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2,441 results for “extinct”
Fig. 12 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct
Fig. 12. Skull of USNM 8597/37860, lectotype of Pteropus samoensis Peale, 1848. Scale bar 5 10 mm.
Fig. 3 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct
Fig. 3. The fragmentary holotype skin of Pteropus allenorum (ANSP 1234, preserved in alcohol).
Fig. 41. UCM 52446 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals
Fig. 41. UCM 52446, Oligoryctes cameronensis rostrum from Cameron Spring, Wyoming in ventral
Fig. 29. DMNH 1747 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals
Fig. 29. DMNH 1747, Apternodus iliffensis skull from Fremont Butte, Colorado in stereo ventral
Fig. 5. AMNH 97255 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals
Fig. 5. AMNH 97255, Apternodus mediaevus mandible from Pipestone Springs, Montana in occlusal
Fig. 18. USNM 437460 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals
Fig. 18. USNM 437460, Apternodus brevirostris mandible from Flagstaff Rim, Wyoming in occlusal
Fig. 17. USNM 437460 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals
Fig. 17. USNM 437460, Apternodus brevirostris rostrum from Flagstaff Rim, Wyoming in occlusal
Figure 4 in Skeletal anatomy of the extinct shark Paraorthacodus jurensis (Chondrichthyes; Palaeospinacidae), with comments on synechodontiform and palaeospinacid monophyly
Figure 4. Skull and pectoral girdle of Paraorthacodus jurensis (SMNS 88987/1). Scale bar = 10 mm.
Figure 1 in Skeletal anatomy of the extinct shark Paraorthacodus jurensis (Chondrichthyes; Palaeospinacidae), with comments on synechodontiform and palaeospinacid monophyly
Figure 1. Map showing the geographical location of Nusplingen in south-western Germany.
Figure 10. BMNH r2081 in Morphology, relationships, and biogeographical significance of an extinct horned crocodile (Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) from the Quaternary of Madagascar
Figure 10. BMNH r2081, Voay robustus, parietal, dorsal view. Scale = 1 cm.
Figure 1. MCZ 1006 in Morphology, relationships, and biogeographical significance of an extinct horned crocodile (Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) from the Quaternary of Madagascar
Figure 1. MCZ 1006, neotype, Voay robustus, dorsal (A, C) and ventral (B, D) views. Scale = 5 cm.
Figure 2. AMNH 3101 in Morphology, relationships, and biogeographical significance of an extinct horned crocodile (Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) from the Quaternary of Madagascar
Figure 2. AMNH 3101, Voay robustus, skull, right lateral view. Scale = 5 cm.
Combined palaeohistological and isotopic inferences of thermometabolism in extinct Neosuchia, using Goniopholis and Dyrosaurus (Pseudosuchia: Crocodylomorpha) as case studies
<p>The evolution of thermometabolism in pseudosuchians (Late Triassic to the present) remains a partly unsolved issue: extant taxa (crocodilians) are ectothermic, but the clade was inferred ancestrally endothermic. Here we inferred the thermometabolic regime of two neosuchian groups, Goniopholididae (Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous) and Dyrosauridae (Middle Cretaceous to Late Eocene), close relatives of extant crocodilians, in order to elucidate the evolutionary pattern across Metasuchia (Early Jurassic to the present), a clade comprising Neosuchia (Early Jurassic to the present) and Notosuchia (Middle Jurassic until Late Miocene). We propose a new integrative approach combining geochemical analyses to infer body temperature from the stable oxygen isotope composition of tooth phosphate and palaeohistology and phylogenetic comparative methods to infer resting metabolic rates (RMR) and red blood cells dimensions. †Dyrosaurus and †Goniopholis share with extant crocodilians similar lifestyles, body forms, bone tissue organization, body temperatures (Tb), metabolic rates and red blood cells dimensions. Consistently, we infer ectothermy for †Dyrosaurus and †Goniopholis with the parsimonious implication of neosuchians and metasuchians as being primitively ectothermic.</p>
Estimating the distribution of carotenoid coloration in skin and integumentary structures of birds and extinct dinosaurs
<p>Carotenoids are pigments responsible for most bright yellow, red, and orange hues in birds. Their distribution has been investigated in avian plumage, but the evolution of their expression in skin and other integumentary structures has not been approached in detail. Here, we investigate the expression of carotenoid-consistent coloration across tissue types in all extant, non-passerine species (n= 4,022) and archelosaur outgroups in a phylogenetic framework. We collect dietary data for a subset of birds and investigate how dietary carotenoid intake may relate to carotenoid expression in various tissues. We find that carotenoid-consistent expression in skin or non-plumage keratin has a 50 percent probability of being present in the most recent common ancestor of Archosauria. Skin expression has a similar probability at the base of the avian crown clade, but plumage expression is unambiguously absent in that ancestor and shows hundreds of independent gains within non-passerine neognaths, consistent with previous studies. Although our data do not support a strict sequence of tissue expression in non-passerine birds, we find support that expression of carotenoid-consistent color in non-plumage integument structures might evolve in a correlated manner and feathers are rarely the only region of expression. Taxa with diets high in carotenoid content also show expression in more body regions and tissue types. Our results may inform targeted assays for carotenoids in tissues other than feathers, and expectations of these pigments in non-avian dinosaurs. In extinct groups, bare-skin regions and the rhamphotheca, especially in species with diets rich in plants, may express these pigments, which are not expected in feathers or feather homologues.</p>
