genotype-specific variation in IL-12 production indicative of variation in macrophage activation. Here we provide measurable differences in infection resistance at multiple scales by characterizing the genetic and inflammatory variation driving patterns of infection in a wild mammal.
Multiple decades of stocking has resulted in limited hatchery introgression in wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations of Nova Scotia
<p>Many populations of freshwater fishes are threatened with losses, and increasingly, the release of hatchery individuals is one strategy being implemented to support wild populations. However, stocking of hatchery individuals may pose long-term threats to wild populations, particularly if genetic interactions occur between wild and hatchery individuals. One highly prized sport fish that has been heavily stocked throughout its range is the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). In Nova Scotia, Canada, hatchery brook trout have been stocked since the early 1900s, and despite continued stocking efforts, populations have suffered declines in recent decades. Before this study, the genetic structure of brook trout populations in the province was unknown; however, given the potential negative consequences associated with hatchery stocking, it is possible that hatchery programs have adversely affected the genetic integrity of wild populations. To assess the influence of hatchery supplementation on wild populations, we genotyped wild brook trout from 12 river systems and hatchery brook trout from two major hatcheries using 100 microsatellite loci. Genetic analyses of wild trout revealed extensive population genetic structure among and within river systems and significant isolation-by-distance. Hatchery stocks were genetically distinct from wild populations, and most populations showed limited to no evidence of hatchery introgression (<5% hatchery ancestry). Only a single location had a substantial number of hatchery-derived trout and was located in the only river where a local strain is used for supplementation. The amount of hatchery stocking within a watershed did not influence the level of hatchery introgression. Neutral genetic structure of wild populations was influenced by geography with some influence of climate and stocking indices. Overall, our study suggests that long-term stocking has not significantly affected the genetic integrity of wild trout populations, highlighting the variable outcomes of stocking and the need to evaluate the consequences on a case-by-case basis</p>
Data from: Unhatched eggs represent the invisible fraction in two wild bird populations
<p>Prenatal mortality is typically overlooked in population studies, which biases evolutionary inference by confounding selection and inheritance. Birds represent an opportunity to include this 'invisible fraction' if each egg contains a zygote but whether hatching failure is caused by fertilisation failure versus prenatal mortality is largely unknown. We quantified fertilisation failure rates in two bird species that are popular systems for studying evolutionary dynamics in the wild. over three years, finding that overwhelming majorities (99.9%) of laid eggs were fertilised. These systems thus present opportunities to eliminate the invisible fraction from life-history data.</p>
Wild West Scene: Barrel Model
3D Modelled water barrel for Wild West Building No Textures yet. Part of a series of 5 Objects for the building. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Wild West Scene: Lantern
3D Modelled Square style, candle based lantern for Wild West Building No Textures yet. Part of a series of 5 Objects for the building. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Wild West Scene: Spitoon
3D Modelled Spitoon for Wild West Building No Textures yet. Part of a series of 5 Objects for the building. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Wild West Log Cabin
Wild west style log cabin with an outhouse and a horse paddock designed and modelled in Maya for my final project for my final major project in my first year at college. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Wild West Scene: Wagon Wheel
3D Modelled Wagon Wheel for Wild West Building No Textures yet. Part of a series of 5 Objects for the building. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Wild West Scene: Horse Water Trough
3D Modelled Horse water trought for Wild West Building No Textures yet. Part of a series of 5 Objects for the building. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Seated wild Boar
Fontana del Porcellino in Firenze, 1634 CE, plaster copy (137 x 154 x 93 cm). The fountain figure was sculpted and cast by Baroque master Pietro Tacca (1577–1640) shortly before 1634. The Royal Cast Collection (Denmark, Copenhagen). Made with Memento Beta (now ReMake) from AutoDesk. For more update, please follow @GeoffreyMarchal on Twitter. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Dataset 2: All wild type embryo phenotypes from lethal and sub-viable lines scored by DMDD to date (Nov 2016)
<p>The table lists the annotation data from wild type embryos that is the basis of the study. For every annotation the gene symbol, MGI_ID, allele symbol, DMDD_ID, MP term, ID and name is listed. In some cases the same MP term is listed more than once for a specific embryo (DMDD_ID), indicating the phenotypic abnormality was observed more than once in that embryo.</p>
Environmental, sex-specific, and genetic determinants of infant social behavior in a wild primate
