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Fig. 6 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 6. Statistical test of potential dimorphism in Mammites nodosoides (Schlüter, 1871) based on 119 specimens. The repository number of each specimen is given on top of the diagram. A. Classical clustering; the red color characterises particularly small individuals with D = 33–65 mm in between the large group of potential microconchs. B. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA); the color code follows the assignment of the classical clustering above. The dark blue lines are biplots of all variables, an overlaying of a score plot and a loadings plot in a single graph, which enables to visualise high-dimensional data by using a two-dimensional graph.

Fig. 2 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 2. Ammonite morphological terms and key parameters. Modified after Wilmsen and Nagm (2014). Abbreviations: D, maximum diameter; d, larger radius of the shell; e, smaller radius of the shell; UD, diameter of the umbilicus; Wb, whorl breadth of the final whorl; Wh, height of the final whorl; for the suture line: A, adventive lobe; E, external lobe; U, umbilical lobe.

Fig. 1 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 1. Geological framework and stratigraphy of the lower Elbtal Group. A. Distribution of the Elbtal Group (green) in the area between Meissen and the German/Czech Republic border. B. Palaeogeographic setting of the Saxonian Cretaceous Basin (SCB). C. Chrono-, bio- and lithostratigraphy of the lower Elbtal Group in the area between Meissen and Dresden; the stratigraphic position of the ammonite faunas from the Briessnitz Formation is indicated. Supplemented and modified after Wilmsen et al. (2019, 2022) and Niebuhr et al. (2020). Abbreviations: A., Acanthoceras; Cunningt., Cunningtoniceras; M., Metoicoceras; mid., middle; Neocard., Neocardioceras.

Fig. 5 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 5. Photographic illustration of typical large (A) and small (B) specimens of the acanthoceratid ammonoid Mammites nodosoides (Schlüter, 1871) from the lower Turonian of the Briessnitz Formation, Leubnitz, Germany. A. MMG: SaK 5200 in lateral (A1) and apertural (A2) views. B. MMG: SaK 5203 in lateral (B1, B3) and apertural (B2) views.

Fig. 7 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 7. Photographic illustration of typical large (A) and small (B) specimens of the acanthoceratid ammonoid Spathites (Jeanrogericeras) reveliereanus (Courtiller, 1860) from the lower Turonian of the Briessnitz Formation, Leubnitz, Germany. A. MMG: SaK 5230 in lateral (A1) and apertural (A2) views. B. MMG: SaK 5256 in lateral (B1, B3) and ventral (B2) views.

Fig. 4 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 4. Statistical test of potential dimorphism in Lewesiceras peramplum (Mantell, 1822) based on 63 specimens. The repository number of each specimen is given on top of the diagram. A. Classical clustering; the red color characterises particularly small individuals with D <77 mm in between the group of potential microconchs. B. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA); the color code follows the assignment of the classical clustering above. The dark blue lines are biplots of all variables, an overlaying of a score plot and a loadings plot in a single graph, which enables to visualise high-dimensional data by using a two-dimensional graph.

Fig. 10 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 10. Representative antidimorphs: [m] = microconch, [M] = macroconch of the acanthoceratid ammonoid Spathites (Jeanrogericeras) reveliereanus Courtiller, 1860); based on (A) MMG: SaK 5256 in lateral (A1) and apertural (A2) views and (B) MMG: SaK 5230 in lateral (B1) and apertural (B2) views. Key features of both antidimorphs are listed (see text for further explanation).

Fig. 3 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 3. Photographic illustration of typical large (A) and small (B) specimens of the pachydiscid ammonoid Lewesiceras peramplum (Mantell, 1822) from the lower Turonian of the Briessnitz Formation, Dresden, Germany. A. MMG: SaK 5163 from Leubnitz, in lateral (A1) and ventral (A2) views. B. MMG: SaK 5343 from Leutewitz, in lateral (B1, B4), apertural (B2), and ventral (B3) views.

Fig. 8 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 8. Statistical test of potential dimorphism in Spathites (Jeanrogericeras) reveliereanus (Courtiller, 1860) based on 38 specimens. The repository number of each specimen is given on top of the diagram. A. Classical clustering; inferred macro- and microconchs are marked by blue and red colors, respectively. B. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA); the color code follows the assignment of the classical clustering above. The dark blue lines are biplots of all variables, an overlaying of a score plot and a loadings plot in a single graph, which enables to visualise high-dimensional data by using a two-dimensional graph.

Fig. 4 in A morganucodontan mammaliaform from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Utah, USA

Fig. 4. Illustration of the morganucodontan mammaliaform Cifellilestes ciscoensis gen. et sp. nov. (OMNH 80538, holotype); right skull fragment in lateral (A1), medial (A2), ventral (A3), and dorsal (A4) views.

Fig. 2. 3D in A morganucodontan mammaliaform from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Utah, USA

Fig. 2. 3D surface renderings from CT data of the morganucodontan mammaliaform Cifellilestes ciscoensis gen. et sp. nov. (OMNH 69352), from the Cisco Mammal Quarry, Utah, USA, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. A. Left skull fragment in lateral (A1), medial (A2), ventral (A3), and dorsal (A4) views. B. Dentition only in lingual (B1), occlusal (B2), and buccal (B3) views.