Observation of mutual extinction and transparency in light scattering
<p>The basic publication is:<br> A. Rates, A. Lagendijk, O. Akdemir, A.P. Mosk, and W.L. Vos, "Observation of mutual extinction and transparency in light scattering", Phys. Rev. A <strong>104</strong>, 043515. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.104.043515.<br> <br> We have uploaded to the Zenodo database all data enabling everyone to reuse our data, and to reproduce all the figures of our paper.</p> <p>The upload contains the file "Metadata.txt" explaining the content of the upload.</p>
Productivity, niche availability, species richness and extinction risk: Untangling relationships using individual-based simulations
It has been widely hypothesised that the productivity of an ecosystem affects the number of species that it can support. Despite decades of study, the nature, extent, and underlying mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. One suggested mechanism is the "more individuals" hypothesis (MIH). This proposes that productivity controls the number of individuals in the ecosystem, and that more individuals can be divided into a greater number of species before their population size is sufficiently small for each to be at substantial risk of extinction. Here, we test this hypothesis using REvoSim: an individual-based eco-evolutionary system that simulates the evolution and speciation of populations over geological time, allowing phenomena occurring over timescales that cannot be easily observed in the real world to be evaluated. The individual-based nature of this system allows us to remove assumptions about the nature of speciation and extinction that previous models have had to make. Many of the predictions of the MIH are supported in our simulations: rare species are more likely to undergo extinction than common species, and species richness scales with productivity. However, we also find support for relationships that contradict the predictions of the strict MIH: species population size scales with productivity, and species extinction risk is better predicted by relative than absolute species size. Furthermore, we show that the scaling of species richness with productivity depends upon the ability of species to partition niche space. Consequently, we suggest that the MIH is applicable only to ecosystems where niches are not already saturated with species, and where partitioning is therefore still possible. Some hypotheses regarding patterns of biodiversity implicitly or explicitly overlook niche theory in favour of neutral explanations, as has historically been the case with the MIH. Our simulations demonstrate that niche theory exerts a control on the applicability of the MIH. --
Data from: Top-down control of a marine mesopredator: Increase in native white-tailed eagles accelerates the extinction of an endangered seabird population
<p><span>1. </span><span>Bottom-up control is an important regulator of marine mesopredators such as seabirds. The prevalence of top-down control on these species is however less well understood. In particular, how native predators affect seabird populations has rarely been quantified. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>Here, we investigate how an increase in white-tailed eagles in northern Norway, a stronghold for the species, affected a local population of 25,000 pairs of black-legged kittiwakes, a red-listed seabird, during a 42-year period ending with colony extinction. We use a natural experiment of two neighbouring colonies with/without eagle predation to disentangle the effects of eagles from local kittiwake foraging conditions (using size of young herring as a proxy). </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>At the colony where eagle predation occurred, and in contrast to the eagle-free colony, kittiwake breeding success and population size declined with increased eagle abundance, the latter more strongly under poor foraging conditions. Breeding success increased with foraging conditions at both colonies. </span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Simple population modelling shows that although conditions were insufficient to sustain the eagle-exposed colony, the increased abundance of eagles sped up its extirpation by many years.</span></p> <p><span>5. </span><span>Policy implications</span><span>. Our study shows that top-down effects from avian predators can be significant regulators of seabird populations, challenging their conservation where native, often protected, predators are rising. Such effects, and their possible interaction with other factors, must also be accounted for when using seabird demographic traits as environmental indicators and when developing more flexible and effective management and action plans. </span></p>
The missing link in biogeographic reconstruction: Accounting for lineage extinction rewrites history
