Find research datasets worth reusing

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925). in Muridae

Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925).

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Eye-tracking data of translation evaluation

Students and lecturers were asked to evaluate translations and select their favourite. On some of the slides, they were also provided with extrinsic information.  Dataset includes project files, which need to be opened using GazePoint software. We have also included an Excel file which provides explanations on the participant background and selections.

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

FIGURE 3 in The big-eyed bug genus Germalus Stål, 1862 in New Guinea (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Geocoridae)

FIGURE 3. Peritreme of metathoracic scent efferent apparatus (indicated by arrows) of New Guinean Germalus species. A. G. fuscovittatus Malipatil, 2013, B. G. pulchellus sp. nov., C. G. kontschani sp. nov., D. G. cucullatus sp. nov., E. G. pappi sp. nov., F. G. sellatus sp. nov. (images not to scale).

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

FIGURE 2 in The big-eyed bug genus Germalus Stål, 1862 in New Guinea (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Geocoridae)

FIGURE 2. Detail pictures of New Guinean Germalus species: A. variability of vertex pattern in G. pulchellus (holotype and paratype, NHMW); B. labial trough (indicated with arrow) of G. fuscovittatus, C. sutures of abdominal tergites 4/5–5/6 (indicated with arrow) of G. fuscovittatus, D. venation of metathoracic wing in G. fuscovittatus (abbreviations: h—hamus, iv—intervannals, M—media, R—radius) (images not to scale).

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

FIGURE 1 in The big-eyed bug genus Germalus Stål, 1862 in New Guinea (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Geocoridae)

FIGURE 1. Dorsal habitus of New Guinean Germalus species. A. G. fuscovittatus Malipatil, 2013 (BMNH), B. G. pulchellus sp. nov. (Holotype, NHMW), C. G. kontschani sp. nov. (Holotype, ZSM), D G. cucullatus sp. nov. (Holotype, RBINS), E. G. pappi sp. nov. (holotype, ZSM), F. G. sellatus sp. nov. (Holotype, MFNB). (scale bar = 1 mm).

Figure 4 in Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp. (Digenea: Philophthalmidae), a Human-Infecting Eye Fluke from the Asian Mud Snail, Batillaria attramentaria

Figure 4. The adult stage of Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp. Line drawing of ventral view. Abbreviations: c, cirrus; ca, caecum; cs, cirrus sac; gp, genital pore; mg, Mehlis' gland; mt, metraterm; o, ovary; os, oral sucker; p, pharynx; sr, seminal receptacle; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testis; u, uterus; v, vitellarium; vs, ventral sucker.

Figure 5 in Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp. (Digenea: Philophthalmidae), a Human-Infecting Eye Fluke from the Asian Mud Snail, Batillaria attramentaria

Figure 5. The larval stages of Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp. (A) Daughter redia. (B) Cercaria. (C) Excysted juvenile.

Figure 1. A in Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp. (Digenea: Philophthalmidae), a Human-Infecting Eye Fluke from the Asian Mud Snail, Batillaria attramentaria

Figure 1. A map showing places related to Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp. Black, gray, and white circles represent the occurrence of human philophthalmosis (Mimori et al., 1982; Sato et al., 2019), the snail collection site of this study, and the snail collection sites of Hechinger (2007), respectively.

Figure 3 in Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp. (Digenea: Philophthalmidae), a Human-Infecting Eye Fluke from the Asian Mud Snail, Batillaria attramentaria

Figure 3. Mitochondrial DNA-based genetic analyses of philophthalmid species. (A) A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the genus Philophthalmus. The tree was made using sequences of COI (693 nucleotide sites) under the substitution model HKYþG. The DNA accession number of each taxon is shown in parentheses. The tree was rooted by the outgroup taxon, Fasciola hepatica (M93388). The outgroup was removed from the tree to save space. Bootstrap percentages are indicated at branching points. A scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per nucleotide site. (B) A parsimony network of COI haplotypes (849 nucleotide sites) of Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp. in a seashore of the Seto Inland Sea. The size of circles indicates the frequency of the haplotypes. Numerals within the circles mean the number of haplotypes. A closed circle indicates a haplotype, which is identical to that of Philophthalmus sp. from human in Aichi Prefecture (Sato et al., 2019). Tiny circles are hypothetical haplotypes.