<p>Affiliative social bonds are linked to fitness components in many social mammals. However, despite their importance, little is known about how the tendency to form social bonds develops in young animals, or if the timing of development is heritable and thus can evolve. Using four decades of longitudinal observational data from a wild baboon population, we assessed the environmental determinants of an important social developmental milestone in baboons—the age at which a young animal first grooms a conspecific—and we assessed how the rates at which offspring groom their mothers develops during the juvenile period. We found that grooming development differs between the sexes: female infants groom at an earlier age and reach equal rates of grooming with their mother earlier than males. We also found that age at first grooming for both sexes is weakly heritable (h<sup>2</sup> = 0.043, 95% CI: 0.002 – 0.110). These results show that sex differences in grooming emerge at a young age; that strong, equitable social relationships between mothers and daughters begin very early in life; and that age at first grooming is heritable and therefore can be shaped by natural selection.</p>
Artificial flowers as a tool for investigating multimodal flower choice in wild insects
<p>Flowers come in a variety of colours, shapes, sizes, and odours. Flowers also differ in the quality and quantity of nutritional rewards they provide to entice potential pollinators to visit. Given this diversity, generalist flower-visiting insects face the considerable challenge of deciding which flowers to feed on and which to ignore.</p> <p>Working with real flowers poses logistical challenges due to correlations between flower traits, maintenance costs, and uncontrolled variables. Here we overcome this challenge by designing multi-modal artificial flowers that varied in visual, olfactory, and reward attributes. We used artificial flowers to investigate the impact of seven floral attributes (three visual cues, two olfactory cues, and two rewarding attributes) on flower visitation and species richness. We investigated how flower attributes influenced two phases of the decision-making process: the decision to land on a flower, and the decision to feed on a flower.</p> <p>Artificial flowers attracted 890 individual insects representing 15 morphospecies spanning seven arthropod orders. Honeybees were the most common visitors accounting for 46% of visitors. Higher visitation rates were driven by the presence of nectar, the presence of linalool, flower shape, and flower colour, and was negatively impacted by the presence of citral. Species richness was driven by the presence of nectar, the presence of linalool, and flower colour. For hymenopterans, the probability of landing the artificial flowers was influenced by the presence of nectar or pollen, shape, and the presence of citral and/or linalool. The probability of feeding increased when flowers contained nectar. For dipterans, the probability of landing on artificial flowers increased when the flower was yellow and contained linalool. The probability of feeding increased when flowers contained pollen, nectar, and linalool.</p> <p>Our results demonstrate the multi-attribute nature of flower preferences and highlight the usefulness of artificial flowers as tools for studying flower visitation in wild insects.</p>
Quantitative disease resistance in wild Silene vulgaris to its endemic pathogen Microbotryum silenes-inflatae collection sites
<p>Details presented on the collections sites of <em>Silene vulgaris</em> seeds from natural populations, for use in the study, Quantitative Disease Resistance in wild <em>Silene vulgaris</em> to its Endemic Pathogen <em>Microbotryum silenes-inflatae</em>. In this study the seeds were collected a mixed half and full sibling families (seeds from the same maternal plants) and used to produce plants that were then cloned by vegetative cuttings. The infection rates of these clones, as well as of their F1 offspring, by the fungus Microbotryum silenes-inflatae are also presented.</p>
Problem-solving skills are predicted by innovations in the wild and brain size in Passerines
<p>Code and dataset for the article "<strong>Problem-solving skills are predicted by innovations in the wild and brain size in Passerines</strong>"</p>
Bioprospecting for improved floral fragrance in wild sunflowers
<p>Cultivated sunflower (<em>Helianthus annuus</em>) is not typically considered to have a pleasant floral fragrance. In field production, seed yield is often limited by pollination services, particularly in the production of hybrid seed. Improved floral fragrance, as determined by volatile organic compounds, maybe a route to improving pollinator attraction for oilseed and confectionary production and could also add value to ornamental sunflowers. Wild relatives of <em>H. annuus</em> have a long history of being used to breed improved traits into cultivated varieties, yet it is unknown whether favorable scents are present in wild <em>Helianthus</em> species and thus an available resource for fragrance breeding. To assess the diversity of floral fragrance available in crop wild relatives, 30 diverse accessions of wild Helianthus as well as seven varieties of <em>H. annuus</em> spanning a domestication gradient were grown in greenhouse experiments and variation in floral volatiles was analyzed by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. While alpha-pinene made up a significant portion of the volatiles emitted for most taxa, there was substantial diversity present across the genus as well as within <em>H. annuus</em>. Most volatiles emitted were monoterpenoids with a significant share of sesquiterpenoids. The diversity identified here will inform further targeted study of which compounds affect pollinator attraction and health. Several wild accessions such as <em>H. debilis subsp</em>. <em>tardiflorus</em> and <em>H. praecox subsp. praecox</em> as well as open-pollinated domesticated accessions of <em>H. annuus</em> show promise for breeding for improved floral fragrance due to high volatile abundance and likely favorable compound compositions.</p>
Livestock guardian dogs establish a landscape of fear for wild predators: implications for the role of guardian dogs in reducing human-wildlife conflict and supporting biodiversity conservation