Aim <p>In the most widely used family of methods for ancestral range estimation (ARE), dispersal, speciation and extirpation events are estimated from information on extant lineages. However, this approach fails to consider the geographic distribution of extinct species and their position on the phylogenetic tree, an omission that could compromise reconstruction. Here, we present a method that models the geographic distribution of extinct species and we quantify the potential inaccuracy in ancestral range estimation when extinction rates are above zero.</p> Location <p>Global applications, with an example from the Americas.</p> Taxon <p>All taxa, with an example from hummingbirds (<em>Amazilia</em>).</p> Methods <p>Methods capable of explicitly modelling extinct branches along with their reconstructed geographic information (GeoSSE) have been overlooked in ARE analysis, perhaps due to the inherent complexity of implementation. We develop a user-friendly platform, which we term LEMAD (Lineage Extinction Model of Ancestral Distribution) that generalizes the likelihood described in GeoSSE for any number of areas and under several sets of geographic assumptions. We compare LEMAD and extinction-free approaches using extensive simulations under different macroevolutionary scenarios. We apply our method to revisit the historical biogeography of <em>Amazilia</em> hummingbirds.</p> Results <p>We find that accounting for the lineages removed from a tree by extinction improves reconstructions of ancestral distributions, especially when rates of vicariant speciation are higher than rates of in situ speciation, and when rates of extinction and range evolution are high. Rates of in situ and vicariant speciation are accurately estimated by LEMAD in all scenarios. North America as the most likely region for the common ancestor of hummingbirds.</p> Main conclusions <p>Methods that neglect lineage extinction are less likely to accurately reconstruct true biogeographic histories of extant clades. Our findings on an empirical dataset reconcile the Eurasian origin of <em>Amazilia</em> with biogeographic reconstructions when lineage extinction is considered.</p>
Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird
<p>Madagascar's extinct elephant birds are the least studied of the ratites, yet in recent years have proven to be critical for understanding the evolution of all birds. With large spatio-temporal gaps in the fossil record and poor biomolecular preservation of skeletal specimens, the systematics of these flightless giants remains controversial. Here, we overcome these limitations using a comprehensive molecular analysis of 1000-year-old fossil eggshells to provide the first description of elephant bird phylogeography and reveal new insights into the ecology of the world's largest birds. High-throughput sequencing of 21 mitochondrial genomes from across Madagascar reveals genetic variation that is correlated with eggshell morphology, stable isotope composition, and geographic distribution. The elephant bird crown is dated to ca. 30 Mya during the Eocene-Oligocene, a period of marked global cooling when Madagascar's local palaeoclimate is estimated to have become less arid as the island moved northward. High levels of between-clade genetic variation argue for the reclassification of Mullerornis into a new family. Low levels of within-clade genetic variation are unexpected and suggest that there were only two elephant bird genera, with one species per genus existing in southern Madagascar during the Holocene. However, we reveal a newly discovered eggshell collection from Madagascar's far north that is phylogenetically, morphologically, and ecologically distinct, representing a unique lineage of <em>Aepyornis</em>. Furthermore, molecular dating estimates that divergence within <em>Aepyornis</em> coincides with the aridification of Madagascar during the early Pleistocene ca. 1.5 Ma, and is consistent with the fragmentation of populations in the highlands driving diversification, as well as the evolution of extreme gigantism over short timescales. Molecular analysis thus provides the first insight into elephant bird speciation, and we advocate for a revision of their taxonomy that integrates palaeogenomic and palaeoecological perspectives.</p>
Data from: Phylogenetic structure of the extinction and biotic factors explaining differential survival of terrestrial notosuchians at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene crisis
<p><span>Although the clade Crocodylomorpha is represented by few extant species (Crocodylia), it has a rich fossil record. Hundreds of species adapted to terrestrial, semi-aquatic and marine environments, have existed over more than 200 million years. Numerous studies have attempted to characterize the factors driving the diversification and extinction events of Crocodylomorpha, resulting in ambiguous and even contradictory conclusions, which points to the need for phylogenetically and temporally smaller-scaled studies. Here, we focus on differential survival at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene crisis of Notosuchia, a diverse clade of mostly terrestrial Crocodylomorpha </span><span>that</span><span> achieved great diversity during the Cretaceous. More precisely, we tested the effect of body size and palaeotemperatures on notosuchian survival probability during the K-Pg crisis as well as the effect of diet on the evolution of their body size. We find that Notosuchia showed an evolutionary trend towards larger body sizes through time, associated with a shift from an omnivorous to a carnivorous diet. This may explain why sebecids were the only notosuchians to survive the K-Pg crisis. We also corroborate conclusions of previous studies that detected a Lagerstätten effect occurring in the Adamantina Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Brazil, Bauru Group). This work confirms the value of more finely-scaled macroevolutionary studies for understanding the history of a rich and complex group </span><span>such as</span><span> Crocodylomorpha.</span></p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.