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opencc-zeroDec 2010View details →

Data from: Persistence of an extreme male-biased adult sex ratio in a natural population of polyandrous bird

In a number of insects, fishes and birds the conventional sex roles are reversed: males are the main care provider whereas females focus on matings. The reversal of typical sex roles is an evolutionary puzzle, because it challenges the foundations of sex roles, sexual selection and parental investment theory. Recent theoretical models predict that biased parental care may be a response to biased adult sex ratios (ASRs). However, estimating ASR is challenging in natural populations, because males and females often have different detectabilities. Here we use demographic modelling with field data from 2101 individuals, including 579 molecularly sexed offspring, to provide evidence that ASR is strongly male-biased in a polyandrous bird with male-biased care. The model predicts 6.1 times more adult males than females (ASR = 0.860, proportion of males) in the Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus. The extreme male-bias is consistent between years, and concordant with experimental results showing strongly biased mating opportunity toward females. Based on these results we conjecture that parental sex role reversal may occur in populations that exhibit extreme male-biased ASR.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Digit ratio predicts the number of lifetime recruits in female collared flycatchers

The early environment in which an organism grows can have long-lasting impact on both its phenotype and fitness. However, assessing this environment comprehensively is a formidable task. The relative length of the second to the fourth digit (2D:4D) is a broadly studied skeletal trait that is fixed for life during ontogeny. 2D:4D has been shown to indicate various early effects including the perinatal steroid milieu in both humans and non-human animals. However, the fitness relevance of the early effects indicated by 2D:4D remains unknown. Here, we investigated hindlimb 2D:4D and measures of lifetime performance in wild collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) females. We found that females with higher 2D:4D had a greater number of recruiting offspring to the breeding population. This was the case despite the fact that such females did not lay more eggs or breed more times during their reproductive life. Our results support that 2D:4D, known to be a retrospective marker of perinatal development, positively associates with female quality in the collared flycatcher.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Paralogs are revealed by proportion of heterozygotes and deviations in read ratios in genotyping by sequencing data from natural populations

Whole genome duplications have occurred in the recent ancestors of many plants, fish, and amphibians, resulting in a pervasiveness of paralogous loci and the potential for both disomic and tetrasomic inheritance in the same genome. Paralogs can be difficult to reliably genotype and are often excluded from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analyses; however, removal requires paralogs to be identified which is difficult without a reference genome. We present a method for identifying paralogs in natural populations by combining two properties of duplicated loci: 1) the expected frequency of heterozygotes exceeds that for singleton loci, and 2) within heterozygotes, observed read ratios for each allele in GBS data will deviate from the 1:1 expected for singleton (diploid) loci. These deviations are often not apparent within individuals, particularly when sequence coverage is low; but, we postulated that summing allele reads for each locus over all heterozygous individuals in a population would provide sufficient power to detect deviations at those loci. We identified paralogous loci in three species: Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) which retains regions with ongoing residual tetrasomy on eight chromosome arms following a recent whole genome duplication, mountain barberry (Berberis alpina) which has a large proportion of paralogs that arose through an unknown mechanism, and dusky parrotfish (Scarus niger) which has largely re-diploidized following an ancient whole genome duplication. Importantly, this approach only requires the genotype and allele-specific read counts for each individual, information which is readily obtained from most GBS analysis pipelines.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Data from: Optimal allocation ratios: A square root relationship between the ratios of symbiotic costs and benefits