Figure 2. A in Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp. (Digenea: Philophthalmidae), a Human-Infecting Eye Fluke from the Asian Mud Snail, Batillaria attramentaria

Figure 2. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the family Philophthalmidae. The tree was made using sequences of 28S rDNA (874 nucleotide sites) under the substitution model GTRþI. The tree was rooted by the outgroup taxon, Sphaeridiotrema globulus (GQ890331). The outgroup was removed from the tree to save space. The isolates obtained in this study are highlighted in bold face. The DNA accession number of each philophthalmid is shown in parentheses. Bootstrap percentages are indicated at branching points. A scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per nucleotide site.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Detailed data for choroidal parameters including CVI, CCP and SFCT in iERMs eyes in terms of different structural retinal status.

Detailed data for choroidal parameters including CVI, CCP and SFCT in iERMs eyes in terms of different structural retinal status.

opencc-byOct 2020View details →

Carrowmore Eye

A close up detail of an interesting feature on Carrowmore Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Benchmark Webcam Eye-Tracking Software

These data correspond to the industrial systematic review and benchmark test set related to the paper A Benchmark Study of Webcam Eye Tracking Software in Robotic Process Automation. The industrial systematic review is an approach adapted from Kitchenham's method that gathers all the eye tracking tools obtained after running a search in search engines, entering defined queries, and filtering by inclusion/exclusion criteria that we define in our planning. More precisely, this review includes all the different results obtained from the search queries (Eye tracking or Gaze tracking or Eye tracker) and (software or app or tool or github) entered in the search engines DuckDuckgo, Bing and Google. After the search, the eye tracking software results will be filtered according to the exclusion/inclusion criteria (C): ·       C1: The software must be available and documented or supported. ·       C2: The software must work on desktop computers or laptops, excluding mobile devices. ·       C3: The software should be open-source and/or free software, and if it is not, a demo version should be available even if it is for a trial period. ·       C4: The software must provide the option to use the built-in/native camera of a PC or webcam as hardware for eye tracking. It is excluded head-mounted devices, Virtual Reality glasses and commercial eye tracker hardware. ·       C5: The software must provide Eye tracking as software, not as a feature or extension of a service unrelated about specifically predicting the POG as functionality. ·       C6: The software must be installable in the established benchmark test setup. The software that passes the inclusion/exclusion criteria are those evaluated in a benchmark.  For this evaluation, there are 4 different objects where eye tracking software tests are performed. These objects are called Circle, Buttons, Cartesian system and Email Invoice and differ from each other in the elements and location of the targets for testing each eye tracking software. The results obtained from tests objects are strategically differentiated into two distinct categories to becnhmark eye tracking software according to Accuracy, Precision and POG Coincidence metrics: ·       Accuracy and precision. Measures directly the accuracy and precision of the eye tracking software in the Cartesian system object.         o   Accuracy. It is quantified as the angular error between the point representing the centroid of the estimated POG from the eye tracking software and the point representing the centroid of the target, at which the subject is gazing.         o   Precision. It is calculated using the root mean square (RMS) of the sampled points obtained from the screenshots of one test session. ·       POG coincidence. Classifies where the estimated POG is in each screenshot. This category applies to Circle, Buttons and Invoice email objects.         o    Match on target (green circle with a diameter of 1cm). The estimated POG centroid by the eye tracking software in the screenshot is inside the green circle area or touches its circumference or limit.         o   Match in a close target (blue circle with a radius of 2cm that contains the green circle (target) inscribed within it. The estimated POG centroid by the eye tracking software in the screenshot is inside the blue circle area or touches its circumference or limit.         o   Off-target. The estimated POG centroid by the eye tracking software in the screenshot is outside the target limit   The structure of the data packages is organized as follows: SLR_eye_tracking_software.xlsx: This .xlsx file corresponds entirely to the entire industrial systematic review on eye tracking software. It consists of 3 sheets: <ul> <li>SLR: This encapsulates the eye tracking software acquired through search queries inputted across diverse search engines. It is composed of 4 columns.