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FIGURE 2 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa
FIGURE 2. Reconstruction of the Palaeolenus douvilei cephalon showing chosen landmarks and semilandmarks. Blue outlines show semilandmarks placement. White arrows indicate semilandmarks trajectory. The black lines show the orientations which are following Whittington et al. (1997). Abbreviations: sag. – sagittal; tr. – transverse; exs. – exsagittal.
FIGURE 3 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa
FIGURE 3. Plots of principal component analyses. A. Plot of PC1-PC2 space where two main clusters are identified. Cluster in more positive PC1 space contains Palaeolenus douvillei specimens and the cluster in more negative PC1 space contains Megapalaeolenus deprati specimens. Thin-plate spline indicates the extreme shape for each axis. B. Plot of PC2-PC3 space showing no distinct clusters. C. Plot of PC1-PC3 space showing two distinct clusters of the P. douvillei and M. deprati. Clusters are all bound by convex hulls of proposed taxa.
FIGURE 1. Geological and biostratigraphical maps. A in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa
FIGURE 1. Geological and biostratigraphical maps. A. The Shitangshan Section showing approximate stratigraphic distribution of Redlichia mansuyi and Redlichia mai (modified from Hu et al. 2010). B–D. Studied sections showing their approximate stratigraphic levels respectively in Wulongqing Formation. B. Huanglongqing Section. C. Longbaoshan Section. D. Xinglongcun Section. E. Map of Kunming showing the localities of studied sections. The red lines with arrows showing approximate sampling interbeds in each section.
FIGURE 6 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa
FIGURE 6. Articulated and disarticulated specimens of Megapalaeolenus deprati from the Huanglongqing Section. A. HLQ-39A. B. HLQ-19. C. HLQ-37. D. HLQ-50. E. HLQ-13. F. HLQ-33. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa
FIGURE 5. Articulated specimens of Palaeolenus douvillei from the Longbaoshan and Xinglongcun sections. A. LBS- 548. B. XLC-1960. C. LBS-566. D. XLC-2000A. E. LBS-661A. F. LBS-151. G. XLC-0904. H. LBS-629. I. LBS-177. Scale bars equal 3 mm. White arrows indicate the thorax-pygidium boundary.
FIGURE 4 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa
FIGURE 4. The log-centroid size against regressed Procrustes ANOVA scores plot indicates the distinct clusters of the Palaeolenus douvillei and Megapalaeolenus deprati. Clusters bound by convex hulls of taxa. Hollow circles around points indicate specimens with 13 tergites and hollow pentagons around points indicate specimens with at least 14 tergites.
FIGURE 13 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 13. The most compressive Bayesian phylogenetic relationship of Heptapteridae based on coI. The circles nodes represent the Bayesian support (black circle = 1 and grey circle = 0.9). Species delimitations of Pariolius are represented by bar (black bar = morphological delimitation (MOR), red bar = general mixed yule coalescent (GMYC) and blue bar = poisson tree processes (PTP). ORI (Orinoco River) and AMA (Amazonas River).
FIGURE 9 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 9. Geographical distribution of Pariolius pax (yellow) and Pariolius maldonadoi (red) from Colombia. Star represents the type localities. Each symbol may represent more than one specimen.
FIGURE 7 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 7. Dorsal view of the branchial arch of (A) Pariolius pax, MPUJ 10047, paratype, 36.7 mm SL. (B) Pariolius maldonadoi, MPUJ 13076, paratype, 28.4 mm SL. Abbreviations of the anatomical parts: bb2-4 = basibranchial 2 a 4; cb 1-5 = ceratobranchial 1 to 5; eb1-4 = epibranchial 1 to 4; pb3-4 = pharyngo- branchial 3 to 4; hb1-3 = hypobranchial 1 to 3.
FIGURE 10 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 10. Pariolius maldonadoi, MHNU-I 3257, holotype, 32.6 mm SL, Potosí creek tributary to Inírida River, Guaviare State. (A) Lateral view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Dorsal view. Bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 5 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 5. Dorsal view of the complex anterior vertebra of (A) Pariolius pax, MPUJ 10047, paratype, 34.0 mm SL and (B) Pariolius maldonadoi, MPUJ 13077, paratype, 27.3 mm SL. Abbreviations of the anatomical parts: scl = supracleithrum; tri = tripus; trp4 = transverse process 4; trp5: transverse process 5 and vc6: sixth vertebral centrum.
FIGURE 4 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 4. (A) Dorsal view and (B) Ventral view of cranium of Pariolius pax, MPUJ 10047, paratype, 34.0 mm SL. Abbreviations of the anatomical parts: afo = anterior fontanel; apa = autopalatine; boc: basioccipital; epo = epioccipital; exo = exoccipital; exs = extrascapula; fro = frontal; let = lateral ethmoid; max = maxilla; mes = mesethmoid; nas = nasal; opf: optic foramen; osp: orbitosphenoid; par: parasphenoid; pfo = posterior fontanel; pmx = premaxilla; pro: prootic; pto = pterotic; pts: pterosphenoid; soc = supraoccipital; and sph = sphenotic; tff: trigeminofacial foramen; vom = vomer.