All organisms struggle to make sense of environmental stimuli in order to maximize their fitness. For animals, single cells and superorganisms responses to stimuli are generally proportional to stimulus ratios – a phenomenon described by Weber's Law. However, Weber's Law has not yet been used to predict how plants respond to stimuli generated from their symbiotic partners. Here, we develop a model for quantitatively predicting the carbon (C) allocation ratios into symbionts that provide nutrients to their plant host. Consistent with Weber's Law, our model demonstrates the optimal ratio of resources allocated into a less- relative to the more-beneficial symbiont scale to the ratio of the growth benefits of the two strains. As C allocation into symbionts increases, the ratio of C allocation into two strains approaches the square root of the ratio of symbiotic growth benefits (e.g., a worse symbiont providing ¼ the benefits gets sqrt(¼) =1/2 the C of a better symbiont). We document a compelling correspondence between our square-root model prediction and a meta-analysis of experimental literature on C allocation. This type of preferential allocation can promote coexistence between more- and less-beneficial symbionts, offering a potential mechanism behind the high diversity of microbial symbionts observed in nature.

opennotspecifiedMar 2009View details →

Figure 2 in Natural history of Peucetia flava (Araneae, Oxyopidae): seasonal density fluctuation, phenology and sex ratio on the glandular plant Rhyncanthera dichotoma (Melastomataceae)

Figure 2. Phenogram of the Peucetia flava population on plants of Rhyncanthera dichotoma.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2021View details →

Increased signal to noise ratios within experimental field trials by regressing spatially distributed soil properties as principal components.

Data and scripts used to perform all analyses and produce all figures for publication.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Community-level leaf N:P Ratios in terrestrial ecosystems in China

Community-level leaf N:P ratios in terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. forests, grasslands, and deserts) in China were calculated using the biomass-weighted mean and species-arithmetic mean.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Reproductive success and mortality of male and female Daphnia at different sex ratios

This dataset contains data from Daphnia sexual reproduction experiments described in the paper: "Galimov YR, Haag CR, Tukhbatullin AR, Tchabovsky AV 2021. Sex ratio effects on reproductive success of male and female Daphnia. Journal of Evolutionary Ecology ". We compared reproductive success of male and female Daphnia in experimental populations with sex ratios varying from one male per 81 females to one male per one female. In males, reproductive success strongly and monotonically decreased with decreasing number of females per male. In females, in contrast, mating success and reproductive success were reduced only at the most female-biased sex ratio (1:81), when many females remained unmated and unfertilized, and then again at equal sex ratios, probably due to negative effects of high density or stress induced by numerous males. Our results suggest that mating competition and the opportunity for sexual selection may exist not only in males but, at least periodically, also in females.

Figure 6 from: Biedermann P (2010) Observations on sex ratio and behavior of males in Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg (Scolytinae, Coleoptera). ZooKeys 56: 253-267. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.530

Figure 6 - Behaviors of males in laboratory galleries of Xyleborinus saxesenii. Males (N = 8 galleries) were observed for 10 min and proportion of time spent with the different behaviors was calculated. The grey bars show the mean +/- SE for each behavior across all males. Male mating behaviors were further split into mating attempt and mating, and the age class of the female partner is reported.

Figure 3 from: Biedermann P (2010) Observations on sex ratio and behavior of males in Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg (Scolytinae, Coleoptera). ZooKeys 56: 253-267. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.530

Figure 3 - Presence of males in relation to the productivity of laboratory galleries of Xyleborinus saxesenii. Box-whisker plots with median, 90%, 75%, 25%, and 10% quartiles are shown. Mann-Whitney U-test: T = 423, p < 0.001, N = 21 + 49 galleries.

Figure 5 from: Biedermann P (2010) Observations on sex ratio and behavior of males in Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg (Scolytinae, Coleoptera). ZooKeys 56: 253-267. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.530

Figure 5 - Timing of male and female hatching, maturation, and dispersal in laboratory galleries of Xyleborinus saxesenii. The correlation of the first male and female hatching from the pupal stage and the correlation between the last date a not-fully sclerotized female was seen, and the first male dispersal event (N = 29 galleries) were determined where possible and contributed one data point per gallery to this graph. Box-whisker plots with median, 90%, 75%, 25%, and 10% quartiles are shown. Mann-Whitney U-tests: T = 1066, p < 0.001, N = 29 + 29 galleries (female vs. male hatching); T = 325.5, p = 0.053, N = 26 + 13 galleries (female maturation vs. male dispersal).

