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FIG 3. A, C in Eomakhaira molossus, A New Saber-Toothed Sparassodont (Metatheria: Thylacosmilinae) from the Early Oligocene (?Tinguirirican) Cachapoal Locality, Andean Main Range, Chile

FIG 3. A, C, Photographs and B, D, CT segmentation of the holotype of Eomakhaira molossus, a partial skull of a senescent individual preserving the rostrum and the anterior portion of the mandible (SGOPV 3490) in left (A, B) and right (C, D) lateral views. In renderings of the CT segmentation, nasal in orange, facial process of the lacrimal in teal, palatine in blue, all other bones of the cranium (maxilla, jugal, frontal, etc.) in purple, teeth in yellow, and dentary in green. Anterior to left in A–B and to right in C–D. Scale = 30 mm.

FIG 2 in Eomakhaira molossus, A New Saber-Toothed Sparassodont (Metatheria: Thylacosmilinae) from the Early Oligocene (?Tinguirirican) Cachapoal Locality, Andean Main Range, Chile

FIG 2. Locations of the Cachapoal locality and the similar-aged (likely coeval) Tinguiririca locality in central Chile. Gray area in inset box represents outcrops of the Abanico Formation.

FIG 10. A in Eomakhaira molossus, A New Saber-Toothed Sparassodont (Metatheria: Thylacosmilinae) from the Early Oligocene (?Tinguirirican) Cachapoal Locality, Andean Main Range, Chile

FIG 10. A, Photograph and B, C, CT images of the right upper canine of the holotype of Eomakhaira molossus (SGOPV 3490). A, Lateral view, showing bluntness of canine apex and the absence of enamel, longitudinal ridges, and labial median canine sulcus. B, Transverse section of canine, slightly below alveolar border (actual point at alveolar border obscured by a crack), showing posterior keel. Anterior root of P1 (aP1) marked to show that the longitudinal ridge is not an artifact of postmortem damage. C, Transverse section of canine, at level of tooth row, showing presence of median labial keel and lingual median sulcus. Approximate location of sections in B, C denoted by arrows on A. Anterior to right in all images, and lingual to top in B, C. Abbreviations: aP1, anterior root of P1; mk, labial median keel; ms, lingual median sulcus; pr, posterior ridge. Scale = 10 mm (A); 5 mm (B, C).

FIG 12 in Eomakhaira molossus, A New Saber-Toothed Sparassodont (Metatheria: Thylacosmilinae) from the Early Oligocene (?Tinguirirican) Cachapoal Locality, Andean Main Range, Chile

FIG 12. Oblique lateral CT image slice of SGOPV 3490 along the postcanine tooth row, showing position of lower molars and depth of horizontal ramus. Note how worn surfaces of P3 and m1 closely match one another. Scale = 30 mm.

FIG. 17 in Eomakhaira molossus, A New Saber-Toothed Sparassodont (Metatheria: Thylacosmilinae) from the Early Oligocene (?Tinguirirican) Cachapoal Locality, Andean Main Range, Chile

FIG. 17. Results of parsimony phylogenetic analysis under implied weights with concavity constant k = 3, showing the single recovered most parsimonious tree (MPT). Eomakhaira molossus in bold. Numbers to lower left represent bootstrap values. Support values not given for Dasyuromorphia, as this node was constrained a priori (see text).

FIG. 15 in Eomakhaira molossus, A New Saber-Toothed Sparassodont (Metatheria: Thylacosmilinae) from the Early Oligocene (?Tinguirirican) Cachapoal Locality, Andean Main Range, Chile

FIG. 15. Lower right dentition of SGOPV 3490 in A, labial, B, occlusal, and C, lingual views. Colors of elements in this CT segmentation are the same as in figure 3. Anterior to right in A, B and to left in C. Scale = 30 mm.