</li> <ul> <li>SOFTWARE: Web platform or application that provides the eye tracking software.</li> <li>SOFTWARE URL: URL to the repository or host page of the software.</li> <li>SEARCH URL: URL of the page mentioning the software</li> <li>QUERY SEARCH: Keywords used for the search and entered in the search engines.</li> </ul> <li>Conducting: This page shows the classification of eye tracking software according to the established inclusion/exclusion criteria, where each column corresponds to one of the criteria. Software that does not pass the successive criteria is discarded. Columns are as follows:</li> <ul> <li>AVAILABILITY; DOCUMENTATION AND SUPPORT (C1): Software that is downloadable and supported for viable use (Available, Not Available). Documentation and/or support about the software setup, run and outputs (Yes, No).</li> <li>PLATFORM (C2): Type of device and operating system where the sofware is run (PC: Windows, Ubuntu, MacOs, ...; Mobile: iOs, Android ...; Multiplatform).</li> <li>LICENSE (C3):</li> <ul> <li>OPENSOURCE: Public access to the source code (Yes, No).</li> <li>FREE SOFTWARE: It can be downloaded, used and distributed free of charge for non-commercial purposes (Yes, No).</li> <li>TRIAL DEMO: Availability of trial version if the software is neither open source nor free (Yes, No, -). *If it is opensource, trial demo value is “-“.</li> </ul> <li>HARDWARE (C4): Hardware required to run the software (Commercial, Webcam, Both, It is not determined).</li> <li>PURPOSE (C5): Eye tracking purposes or functionalities (Predict POG, AOI generation, Head motion capture, ...).</li> <li>BENCHMARK SETUP COMPATIBILITY (C6): The software shows compatibility with the benchmark setup (Yes, No).</li> </ul> <li>All Tools: On this page, all the information obtained from each of the eye tracking software is displayed, without discarding based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. In addition to the columns described on the conducting page, additional columns with extra information are included.</li> <ul> <li>SOFTWARE END-USE CONTEXT: Purpose of use of the software (Generic, Specific).</li> <li>SOURCE CODE: Eye tracker source code language (Java, C++, Python, JavaScript or it is not determined).</li> <li>INSTALLATION: Installation of the software in the system (Executable, SaaS, WebApp, Compiled, ...).</li> </ul> </ul> benchmark.xlsx: This file represents the results of the benchmark carried out on eye tracking software. It consists of two sheets.          ·       Accuracy + Precision: It corresponds to the results obtained from the POG accuracy and precision tests conducted based on the Cartesian system object. Each column represents the following data:                        o   Software: Eye tracking software tested.                        o   Test ID: Test identification.                        o   Screenshot ID: Screenshot identification.                        o   Centroid POG X: X-coordinate of the centroid of the (POG) estimated by the eye tracking software.                        o   Centroid POG Y: Y-coordinate of the centroid of the (POG) estimated by the eye tracking software.                        o   Target X: X-coordinate of the centroid of the target.                        o   Target Y: Y-coordinate of the centroid of the target.                        o   Distance X (px): Distance from the Centroid POG X to Target X (in pixels).                        o   Distance Y (px): Distance from the Centroid POG Y to Target Y (in pixels).                        o   Euc.Distance (px): Euclidean distance (in pixels) from the centroid of the POG to the centroid of the target point.                        o   Euc.Distance (cm): Euclidean distance (in centimeters) from the centroid of the POG to the centroid of the target point.                        o   Average Euc.Distance (px): Average Euclidean distance (in pixels) from the centroid of the Point of Gaze (POG) to the centroid of the target point, referred to the same test.                        o   Average euc.Distance (cm): Average Euclidean distance (in centimeters) from the centroid of the Point of Gaze (POG) to the centroid of the origin point, referred to the same test.                        o   Precision: Value of the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the average distance from the centroid of the Point of Gaze (POG) to the centroid of the target point.                        o   Accuracy (Âº): Accuracy estimated (in degrees) according to the setup (60 centimeters and 0º eyes to screen target distance).                        o   Accuracy per points (Âº): Accuracy estimated (in degrees) per points referred to the same Test ID                        o   Average Accuracy per points (Âº): Average Accuracy (in degrees) per points referred to the same Test ID.          ·       Coincidence: It corresponds to the results of the benchmark from the POG coincidence tests conducted based on Circle, Buttons and Invoice Email objects. Each column represents the following data:                        o   Software: Eye tracking software tested.                        