Figure 2 from: Biedermann P (2010) Observations on sex ratio and behavior of males in Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg (Scolytinae, Coleoptera). ZooKeys 56: 253-267. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.530

Figure 2 - Occurrence of males in laboratory galleries of Xyleborinus saxesenii. The maximum number of males per gallery across the observation period is reported (N = 70 galleries). The data significantly differs from the expected Poisson distribution.

Figure 4 from: Biedermann P (2010) Observations on sex ratio and behavior of males in Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg (Scolytinae, Coleoptera). ZooKeys 56: 253-267. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.530

Figure 4 - The number of males in relation to the number of females in laboratory galleries of Xyleborinus saxesenii. Each gallery is represented by one data point (N = 70). Linear regression (males = 0.785 + (0.0119 * females)): F = 3.824, p = 0.055, DF = 1.

Figure 1 from: Biedermann P (2010) Observations on sex ratio and behavior of males in Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg (Scolytinae, Coleoptera). ZooKeys 56: 253-267. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.530

Figure 1 - Parts of a brood chamber of Xyleborinus saxesenii in artificial medium. 1st and 2nd/3rd instar larvae, several pupae, two immature females and a male are visible. The male is mounting an immature female.

Figure 7 from: Grabowski RC, Simões SM, Castilho AL (2014) Population structure, sex ratio and growth of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda, Penaeidae) from coastal waters of southern Brazil. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 253-269. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6682

Figure 7 - Xiphopenaeus kroyeri. Mean growth curve estimated for females collected in an area adjacent to Babitonga Bay, from July 2010 through June 2011, based on the von Bertalanffy growth model. Outer lines: 95% prediction interval.

Figure 6 from: Grabowski RC, Simões SM, Castilho AL (2014) Population structure, sex ratio and growth of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda, Penaeidae) from coastal waters of southern Brazil. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 253-269. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6682

Figure 6 - Xiphopenaeus kroyeri. Mean growth curve estimated for males collected in an area adjacent to Babitonga Bay, from July 2010 through June 2011, based on the von Bertalanffy growth model. Outer lines: 95% prediction interval.

Figure 4 from: Grabowski RC, Simões SM, Castilho AL (2014) Population structure, sex ratio and growth of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda, Penaeidae) from coastal waters of southern Brazil. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 253-269. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6682

Figure 4 - Xiphopenaeus kroyeri. Selected cohorts for growth analysis and number of males collected each month from July 2010 through June 2011 in an area adjacent to Babitonga Bay, southern Brazil.

Figure 5 from: Grabowski RC, Simões SM, Castilho AL (2014) Population structure, sex ratio and growth of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda, Penaeidae) from coastal waters of southern Brazil. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 253-269. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6682

Figure 5 - Xiphopenaeus kroyeri. Selected cohorts for growth analysis and number of females collected each month from July 2010 through June 2011 in an area adjacent to Babitonga Bay, southern Brazil.

Figure 3 from: Grabowski RC, Simões SM, Castilho AL (2014) Population structure, sex ratio and growth of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda, Penaeidae) from coastal waters of southern Brazil. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 253-269. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6682

Figure 3 - Xiphopenaeus kroyeri. Monthly sex ratio (estimate ± standard error) of adults collected from July 2010 through June 2011 in an area adjacent to Babitonga Bay, southern Brazil. Black circles indicate significant deviation from a 1:1 sex ratio (Binomial test, p < 0.05).

Figure 1 from: Grabowski RC, Simões SM, Castilho AL (2014) Population structure, sex ratio and growth of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda, Penaeidae) from coastal waters of southern Brazil. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 253-269. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6682

Figure 1 - Map of the study area, Babitonga Bay, southern Brazil (Santa Catarina state), indicating locations and depths of the sampling sites.