FIG 20 in Eomakhaira molossus, A New Saber-Toothed Sparassodont (Metatheria: Thylacosmilinae) from the Early Oligocene (?Tinguirirican) Cachapoal Locality, Andean Main Range, Chile

FIG 20. Lower canines of non-thylacosmiline proborhyaenids. A–B, Proborhyaena gigantea (MACN-A 52-382) in A, labial and B, lingual views. C, Arminiheringia auceta (MACN-A 10970) in labial view. D, Paraborhyaena boliviana (UATF-V-000129; left canine, reversed) in labial view. The upper canines of Arminiheringia show a comparable morphology (see fig. S4B; apices of the upper canines are unknown for Proborhyaena and Paraborhyaena). Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIG. 21 in Eomakhaira molossus, A New Saber-Toothed Sparassodont (Metatheria: Thylacosmilinae) from the Early Oligocene (?Tinguirirican) Cachapoal Locality, Andean Main Range, Chile

FIG. 21. Temporal durations of major lineages of mammalian saber-toothed carnivores, with metatherian lineage in grey and placental lineages in black. A representative skull of each clade is depicted to the right; from top to bottom: Thylacosmilus atrox (Thylacosmilinae), Machaeroides eothen (Machaeroidinae), Hoplophoneus primaevus (Nimravidae), Barbourofelis fricki (Barbourofelidae) and Smilodon fatalis (Machairodontinae). Images of Machaeroides, Barbourofelis, and Smilodon modified from Antón (2013), Thylacosmilus from Riggs (1934), and Hoplophoneus from Scott and Jepsen (1936) and Bryant (1996). Tick mark on Thylacosmilinae record represents the oldest occurrence of this clade (~20.2 Ma) prior to the discovery of Eomakhaira. Abbreviations: Plio., Pliocene; Ple., Pleistocene.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

Text-fig. 7. Stratigraphic ranges of selected, biostratigraphically relevant taxa from Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian of Saar-Nahe Basin. Based on data from Kerp and Fichter (1985), Lausberg et al. (2003), Schindler et al. (2004), Kerp et al. (2007a, b), Cleal (2008) and Uhl (2008). Absolute age of 300.0 ± 1.2 Ma in middle of Remigiusberg Formation based on Ar-Ar dating of sanidins published by Burger et al. (1997). in New Data On The Macroflora Of The Basal Rotliegend Group (Remigiusberg Formation; Gzhelian) In The Saar-Nahe Basin (Sw-Germany)

Text-fig. 7. Stratigraphic ranges of selected, biostratigraphically relevant taxa from Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian of Saar-Nahe Basin. Based on data from Kerp and Fichter (1985), Lausberg et al. (2003), Schindler et al. (2004), Kerp et al. (2007a, b), Cleal (2008) and Uhl (2008). Absolute age of 300.0 ± 1.2 Ma in middle of Remigiusberg Formation based on Ar-Ar dating of sanidins published by Burger et al. (1997).

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

Text-fig. 4. Lithostratigraphy of the BCB and standard ammonite zonation in relation to Schloenbachia lymensis occurrence. a. Plaňany. b. Slaný. Dashed lines indicate chronostratigraphic ranges of marine strata in both localities. For detailed litho- and biostratigraphy of the Pecínov Member see Košťák et al. (2018). in Taxonomy And Stratigraphic Distribution Of The Ammonite Schloenbachia Neumayr, 1875 From The Bohemian Cretaceous Basin

Text-fig. 4. Lithostratigraphy of the BCB and standard ammonite zonation in relation to Schloenbachia lymensis occurrence. a. Plaňany. b. Slaný. Dashed lines indicate chronostratigraphic ranges of marine strata in both localities. For detailed litho- and biostratigraphy of the Pecínov Member see Košťák et al. (2018).

Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic ranges of Microtoscoptini-bearing sites. Correlation of ELMA and NALMA with earth years is according to Hilgen et al. (2012). Localities of very broad stratigraphic range (e.g., the entire Turolian or Hemphillian, as for Vasilivka 1, Lobkove, Little Valley, Cambridge), do not contribute to detail the range, and are omitted in this figure. in Comments On The Age And Dispersal Of Microtoscoptini (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic ranges of Microtoscoptini-bearing sites. Correlation of ELMA and NALMA with earth years is according to Hilgen et al. (2012). Localities of very broad stratigraphic range (e.g., the entire Turolian or Hemphillian, as for Vasilivka 1, Lobkove, Little Valley, Cambridge), do not contribute to detail the range, and are omitted in this figure.

Text-fig. 9. Mean individual differences in non-metric and metric variables of M1 from respective mean values of extant A. flavicollis, A. sylvaticus and A. uralensis in the Recent samples (left) and fossils of particular Pleistocene biozones (right), superimposed to variation ranges and centroids of the former ones. in Genus Apodemus In The Pleistocene Of Central Europe: When Did The Extant Taxa Appear?

