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FIGURE 8 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods

FIGURE 8. Representative photomicrographs of Holopedium amazonicum. (a) Lateral view of ovigerous female with jelly coat removed. (b) Lateral view of brooding female with jelly coat removed. (c) Lateral view of female head. (d) Partial lateral view of female. (e) Lateral view of female head. (f) Lateral view of female postabdomen. Lago Coari, Amazonas, May 24, 1996. (g) Lateral view of brood pouch margin and eggs. (h) Lateral view of ventral carapace margin. (a–e, g–h) from Lago Caju, Amazonas, September 24, 1998.

FIGURE 3 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods

FIGURE 3. NJ phenogram of Holopedium based upon 17 COI haplotypes, rooted using Sida crystallina. Boostrap support values (based upon 10,000 replicates) are shown for major clusters and deeper nodes, and the scale bar shows K2P genetic distance. Terminal branch labels indicate the clade number, followed by the haplotype number. Haplotypes of reference populations collected from relatively near the type localities of H. gibberum and H. amazonicum are indicated with one and two asterisks, respectively. The two clusters containing these haplotypes are considered to represent these species sensu strictu, while the remaining clusters are described here as new species.

FIGURE 2 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods

FIGURE 2. UPGMA phenogram showing genetic distances, based upon allozyme data, among 121 Holopedium populations. Only those collections known to contain a single species, due to being either invariant or in H-W equilibrium, are included here. Nei's (1972) genetic distance is indicated on the scale bar. The geographic distributions of the two major groups are consistent with those of the two initially described species of Holopedium, and these groups are therefore named after these species, H. gibberum and H. amazonicum. New species names are assigned to two clusters on the basis of allozyme, mtDNA, distributional, and morphological information (see text for further information and justification). Asterisks designate those populations for which mtDNA results are available; allozyme and mtDNA clusters are concordant. Double asterisks and haplotype numbers are given for those populations having sequence data presented in Fig. 4.

FIGURE 1 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods

FIGURE 1. Maps of Holopedium populations sampled for genetic analyses. Exact geographic coordinates and habitat names are provided in Appendix A. Populations sampled from outside North America are shown on the inset global map. Type localities for the two initially described species of Holopedium are indicated with stars on the inset map and were not included in this study, although (relatively) nearby collections were available. North American freshwater biogeographic provinces (after Burr & Mayden 1992) are shown, and the names of those from which samples were collected are listed in the legend.

FIGURE 7 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods

FIGURE 7. Representative photomicrographs of Holopedium glacialis. (a) Lateral view of female in jelly coat stained with dilute fuschian red. Wren Lake, Ontario, June 13, 1994. (b,c) Lateral views of female head. (d) Lateral view of female postabdomen. (e) Lateral view of ventral carapace spinules. (f) Lateral view of male with jelly coat removed. (g) Lateral view of male head and antennae. (h) Lateral view of male antennae. (i) Lateral view of hook on male antennae. (j) Lateral view of hooks on first pair of male thoracic limbs. (k) Lateral view of male postabdomen. (l) Lateral view of male postabdominal claw. (m) Lateral view of ventral carapace spines of a male. (b–e) from Como Lake, Ontario, June 28, 1992. (f–m) from Blue Chalk Lake, Ontario, October 17, 1996.

FIGURES 8–12 in Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

FIGURES 8–12. Drawings of diagnostic details of the male genitalia of Xylophanes loelia (Figs. 8a–c), X. lolita n. sp. (Figs. 9a–c), X. neoptolemus (Figs. 10a–c), X. balcazari n. sp. (Figs. 11a–c), and X. cthulhu n. sp. (Figs. 12a–c); a. uncus in lateral view, b. harpe, c. posterior end of the aedeagus.

