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1,398 results for “Shallow Waters”
Deep reefs are not refugium for shallow-water fish communities in the southwestern Atlantic
<p>1. The deep reef refugia hypothesis (DRRH) predicts that deep reef ecosystems may act as refugium for the biota of disturbed shallow waters. Because deep reefs are amongst the most understudied habitats on Earth, formal tests of the DRRH remain scarce. If the DRRH is valid at the community level, the diversity of species, functions and lineages of fish communities of shallow reefs should be encapsulated in deep reefs.</p> <p>2. We tested the DRRH by assessing the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of 22 Brazilian fish communities between 2 and 62m depth. We partitioned the gamma diversity of shallow (<30m) and deep reefs (>30m) into independent alpha and beta components, accounted for species' abundance, and assessed if beta patterns were mostly driven by spatial turnover or nestedness.</p> <p>3. We recorded 3821 fishes belonging to 85 species and 36 families. Contrary to DRRH expectations, only 48% of the species occurred in both shallow and deep reefs. Alpha diversity of rare species was higher in deep reefs as expected, but alpha diversity of typical and dominant species did not vary with depth. Alpha functional diversity was higher in deep reefs only for rare and typical species, but not for dominant species. Alpha phylogenetic diversity was consistently higher in deep reefs, supporting DRRH expectations.</p> <p>4. Profiles of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic beta diversity indicated that deep reefs were not more heterogeneous than shallow reefs, contradicting expectations of biotic homogenization near sea surface. Furthermore, pairwise beta diversity analyses revealed that the patterns were mostly driven by spatial turnover rather than nestedness at any depth.</p> <p>5<i>. </i>Conclusions: Although some results support the DRRH, most indicate that the shallow-water reef fish diversity are not fully encapsulated in deep reefs. Every reef contributes significantly to the regional diversity and must be managed and protected accordingly.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Thesea pyrrha sp. nov., a new shallow-water octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from southwestern Atlantic, and implications on the systematics of the genus
FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic reconstruction with Maximum likelihood (left) and Bayesian Inference (right) of the families Gorgoniidae and Plexauridae based on the concatenated dataset (mtMutS + COI+ 28S), including (purple) Thesea pyrrha sp. nov.
FIGURE 2 in Thesea pyrrha sp. nov., a new shallow-water octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from southwestern Atlantic, and implications on the systematics of the genus
FIGURE 2. Sclerites of Thesea pyrrha sp. nov. (USNM 73349, holotype). A, B: Double-faced sclerites of the outer coenenchymal layer; C: spindles of the calyces; D: spindles-like sclerites of the outer coenenchymal layer; E: spindles of the inner coenenchymal layer; F: polypar sclerites.
FIGURE 3. Images A and B in Thesea pyrrha sp. nov., a new shallow-water octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from southwestern Atlantic, and implications on the systematics of the genus
FIGURE 3. Images A and B shows Thesea pyrrha sp. nov. in situ. All photographed in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Photos: Edson Faria Júnior.
FIGURE 1 in Thesea pyrrha sp. nov., a new shallow-water octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from southwestern Atlantic, and implications on the systematics of the genus
FIGURE 1. Thesea pyrrha sp. nov. (USNM 73349, holotype). A: colony in stereo view; B: Large two-faced sclerite in stereo view; C, D: details of the calyces in stereo view.
Distribution. Endemic to cold temperate and subpolar waters of N Pacific Ocean, from the relatively shallow waters of the Bering Sea in the N to S Japan (W Pacific Ocean) and C California (E Pacific Ocean); itis the only species of Mesoplodon that commonly occurs in the Sea ofJapan. in Ziphiidae
Distribution. Endemic to cold temperate and subpolar waters of N Pacific Ocean, from the relatively shallow waters of the Bering Sea in the N to S Japan (W Pacific Ocean) and C California (E Pacific Ocean); itis the only species of Mesoplodon that commonly occurs in the Sea ofJapan.
Distribution. Cooler waters of the N Pacific Ocean, N limit apparently determined by the relatively shallow waters of the Bering Sea and recorded S to La Paz in Baja California, Mexico (E Pacific Ocean), and S Japan (W Pacific Ocean). The S limit in central N Pacific Ocean remains unclear. in Ziphiidae
Distribution. Cooler waters of the N Pacific Ocean, N limit apparently determined by the relatively shallow waters of the Bering Sea and recorded S to La Paz in Baja California, Mexico (E Pacific Ocean), and S Japan (W Pacific Ocean). The S limit in central N Pacific Ocean remains unclear.
Distribution. Shallow, coastal waters of tropical and subtropical S & E Asia, from the Persian Gulf E to the S East China Sea and S to the Sunda Is. There are no records from Oman and the Philippines, although the species is expected eventually to be found in both locations. in Phocoenidae
Distribution. Shallow, coastal waters of tropical and subtropical S & E Asia, from the Persian Gulf E to the S East China Sea and S to the Sunda Is. There are no records from Oman and the Philippines, although the species is expected eventually to be found in both locations.