o   Scenario: Object tested.                        o   Test ID: Test identification.                        o   Match Target: Number of Match target POG.                        o   Close Target: Number of close target POG                        o   Off Target: Number of Off target POG.                        o   Match Target + Close Target: Sum of the match target POG and Close Target POG.                        o   Total: Number of total POG: Total number of recounted points (50).                        o   %Match Target: Percentage of match target POG.                        o   %Close Target: Percentage of close target POG.                        o   %Off Target: Percentage of off target POG.                        o   %Match Target + Close Target: Sum of the match target POG and close target POG percentage. benchmark_tests/           ·  tests_instructions.txt                        It is an instruction manual containing information on how the tests are conducted in each object.            ·  tests_scenarios/                        This folder contains the four objects designed for the benchmark evaluation.                        o   circle.html                        o   buttons.html                        o   cartesian_system.html                        o   invoice_email.html                                               ·  eye-tracking_software_tests/                         o   GazeRecorder/                                      -  buttons/                                                  ·   T1/                                                               o   X_Y_Z.txt                                                               o   Recording_XXXXXXXXX_YYYY.mht                                                   ·   T2/                                                               o   X_Y_Z.txt                                                               o   Recording_XXXXXXXXX_YYYY.mht                                                    ·   T3/                                                               o   X_Y_Z.txt                                                               o   Recording_XXXXXXXXX_YYYY.mht                                        -  circle/…                                        -  invoice_email/…                                        -  cartesian_system/                                                     ·   T1/                                                                o   Recording_XXXXXXXXX_YYYY.mht                                                                o   1.png                                                                o   2.png                                                                o   …                                                                o   20.png                                                        ·   T2/                                                                o   Recording_XXXXXXXXX_YYYY.mht                                                                o   1.png                                                                o   2.png                                                                o   …                                                                o   20.png                                                                -  (*) POG_GazeRecorder.png   The folder eye tracking_software_tests contains the results of the tests in a stratified manner. At the first level, there are folders with data belonging to the respective eye tracking software to be tested (GazeRecorder, Eyedid, and Webgazer.js). At the next level, corresponding to each software, there would be folders for the test objects  (buttons, circle, cartesian_system, and invoice_email). Within each object test folder, we find folders corresponding to the Test ID. Within each Test ID, there are two files:           ·    X_Y_Z.txt.                              o   X represents the number of match target POG estimated by the eye tracking software.                              o   Y represents the number of of close target POG estimated by the eye tracking software.                              o   Z represents the number of off-target POG estimated by the eye tracking software.             ·    Recording_XXXXXXXXX_YYYY.mht.                              o   It is the User Interface log generated by the stepRecorder application for Windows. It contains 30 screenshots about the POG estimation for the coincidence tests objects (Buttons, Circle and Invoice Email) and 20 screenshots for the accuracy and precision test object (Cartesian System).             ·    1.png to 20.png                              o   These screenshots are exported from the .mht file in order to obtain the centroid of the Point of Gaze (POG) and calculate accuracy and precision accurately, as it is not possible directly from the .mht file.   (*) The Point of Gaze (POG) in GazeRecorder is not displayed as a small dot, as is common and as it happens in EyeDid and Webgazer.js, but rather as an eye encapsulated in a rectangle. POG_GazeRecorder.png shows the centroid for the POG estimated by that eye tracking software.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