FIGURES 1–4. 1a in Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

FIGURES 1–4. 1a. Chaerocampa trilineata Walker, [1865], Lectotype, ♂, Venezuela; 1b. Watercolour of the original type of Sphinx neoptolemus Cramer, 1780; 2a and 2b. Xylophanes balcazari n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Mexico, Guerrero; 3a and 3b. Sphinx neoptolemus, Neotype, ♂, Venezuela, Aragua; 4a and 4b. Xylophanes cthulhu n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Guatemala, Izabal. (2a, 3a, 4a: dorsal view; 2b, 3b, 4b: ventral view).

FIGURE 13 in Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

FIGURE 13. Strict consensus of the nine equally most-parsimonious cladograms (length=133, CI=0.78, RI=0.94) resulting from the phylogenetic analysis of the complete dataset of DNA barcode sequences for 38 specimens belonging to the Xylophanes neoptolemus (yellow) and X. loelia (blue) species complexes (X. cyrene, X. aglaor and X. libya are outgroup taxa). Each specimen is identified by its SampleID code (see Table 1), and the two specimens with short sequences are highlighted in boxes. The branch lengths are proportional to the number of changes (indicated on branches, optimized under FAST optimization); Bremer support and rescaled Bremer support values are given above the branches for each node, and bootstrap support values are indicated below. Clades within the X. neoptolemus complex are named after groups 1, 2 and 3 as described in the text.

FIGURES 5–7. 5a and 5b. Xylophanes lolita n in Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

FIGURES 5–7. 5a and 5b. Xylophanes lolita n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Brazil, Minas Gerais; 6a and 6b. Chaerocampa loelia Druce, 1878, Lectotype, ♂, Panama, Chiriquí; 7a. Xylophanes heinrichi Closs, 1917, Holotype, ♂ "Amazonas". (5a, 6a, 7a: dorsal view; 5b, 6b: ventral view).

FIGURE 4 in Three new species of leaflitter frogs from the upper Amazon forests: cryptic diversity within Pristimantis " ockendeni " (Anura: Strabomantidae) in Ecuador

FIGURE 4. Lateral view of specimens of P. kichwarum (QCAZ 18033), P. achuar (QCAZ 25463), and P. altamnis (QCAZ 25311). Note the presence of a canthal stripe and darkened supratympanic ridge in P. kichwarum and their absence in P. achuar and P. altamnis.

FIGURE 8 in Three new species of leaflitter frogs from the upper Amazon forests: cryptic diversity within Pristimantis " ockendeni " (Anura: Strabomantidae) in Ecuador

FIGURE 8. Dorsal view of two specimens of P. altamnis (left and right; QCAZ 25313 and 25304) and the holotype of S. calcaratus (centre; NRM 1921). Note the lack of a darkened W-shaped occipital ridge, the pointed snout, different colour patterning, and shorter, plumper hindlimbs of S. calcaratus compared to P. altamnis.

FIGURE 7 in Three new species of leaflitter frogs from the upper Amazon forests: cryptic diversity within Pristimantis " ockendeni " (Anura: Strabomantidae) in Ecuador

FIGURE 7. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of P. achuar, P. altamnis, and P. kichwarum based on mtDNA cytochrome b and 16S. Posterior probabilities are labelled at nodes. Two subclades are noted within P. kichwarum. The size of terminal triangles reflect the amount of diversity when samples from across the range are included (from Elmer et al. 2007b).

FIGURE 3 in Three new species of leaflitter frogs from the upper Amazon forests: cryptic diversity within Pristimantis " ockendeni " (Anura: Strabomantidae) in Ecuador

FIGURE 3. Ventral view of three paratypes of P. altamnis (top row; QCAZ 25445, 25442, 25447), P. kichwarum (middle row; QCAZ 25287, 25558, 25759), and P. achuar (bottom row; QCAZ 25461, 25530, 25534). Note the difference in ventral colouration between the three species, with P. altamnis having the most dense flecking of melanophores and P. achuar having the palest venter.

