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Figure 2 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 2. Chorological pattern of seven undetermined metapopulations in the Cicadetta cerdaniensis song group and distribution areas of described species in Southern Europe. Preliminary classifications with informal names according to qualitative song patterns. Map with locations of analysed data: G, genetics; M, morphology; s, some key variables of the song analysed; S, detailed song analyses (recordings between 23 °C and 28 °C perch temperature only).

Figure 3. Cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 3. Cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II (COI and COII) mitochondrial DNA concatenated phylogeny of the Cicadetta cerdaniensis song group. Maximum-likelihood (ML, GARLI) phylogenies are shown with ML branch lengths (box on the left) and ML bootstrap support. Nodes with less than 50% bootstrap support have been collapsed. Cicadetta fangoana was selected as the out-group taxon; taxa colours correspond to Figure 9. Specimen names include two-letter country codes followed by species or informal names (later in this study: 'cerdaniensis'-like = Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov., 'intermediate' = Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov.). Specimen identification numbers are congruent with the type series for undescribed taxa. Cicadetta cantilatrix specimens originate from Switzerland, France, Poland, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Bulgaria. Type localities of Cicadetta cantilatrix, Cicadetta cerdaniensis, and Cicadetta anapaistica are included.

Figure 1 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 1. Timbal movement types in the Cicadetta cerdaniensis song group demonstrated in oscillograms (time versus amplitude): A, alternating type, with four signals per syllable; B, synchronous, with two signals per syllable visible (or one timbal not active/destroyed); and C, halfsynchronous, with three signals of variable amplitude visible. Grey bars indicate the duration of one syllable (complete group of buckling inwards and restoration for both timbals).

Figure 12 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 12. Duration of syllables measured at short echemes of phrase 3 in Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. (◆, continuous line), Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov. (□, dotted line), and Cicadetta anapaistica anapaistica (○, broken line): A, dependency on temperature, with linear regression trend lines and standard errors (grey areas); B, visualization of the disruption between the two species along the geographical latitude after controlling for temperature (residuals from the global temperature/time trend line).

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FIGURE 5. a—Waveform showing the complete 1.5 in Platylomia kohimaensis n. sp.-a new cicada species (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the Naga Hills in the Eastern Himalayas

FIGURE 5. a—Waveform showing the complete 1.5 minute call recording, note the middle part where call is paused (inbox—section stretched to reveal waveform pattern), b—a portion of the recorded timbalisation stretched to revel the pattern of waveform in the form of regular echemes repeating at the rate of 8 echemes per second, c—Frequency spectrogram of the call showing frequency components (arrow showing main frequency components in each echeme).

opennotspecifiedDec 2012View details →

FIGURE 5 in First record of the cicada genus Karenia Distant, 1888 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from Vietnam, with description of a new species

FIGURE 5. Male genitalia of Karenia species: A. Karenia ravida, ventral view; B, K. caelatata, ventral view; C, K. sulcata, ventral view. (after Chou et al., 1997); D, K. chama, ventral view (after Wei et al., 2009); E, Karenia hoanglienensis sp. nov., ventral view.

opennotspecifiedDec 2012View details →

FIGURE 3 in First record of the cicada genus Karenia Distant, 1888 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from Vietnam, with description of a new species

FIGURE 3. Karenia hoanglienensis sp. nov.: A, male genitalia in lateral view. B, male genitalia in lateroventral view. C, male genitalia in ventral view.

FIGURE 22 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 22. Results of non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), projected in two dimensions, of the normal chirping songs of four of the described Drymopsalta species. The results show a clear separation of the songs of D. wallumi, D. daemeli, and the combined song-set of D. hobsoni and D. acrotela. The results confirm the overlap of the song parameters of D. hobsoni and D. acrotela.

FIGURE 20 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 20. Amplitude spectra of; A, B, normal calling song and buzzing echeme of Drymopsalta daemeli (Distant), from Wises Track, near Audley, Royal National Park; C, normal calling song of Drymopsalta crepitum from Iron Range, Cape York Peninsula (recorded by D. Marshall and K. Hill). Field recordings. Spectra analysed using 10 to 15 seconds song segments. The horizontal bars indicate the higher amplitude frequency envelope of each spectrum, which are used to estimate the dominant frequency and nominal bandwidths within each song. The apparent sidebands measured from the spectra are tabulated. Field recordings.

FIGURE 19 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 19. Drymopsalta crepitum Ewart. Waveform plots of the normal calling song. A, overall structure of song with chirps separated by multiple single ticks. B, time expanded details of a single chirp, and C, part of a chirp with preceding single tick. D, shows in greater detail the structure of a single tick. Field recording by D. Marshall and K, Hill, Iron Range, Cape York Peninsula. Filtered to 14 kHz.