FIGURE 3 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 3. Laterosensory pores of Pariolius pax MPUJ 10047, paratype, 34.0 mm SL. (A) Lateral view. (B) Dorsal view. (C) Ventral view. Abbreviations of the anatomical parts: i1 = infraorbital sensory pore 1; i3−6 = infraorbital sensory pores 3–6; ll1-3 = lateral line sensory pores 1–3; pm1–10 = preoperculomandibular sensory pores 1–10; po1 + pm11 = postotic sensory pore 1 + preoperculomandibular sensory pore 11; po2 = postotic sensory pore 2; po3 = postotic sensory pore 3; s1 = supraorbital sensory pore 1; s2 + i2 = supraorbital sensory pore 2 + infraorbital sensory pore 2; s3 = supraorbital sensory pore 3; s8 = supraorbital sensory pore 8.
FIGURE 1 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 1. Pariolius pax, new species, MHNU-I, 3258, holotype, 38.8 mm SL, Ovejas creek tributary to Guaviare River, Meta State. (A) Lateral view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Dorsal view. Bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 8 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 8. Live specimen of (A) Pariolius pax collected in Mapiripán Municipality, vereda San Jorge, Caño Ovejas tributary of the Guaviare River, Orinoco River basin, Meta, Colombia (not preserved) and (B) P. maldonadoi collected in Retorno Municipality, Caño Potosí tributary of the Inírida River, Orinoco River basin, Guaviare, Colombia.
FIGURE 6 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 6. Lateral view of suspensorium (A) Pariolius pax, MPUJ 10047, paratype, 34.0 mm SL. (B) Pariolius maldonadoi, MPUJ 13076, paratype, 28.4 mm SL. Abbreviations of the anatomical parts: hyo = hyomandibula; ent = entopterygoid; iop = interopercle; met = metapterygoid; ope = opercle; pop = preopercle; qua = quadrate and spo = subpreopercle.
FIGURE 2 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 2. Lateral view of the caudal skeleton of (A) Pariolius pax, MPUJ 10047, paratype, 34.0 mm SL (B) Pariolius maldonadoi, MPUJ 13076, paratype, 28.4 mm SL. Abbreviations of the anatomical parts: ep = epural; hi1 + hi2 = complex plate formed by hypurals 1 and 2; hi3+hi4 = complex plate formed by hypurals 3, 4; hi5 = hypural 5; ph = parhypural; pu1 + u1 = complex centrum formed by preural centrum 1 and ural centrum 1; pu2 = preural centrum 2; ur = uroneural.
FIGURE 12 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 12. (A) Dorsal view and (B) Ventral view of cranium of Pariolius maldonadoi, MPUJ 13076, paratype, 28.4 mm SL. Abbreviations of the anatomical parts: afo = anterior fontanel; apa = autopalatine; boc: basioccipital; epo = epioccipital; exo = exoccipital; exs = extrascapula; fro = frontal; let = lateral ethmoid; max = maxilla; mes = mesethmoid; nas = nasal; opf: optic foramen; osp: orbitosphenoid; par: parasphenoid; pfo = posterior fontanel; pmx = premaxilla; pro: prootic; pto = pterotic; pts: pterosphenoid; soc = supraoccipital; and sph = sphenotic; tff: trigeminofacial foramen; vom = vomer.
FIGURE 11 in DARIO R. FAUSTINO-FUSTER, JEISSON A. LÓPEZ-CASTAÑO, JHONATAN M. QUIÑONES & VANESSA MEZA-VARGAS (2024) Increasing the species diversity of the monotypic genus Pariolius Cope 1872 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) after more than 150 years. Zootaxa, 5433 (3): 389-403.
FIGURE 11. Laterosensory pores of Pariolius maldonadoi, MPUJ 13077, paratype, 27.3 mm SL. (A) Lateral view. (B) Dorsal view. (C) Ventral view. Abbreviations of the anatomical parts: i1 = infraorbital sensory pore 1; i3−6 = infraorbital sensory pores 3–6; ll1−3 = lateral line sensory pores 1–3; pm1–10 = preoperculomandibular sensory pores 1–10; po1 + pm11 = postotic sensory pore 1 + preoperculomandibular sensory pore 11; po2 = postotic sensory pore 2; po3 = postotic sensory pore 3; s1 = supraorbital sensory pore 1; s2 + i2 = supraorbital sensory pore 2 + infraorbital sensory pore 2; s3 = supraorbital sensory pore 3; s8 = supraorbital sensory pore 8.
Scripts and data for: Integrating different facets of diversity into food web models: how adaptation among and within functional groups shape ecosystem functioning
<p>Adaptation of communities to environmental fluctuations can emerge from different facets of biodiversity, which may impact ecosystem functioning differently. Previous work examined how ecosystem functions can be influenced by two sources of adaptive potential: sorting (i.e., changes in community composition due to fitness differences) can occur when multiple species or groups are present (richness), and trait adaptability (i.e., trait adjustments within species or functional groups) can emerge from genetic or phenotypic diversity. However, their effect is typically studied separately, and often in the context of only one trophic level. Therefore, we used a bitrophic trait-based model varying in richness and in the presence of trait adaptability at each trophic level, to investigate how sorting and trait adaptability, at one or two trophic levels, separately or jointly shape ecosystem functions. We found that the adaptive potential emerging from any facet of diversity-induced changes in trophic interactions, in turn, affects biomass distributions within and across trophic levels, dynamical behaviour, and synchrony of biomass dynamics within a trophic level. Particularly, sorting and trait adaptability could contribute to a similar degree and at a similar time to temporal changes in ecosystem functions, but their respective contribution depended on the speed of trait adaptation, the trait range between similar functional groups, and trophic interactions. We thus suggest to consider multiple facets of diversity and their corresponding sources of adaptive potential to deepen our mechanistic understanding of ecosystem functioning, especially in a context of rapid biodiversity change.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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