<ol> <li>Livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) are increasingly used to protect livestock from predators, but their effects on the distribution and behaviour of wild predators are mostly unknown. A key question is whether LGDs exclude predators from grazing land, or if predators continue to use areas with LGDs but modify their behaviour in ways that reduce impacts on livestock.</li> <li>We studied effects of LGDs (Maremma sheepdogs) on distribution and behaviour of red foxes Vulpes vulpes in north-eastern Victoria, Australia. We mapped the activity of LGDs across the study areas using GPS tracking and measured fox activity using remote cameras. We also measured risk-sensitive foraging in foxes to test if they reduced feeding time at sites regularly used by LGDs.</li> <li>Foxes occurred throughout areas occupied by LGDs, but their probability of detection was negatively related to probability of LGD presence. Foxes extracted fewer food items from experimental food stations in proportion to the intensity of local activity of LGDs. This indicates that though foxes overlapped with LGDs, they responded to risk of encountering LGDs by allocating less time to foraging. </li> <li>While LGDs do not necessarily exclude wild predators from areas used for livestock production, they can have strong effects on predator behaviour. Reduction in time allocated to foraging in areas regularly used by LGDs could lead to suppression of hunting behaviour and therefore a reduction in attacks on livestock. The flexible response of predators to LGDs should facilitate coexistence of wild predators with livestock farming, by allowing predators to continue to use areas occupied by livestock while still preventing attacks on those livestock. Our results therefore strengthen the case for use of LGDs in the conservation of predators threatened by conflict with farming. Suppression of hunting behaviour should also mean that prey species experience reduced rates of predation on farmland with LGDs. This effect could be valuable for conservation of threatened species of prey.</li> </ol>
The biology of prolonged lactation in wild Macaca sinica: Interbirth intervals, maternal depletion, infant mortality
<p>A sample of 442 female toque macaques distributed among 39 independent social groups were briefly captured, sedated, and released (within one day) during 13 different years in the period 1986-2002 at the natural forest site of Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, where long-term sociobiological research has been conducted (1968 to 2023). All macaques were individually identified and had known life-histories. Lactation was determined by testing females for the presence of absence of milk by manually massaging the mammary tissue. Female reproduction in this wild population was depicted from different perspectives. Firstly, lactation and weaning were linked to offspring age, as well as to female reproductive status (cycling, gestation, and quiescence). A second data set examines interbirth intervals in relation to lactation duration, diet, and somatic growth or parity. Differences in diet quality were also related to menarche. A third data set examined female body condition (using skinfold thickness as a measure of % body fat) to diet quality and differences in the expenditure of foraging time between lactating and non-lactating females. A fourth data set considered the relation between infant mortality during peak lactation and the depletion of female metabolic energy balance as indexed by early weaning (cessation of lactation) and a shift to female reproductive quiescence. In the publication some of these data were integrated with mother-infant behavioral relationships as cited from an independent study of the same population. A final data set indicates the names of participants who contributed to both the long-term demographic records, milk collections and estimates human effort for different phases of this research.</p>
Data - Krieg et al. Greater ecophysiological stress tolerance in the core environment than in extreme environments of wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum)
<p>Data used in analyses and code to produce figures.</p>
Experimentally-seeded social cues in the wild: Costs to bearers and potential benefits to receivers
<p>Conspecifics can provide social cues about the presence of key features of the surrounding environment, such as food or predators. Attending to social cues may therefore potentially benefit receivers, or at least be worth following. Yet, bearing social cues could also be costly, particularly if it increases the likelihood of close-range interaction with non-kin. Here, we experimentally-seeded social cues in the wild onto focal individuals of the social hermit crab (<em>Coenobita compressus</em>), testing (1) the 'potential benefits to receivers' hypothesis, which predicts that receivers will follow social cues to orient towards valuable resources, and (2) the 'costs to bearers' hypothesis, which predicts that bearers of social cues will experience direct (physical) costs or indirect (constrained movement) costs due to interaction with receivers. Consistent with hypothesis (1), in natural encounters, conspecifics that crossed paths frequently made antennal contact, potentially gathering social information at close range. In experiments, naïve conspecifics followed focal individuals bearing 'positive' social cues (about a valuable food resource) significantly more often than they followed individuals bearing less attractive ('neutral' or 'ambivalent') social cues, pointing to a potential benefit. Consistent with hypothesis (2), individuals bearing positive social cues incurred greater direct and indirect costs, being physically flipped more often and achieving shorter displacements compared to individuals bearing other social cues. We conclude that experimentally-seeded social cues in the wild can confer costs to bearers and potentially benefit receivers. Broadly, the costs of bearing social cues, revealed here, underscore the importance of not overlooking that social cues may be costly.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.