Text-fig. 9. Mean individual differences in non-metric and metric variables of M1 from respective mean values of extant A. flavicollis, A. sylvaticus and A. uralensis in the Recent samples (left) and fossils of particular Pleistocene biozones (right), superimposed to variation ranges and centroids of the former ones.

Text-fig. 7. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual M1 of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (based on the discrimination analysis of total set of characters, both metric and non-metric). in Genus Apodemus In The Pleistocene Of Central Europe: When Did The Extant Taxa Appear?

Text-fig. 7. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual M1 of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (based on the discrimination analysis of total set of characters, both metric and non-metric).

Text-fig. 8. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual m1 of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (standardized discrimination scores based on nine most significant variables). in Genus Apodemus In The Pleistocene Of Central Europe: When Did The Extant Taxa Appear?

Text-fig. 8. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual m1 of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (standardized discrimination scores based on nine most significant variables).

Text-fig. 6. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual m1 and M1 teeth of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (based on the discrimination analysis of metric variables of M1 and m1). in Genus Apodemus In The Pleistocene Of Central Europe: When Did The Extant Taxa Appear?

Text-fig. 6. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual m1 and M1 teeth of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (based on the discrimination analysis of metric variables of M1 and m1).

Text-fig. 9. Biostratigraphy of African Miocene localities, with the temporal ranges of the diverse species of hyaenodonts found therein. See Pickford (1986a), Pickford and Senut (2003), Reynoso (2014) and Werdelin (2010). in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 9. Biostratigraphy of African Miocene localities, with the temporal ranges of the diverse species of hyaenodonts found therein. See Pickford (1986a), Pickford and Senut (2003), Reynoso (2014) and Werdelin (2010).

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Text-fig. 3. Scatter diagram of mean L/W values of selected Spermophilinus upper first molars (M1 and M2) from Switzerland and south Germany. The crosses correspond to the minimum and maximum values of the length and width. The intersection gives the value of the mean. Comparative data are after Ziegler and Fahlbusch (1986), Bolliger (1992), Kälin (1993), Ziegler (1995, 2005), Kälin and Engesser (2001), Prieto (2007), Prieto et al. (2009, 2017), Seehuber (2009). Blue: localities younger than ~14 Ma (S. bredai); Green: localities ranging from ~14 Ma to ~15Ma (S. bredai); Red: localities ranging from ~15 Ma to ~16 Ma (S. besana); Yellow: older localities (most S. besana). in Dental Anomaly In A Middle Miocene Fossil Of The Genus Spermophilinus (Rodentia, Sciuridae) From Southern Germany

Text-fig. 3. Scatter diagram of mean L/W values of selected Spermophilinus upper first molars (M1 and M2) from Switzerland and south Germany. The crosses correspond to the minimum and maximum values of the length and width. The intersection gives the value of the mean. Comparative data are after Ziegler and Fahlbusch (1986), Bolliger (1992), Kälin (1993), Ziegler (1995, 2005), Kälin and Engesser (2001), Prieto (2007), Prieto et al. (2009, 2017), Seehuber (2009). Blue: localities younger than ~14 Ma (S. bredai); Green: localities ranging from ~14 Ma to ~15Ma (S. bredai); Red: localities ranging from ~15 Ma to ~16 Ma (S. besana); Yellow: older localities (most S. besana).

opencc-zeroDec 2001View details →

FIG. 5 in Redescription and range extension of the sea anemone Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908), with revision of genus Exocoelactis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria)

FIG. 5. — Transverse section of Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908), (USNM 100866), boxed areas in A are enlarged in B and C; B, retractor muscle, magnification is 4.5 times that of A; C, parietobasilar muscles, magnification is 4.5 times that of A. Scale bar: A, 1 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2001View details →

FIG. 4. — A in Redescription and range extension of the sea anemone Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908), with revision of genus Exocoelactis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria)

FIG. 4. — A, longitudinal muscles of tentacles and radial muscles of oral disc of Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908), (KUNHM 01266), musculature is located in about the middle of the mesoglea; B, interruption between the longitudinal muscles of tentacles and the distal end of the sphincter muscle, magnification is 6.3 times that of A (KUNHM 01267); C, mesenterial insertion on oral disc, magnification is four times that of A (KUNHM 01266). Scale bar: A, 2 mm.