Subspecies and Distribution. S.l.longirostrisGray,1828—oceanicislandsintropicalwatersoftheAtlantic,Indian,andWPacificoceanstoc.145°W. S.l.centroamericanaPerrin,1990—coastalwatersofthetropicalEPacificOceanfromtheGulfofTehuantepec,MexicotoCostaRica. S.l.orientalisPerrin,1990—pelagicwatersofthetropicalEPacificOceannofartherWthanc.145°W,primarilybetween24°NoffBajaCalifornia,Mexico,and10°SoffCPeru. S. l. roserventris Dumont d'Urville in Schreber, Goldfuss & Wagner, 1846 — shallow, nearshore waters of SE Asia, Sunda Is, Wallacea, New Guinea, and Australia. in Delphinidae
Subspecies and Distribution. S.l.longirostrisGray,1828—oceanicislandsintropicalwatersoftheAtlantic,Indian,andWPacificoceanstoc.145°W. S.l.centroamericanaPerrin,1990—coastalwatersofthetropicalEPacificOceanfromtheGulfofTehuantepec,MexicotoCostaRica. S.l.orientalisPerrin,1990—pelagicwatersofthetropicalEPacificOceannofartherWthanc.145°W,primarilybetween24°NoffBajaCalifornia,Mexico,and10°SoffCPeru. S. l. roserventris Dumont d'Urville in Schreber, Goldfuss & Wagner, 1846 — shallow, nearshore waters of SE Asia, Sunda Is, Wallacea, New Guinea, and Australia.
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925). in Muridae
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925).
FIGURE 3. Hexapanopeus klausruetzleri n in A new shallow-water mud crab of the genus Hexapanopeus Rathbun, 1898 from Belize (Crustacea: Decapoda: Panopeidae)
FIGURE 3. Hexapanopeus klausruetzleri n. sp., A, male holotype, USNM 1546469 (= ULLZ 12526-A) cw 9.9 mm, Belize; B, juvenile male paratype, USNM 1661745 (= ULLZ 12526-B) cw 7.2 mm, Belize; C, juvenile female paratype, USNM 1549828 (= ULLZ 16524) cw 5.2 mm, Belize.
FIGURE 2. Hexapanopeus klausruetzleri n in A new shallow-water mud crab of the genus Hexapanopeus Rathbun, 1898 from Belize (Crustacea: Decapoda: Panopeidae)
FIGURE 2. Hexapanopeus klausruetzleri n. sp., male holotype, USNM 1546469 (= ULLZ 12526-A) A–F, H, I; male paratype, USNM 1661745 (= ULLZ 12526-B) G. A, right second pereopod, anterodorsal surfaces; B, right third pereopod, posterior surface; C, right fourth pereopod, posterior surface; D, E, right fifth pereopod, posterior surface; F, pleon, sternum, and pereopod coxae, ventral surfaces; G, posterior pleon, sternum, and posteriormost coxae, posteroventral surfaces; H, right first gonopod,tip, sternal surface; I, right first gonopod tip, pleonal surface; J, right second gonopod, pleonal surface. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 4. Male first gonopod terminal sculpture. A in A new shallow-water mud crab of the genus Hexapanopeus Rathbun, 1898 from Belize (Crustacea: Decapoda: Panopeidae)
FIGURE 4. Male first gonopod terminal sculpture. A, Eurypanopeus abbreviatus, HBOI 89:4726, Atlantic coast, Florida (see also Williams 1965: fig. 183k); B, Eurypanopeus ater, USNM 1538233, Gulf of Mexico, Texas; C, Panopeus americanus, USNM 1536455-A, Atlantic coast, Florida; D, Panopeus americanus, USNM 1536455-B, Atlantic coast, Florida.
FIGURE 1. Hexapanopeus klausruetzleri n in A new shallow-water mud crab of the genus Hexapanopeus Rathbun, 1898 from Belize (Crustacea: Decapoda: Panopeidae)
FIGURE 1. Hexapanopeus klausruetzleri n. sp., male holotype, USNM 1546469 (= ULLZ 12526-A). A, right side of carapace, dorsal surface; B, left side of carapace, ventral surface; C, right third maxilliped detached, external surface (arthrobranch gill pair not shown); D, right third maxilliped detached, internal surface; E, major (left) chela, external surface; F, major (left) cheliped, supero-internal surface. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 5. A in Shallow-water Ascidians from Matua Island (central Kuril Islands, NW Pacific), part 2
FIGURE 5. A, colony of Aplidium spitzbergense; B, two colonies of Distaplia sp.; C, colony of Aplidiopsis pannosum.
FIGURE 4. Aplidium matua n in Shallow-water Ascidians from Matua Island (central Kuril Islands, NW Pacific), part 2
FIGURE 4. Aplidium matua n. sp. A, holotype; B, another colony (not collected); C, details of one system of zooids.
FIGURE 1. Synoicum polyzoinum n in Shallow-water Ascidians from Matua Island (central Kuril Islands, NW Pacific), part 2
FIGURE 1. Synoicum polyzoinum n. sp. A, B, zooid; C, stomach, enlarged; D, parts of preserved colony (Holotype).
FIGURE 3. Aplidium matua n in Shallow-water Ascidians from Matua Island (central Kuril Islands, NW Pacific), part 2
FIGURE 3. Aplidium matua n. sp. A, zooid; B, C, gut loop and stomach of two zooids; D, preserved colony (Holotype).
FIGURE 2. Synoicum polyzoinum n in Shallow-water Ascidians from Matua Island (central Kuril Islands, NW Pacific), part 2
FIGURE 2. Synoicum polyzoinum n. sp. A, overall view of colony. (Solitary ascidians on this photograph are Dendrodoa aggregata and small whitish translucent colony in the central part of the image is Placentela crystallina); B, detail of colony composed of several cormidia, each with single system of zooids.
FIGURE 6 in A new shallow water species of the palaemonid shrimp genus Palaemon Weber, 1795 (Decapoda: Caridea) from Japan
FIGURE 6. Type locality of Palaemon parvibrachium n. sp. in Ena Bay, Miura Peninsula, central Japan.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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