FIGURE 18 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 18. Drymopsalta daemeli (Distant). Waveform plots of; A, B, normal calling song, and C, D, buzzing echeme. A, B (time expansion) illustrate the chirps with the characteristic two intervening single ticks. The definition of the ratio parameters R1 to R4 are shown, relating the timing of the single ticks relative to the adjacent chirps. C, D (time expansion) illustrate the structures of the buzzing echemes which in fact comprise sets of closely spaced short echemes, each comprising coalesced ticks. Field recordings filtered to 16 kHz.

FIGURE 17 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 17. Amplitude spectra of the buzzing echemes and chirping songs of; A, B, Drymopsalta hobsoni sp. nov. (Bringalily State Forest), and C, D, Drymopsalta acrotela sp. nov. (Florence Falls, Litchfield National Park). Spectra based on analyses of 25–60 seconds song segments. The horizontal bars indicate the higher amplitude frequency envelope of each spectrum, which are used to estimate the dominant frequency and nominal bandwidths within each song. The apparent sidebands measured from the spectra are tabulated. Field recordings.

FIGURE 14 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 14. Waveform plots of two additional song phases observed in Drymopsalta hobsoni sp. nov. A, multiple sets of buzzing echemes with intervening anomalous chirp songs, Bringalily State Forest. B, time expanded segment of a buzzing echeme showing the tick sequence. C, anomalous chirps showing the variable lengths and tick numbers and absence of intervening single ticks. D, illustrates the occurrence of anomalous chirps between two extended echemes. Field recordings, filtered to 12 kHz.

FIGURE 13 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 13. Waveform plots of the songs of; A to C, Drymopsalta hobsoni sp. nov., from the Bringalily State Forest, via Inglewood, and, D, E, Drymopsalta acrotela sp. nov., from the Florence Falls, Litchfield National Park, Northern Territory. Plots A and D illustrate the normal calling songs of each species showing the multiple chirps and intervening single ticks. Plots B, C, and E illustrate time expanded segments selected from the chirps and single ticks (shown in A and D, respectively). The definition of the R1/R2 ratio parameter is shown in C, and the similarity of this ratio between the two species is evident in A and D. Field recordings, A to C filtered to 8 kHz, and D and E to 10 kHz.

FIGURE 9 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 9. Drymopsalta wallumi sp. nov. Waveform plots of normal calling songs, from; A, B, Currimundi Conservation Park, near Caloundra, in situ open net recording; B, time expanded segment of a single chirp (see A); C, D, Woodgate National Park, in situ field recording; D, time expanded segment of a single chirp (shown in C). Recordings filtered to 15 kHz (A) and 11 kHz (C). The definition of the R1/R2 ratio parameter is shown in A.

FIGURE 8 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 8. Drymopsalta crepitum Ewart, from, A to D, Heathlands Station, and E, F, Cockatoo Creek, approximately 24 km NNW of Heathlands Station, northern Cape York Peninsula. A, lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind wings; C, timbal (posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top); D, left operculum; E, F, pygofer and male genitalia. E, lateral view; F, ventral view. Length of pygofer 1.5 mm. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (3 mm). After Ewart (2005).

FIGURE 5 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 5. Drymopsalta acrotela sp. nov., Litchfield National park, Buley Rockhole, Northern Territory. A, lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind wings; C, timbal (posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top); D, left operculum. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (3 mm).

FIGURE 4 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 4. Drymopsalta hobsoni sp. nov., pygofer and male genitalia. A, lateral view; B, ventral view. Specimen locality as in Fig. 3. Length of pygofer 1.5 mm. Drymopsalta acrotela sp. nov., pygofer and male genitalia. C, lateral view; D, ventral view. Specimen from Litchfield National Park, Tolmer Falls, Northern Territory. Length of pygofer 1.44 mm.

FIGURE 2 in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 2. Drymopsalta wallumi sp. nov. Male pygofer and genitalia. A, C, lateral views, B, D, ventral views. A, B, from Currimundi Conservation Park, near Caloundra, southeast Queensland; C, D, from Woodgate Beach Township, Hervey Bay, southeast Queensland. Lengths of pygofers 1.6 and 1.57 mm, respectively.

FIGURE 16. A in New species of Drymopsalta Heath Cicadas (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, with overview of genus

FIGURE 16. A, Drymopsalta hobsoni sp. nov. and B, Drymopsalta wallumi sp. nov. Time expanded envelope curves of the ticks within the chirps of the normal calling songs showing the similarities of the temporal structures of the ticks. These similarities extend to the other Drymopsalta species. Within these plots, the tick repetition rates and the inter-pulse durations (between primary and secondary pulses) are, respectively, for A, 5.73±0.05 and 2.12±0.15 ms; for B, 4.44±0.18 and 2.07±0.19 ms. Field recordings filtered to 10 kHz (A) and 15 kHz (B).