GWAS Summary Statistics For Eye Imaging Traits

This repository hosts GWAS summary statistics for eye imaging traits (OCT and fundus image traits) on the UK Biobank cohort. We have a website (<a href="https://www.eyekp.org/">eyekp.org</a>) showing more details with respect to this repository.

Figures 2–4 in More than meets the eye: regional specialisation and microbial cover of the blade of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Figures 2–4: Microbial colonisation of blade margins from a wild plant of Porphyra UMbilicalis (Figures 2 and 3) and a cultured descendent (Figure 4) of a wild plant brought into laboratory culture and maintained without antibiotic treatment. Bacteria occur in patches along portions (Figure 2, arrows) but not all (Figure 3, arrows mark neutral spores) of the same wild blade, with much greater density of filamentous bacteria in Figure 2. Cultured blades (Figure 4) have a dense cover of bacteria, including filamentous cyanobacteria (arrows); contemporaneous light microscopic observations found at least three distinct cyanobacteria on these cultured blades, including a probable Calothrix. Wild P. UMbilicalis (n = 6 plants) were collected along a 30-m transect (~5 m apart) in the high intertidal zone at Schoodic Point, Acadia National Park (44.33380000, −68.05805556; 30 December 2016, permit ACAD-2017-SCI-0006). For each plant, one piece of reproductive margin (0.5–1 cm2) and the holdfast were removed with sterile techniques, transported on ice, fixed (4°C) in 5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.2 M sucrose, post-fixed in 1% OsO4 in 0.07 M sodium cacodylate, dehydrated in an ethanol series, critical point dried, and sputter-coated with gold-palladium to give a final coating that was 27 nm thick; see Royer 2017 for complete details. All six plants were observed, and representative images are presented. The cultured specimens (Figure 4) were maintained through successive generations by standard techniques (Royer et al. 2018) after collection of the parent on 5 May 2015 at Lubec, Maine.

Figure 12 in More than meets the eye: regional specialisation and microbial cover of the blade of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Figure 12: Neutral spore discharged from the neutral sporangium. Note residual mucilage around the bottom half of the neutral spore, the large stellate chloroplast (C), nucleus (N), mitochondria (M), some floridean starch (arrows), and vesicles (V) that may contain mucilage. (See Figures 2–4 for techniques). Scale bar = 1 µm.

Figures 9 and 10 in More than meets the eye: regional specialisation and microbial cover of the blade of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Figures 9 and 10: Holdfast structure. (9) TEM of rhizoid cells in holdfast. The holdfast is a thick, flexible structure made of polysaccharide secreted by the pear-shaped rhizoid cells. Note the large amount of floridean starch (arrows) in the pear-shaped end of the rhizoid cell where the large plastid and its pyrenoid are evident. (10) Toluidine blue O-stained holdfast section. The polysaccharide that is secreted includes a thick, metachromatic pad at the base of the holdfast, and the cell walls of rhizoid cells are also metachromatic (arrows). Holdfasts from blades collected at Schoodic Point (ME) in November 2009 were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in seawater for 2 h, post-fixed in 4% OsO4, dehydrated in a standard series of ethanol and propylene oxide and embedded in Epon. Holdfasts from additional blades fixed as above were embedded in Spurr's resin (EM Sciences) and semithin sections stained with toluidine blue O (TBO) per Brawley and Quatrano (1979).

Figure 1 in More than meets the eye: regional specialisation and microbial cover of the blade of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Figure 1: Anatomy of a typical blade of Porphyra UMbilicalis on the Maine coast. Cartoons show the regions of the blade en face (A) and as a longitudinal cross-section from the margin to the holdfast (M mature spores, N developing neutral spores, V central vegetative area, R rhizoid cells), which is composed of thousands of rhizoid cells. The middle panel and right panels, confocal and brightfield images respectively, show representative areas of four distinct regions of the blade: mature spores – A, B; developing neutral spores – D, E; central vegetative area – F, G; and rhizoid cells – H, I. Note the change in spacing of cells and amount of intervening cell wall (confocal images generated by exciting photosynthetic pigments) and transition in colour from green to red (longitudinal cartoon, brightfield images). Scale bars = 20 µm.

Figures 5–8 in More than meets the eye: regional specialisation and microbial cover of the blade of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Figures 5–8: Microbial colonisation of holdfast regions of wild blades. (5) A peeling area of mucilage and/or biofilm shows the intimate association of bacteria within mucilage on a flat surface adjacent to the holdfast, and most of the bacteria are rod-shaped or filamentous. Communities surrounding the holdfast disc contain dense, often encrusting, masses of epiphytic bacteria, but become patchier towards the centre of the blade (Figure 6). (7–8) At higher magnification of the area shown in Figure 6, microbial community diversity is apparent, and it includes bacteria that are structurally similar to some of the baeocyte-producing pleurocapsalean cyanobacteria. White arrow in Figure 7 shows an intact individual, and black arrows in Figures 7 and 8 indicate possible baeocyte/endospore release and mucilage trails from epiphytes on two different wild plants.

Figure 11 in More than meets the eye: regional specialisation and microbial cover of the blade of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Figure 11: Neutral spores during discharge through a thick covering of mucilage from the margin of a wild blade (see Figures 2–4 for techniques).