FIGURE 5 in Three new species of leaflitter frogs from the upper Amazon forests: cryptic diversity within Pristimantis " ockendeni " (Anura: Strabomantidae) in Ecuador

FIGURE 5. Map of localities for reviewed specimens of P. altamnis (white dot), P. kichwarum (grey dot), and P. achuar (black dot). The general area of the Cuyabeno Reserve and Yasuní National Park are noted, as mentioned in the text for some collections. For simplicity, some nearby localities share a dot. (1) Chonta Yacu, Lumbaqui; (2) Centro Shuar Yawi; (3) Serena; (4) Talag or Cando; (5) Jatun Sacha Biological Station and Arajuno Jungle Lodge; (6) Puca Chicta, Misahuallí; (7) Auca 14 Rd near Dayuma; (8) Parque Nacional Yasuní: Estación Científica, Onkonegare, and pozo Capiron; (9) Llanganates Mountains, Canton Arosamena Tola; (10) La Selva Lodge, Pañacocha; (11) Y of road Tena to Puyo, Canton Sta Clara; (12) Fundación Hola Vida, El Porvenir; (13) Kapawi Lodge; (14) Lorocachi; (15) Petrolera Garza 1, Montalvo; (16) Bloque Shiripuno, Parque Nacional Yasuní; (17) Rio Huataracu, via Hollín-Loreto; (18) Indillama; (19) Yuturi; (20) Bataburo Lodge, Rio Tiguño; (21) Santa Rita; (22) Parque Nacional Yasuní, Carretera Pompeya Sur-Iro Km 21, 38 or 41; (23) Comuna El Descanso; (24) Parque Nacional Yasuní Road to MAXUS km 107 and AMO 1; (25) Parque Nacional Yasuní Bloque 31.

FIGURE 2 in Three new species of leaflitter frogs from the upper Amazon forests: cryptic diversity within Pristimantis " ockendeni " (Anura: Strabomantidae) in Ecuador

FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of three paratypes of P. altamnis (top row; QCAZ 25313, 25302, 25304), P. kichwarum (middle row; QCAZ 25287, 27762, 25782), and P. achuar (bottom row; QCAZ 25538, 25490, 25491). Note the presence of a canthal stripe in P. kichwarum and its absence in P. altamnis and P. achuar.

FIGURE 1 in A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru

FIGURE 1. Ameerega altamazonica, dorsal and ventral views of same specimens. Top row, left to right: MUSM 26934, 26935 (Chazuta); MUSM 26936–26939 (near Tarapoto); ECU-F 107 (Tocache, non-paratype); second row, left to right: ECU-F 108-111 (Tocache, non-paratypes); MUSM 26974 (Saposoa); MUSM 26977 (Huicungo); MUSM 26981, 26982 (Campanilla); 646 (Tocache); ventral photos are in the same order. Bar in bottom center represents 10 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru

FIGURE 4. Lateral view (right) and oral disc (left) of tadpole of Ameerega altamazonica from Chazuta, San Martín, Peru. Bar under tadpole represents 10 mm and under oral disc 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru

FIGURE 5. Niche prediction models of Ameerega altamazonica and A. hahneli generated with Maxent. Warmer colors shows more suitable habitat than colder ones. White triangles represent presence points used in generating niche models. (A) Predicted niche of A. hahneli, (B) Predicted niche of A. altamazonica with magnified inset of central Peru (C). Test AUC values for A. altamazonica and A. hahneli were 0.999 and 0.891, respectively, suggesting high accuracy of models.

FIGURE 6 in A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru

FIGURE 6. Phylogenetic tree showing the Maximum Likelihood topology of genus Ameerega using mtDNA (12s rRNA, 16s rRNA and cytochrome b).

FIGURE 3 in A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru

FIGURE 3. (A) Advertisement call of Ameerega altamazonica, recorded at type locality 9 June 2007 at 23° C. (B) Advertisement call of A. hahneli sensu stricto, recording of captive male from 56 km S Iquitos, Peru, at 24° C. (C) Advertisement call of A. hahneli sensu stricto, individual from Bolivia (recording made available by S. Lötters). (D) Aggressive call of A. altamazonica, recorded at type locality 9 June 2007 at 23° C.