Fig. 1. 3D in A morganucodontan mammaliaform from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Utah, USA

Fig. 1. 3D surface renderings from CT data of the morganucodontan mammaliaform Cifellilestes ciscoensis gen. et sp. nov. (OMNH 80538, holotype), from the Cisco Mammal Quarry, Utah, USA, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. A. Right skull fragment in lateral (A1), medial (A2), ventral (A3), and dorsal (A4) views. B. Dentition only in lingual (B1), occlusal (B2), and buccal (B3) views.

Fig. 7 in A morganucodontan mammaliaform from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Utah, USA

Fig. 7. Hypothetical molar occlusal wear facet pattern in P5–M1 of Cifellilestes ciscoensis gen. et sp. nov. (B, OMNH 69352), with illustration of a lower molar modified from Morganucodon watsoni Kühne, 1949 (A, m2, UMZC_Eo.CR.1, reversed). Corresponding colors on upper and lower teeth indicate matching wear facets. The occlusal pattern of C. ciscoensis is similar to M. watsoni in that the protoconid (also referred to as cusp a) of the lower molars occludes between the upper molar paracone (also referred to as cusp A) and cusp B, carving a prominent groove between the two cusps. This also results in contact to the next mesial tooth, due to the size of the protoconid. The paracone occludes between the protoconid and metaconid (also referred to as cusp c). Modified after Jäger et al. (2019).

Fig. 6. Comparative 3D in A morganucodontan mammaliaform from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Utah, USA

Fig. 6. Comparative 3D renderings of upper dentition of the morganucodontans Morganucodon watsoni Kühne, 1949 (A, UMZC Eo.CR.1, reversed; Lower Jurassic fissure fills, Wales, UK), Storchodon cingulatus Martin, Averianov, Jäger, Schwermann, and Wings, 2019 (B, NLMH 105654; Upper Jurassic Süntel Formation, Germany), Megazostrodon rudnerae Crompton and Jenkins, 1968 (C, NHMUK PV M 26407; Lower Jurassic Stormberg Group, Lesotho), and Cifellilestes ciscoensis gen. et sp. nov. (D, OMNH 80538, holotype; Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA), in lingual (A1–D1) and occlusal (A2–D2) views. White lines indicate the premolar–molar boundary (all taxa except Storchodon, which is known by only a single molar). This boundary is marked by a tall-crowned ultimate premolar with much lower flanking cusps followed by a first molar that is comparatively lower crowned with less height difference between the main cusps. Note imbrication of the molars in C. ciscoensis gen. et sp. nov. (D2) and distal molars in Mo. watsoni (A2), a feature absent in Me. rudnerae (C2).

Fig. 5 in A morganucodontan mammaliaform from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Utah, USA

Fig. 5. Illustration of crown morphology of the morganucodontan mammaliaform Cifellilestes ciscoensis gen. et sp. nov. (OMNH 80538 (holotype); right P5–M1 in occlusal view. Terms in parentheses label homologs with traditional "triconodont" cusp nomenclature (e.g., Crompton and Jenkins 1968; Rougier et al. 2007a).

Fig. 3 in A morganucodontan mammaliaform from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Utah, USA

Fig. 3. Hypothesized life position of the skull fragment (OMNH 80538) of the morganucodontan mammaliaform Cifellilestes ciscoensis gen. et sp. nov., in lateral (A1) and ventral (A2) views. Remainder of the skull based on the composite restoration of Morganucodon by Kermack et al. (1981). Artwork by Hannah Caisse.

Fig. 2 in Ungulates of the middle Miocene Monarch Mill Formation, Churchill County, Nevada, USA

Fig. 2. Basic stratigraphic column of the Monarch Mill Formation showing the dominant lithologies (modified from Axelrod 1956). Stratigraphic positions of the Eastgate LF localities is indicated with the "bone" symbol. Adjacent plot of the stratigraphic positions of select localities plotted above the base of the Monarch Mill Formation relative to the "clay change" that seems to delineate the boundary between the Middlegate and Monarch Mill formations (indicated by wavy lines at the base of the column; Darrin Pagnac, personal communication 2014). Basalts for preliminary radiometric dates reported were collected between UCMP V70147 and UCMP V67245.

Fig. 3 in Ungulates of the middle Miocene Monarch Mill Formation, Churchill County, Nevada, USA

Fig. 3. Merycoidodontid artiodactyl Ticholeptus sp. indet. from locality UCMP V70142, Eastgate Churchill County, Nevada, USA; early Barstovian, middle Miocene. UCMP 141873, partial left dentary fragment with complete m1 and partial m2 in lingual (A1), labial (A2), and occlusal (A3) views.

Fig. 4 in Ungulates of the middle Miocene Monarch Mill Formation, Churchill County, Nevada, USA

Fig. 4. Palaeomerycid artiodactyl tentatively referred to Barbouromeryx trigonocorneus (Barbour and Schultz, 1934), from locality OMNH V974, Eastgate, Churchill County, Nevada, USA; early Barstovian, middle Miocene. OMNH 77369, partial upper tusk (C1) in labial view with remnant strips of very thin enamel (A1), lingual view (A2), cross-section at natural break in crown (A3).