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Fig. 2 a–c in Non-ecological speciation, niche conservatism and thermal adaptation: how are they connected?

Fig. 2 a–c. Strong sexual isolation between two congeneric species of demoiselles (Odonata: Calopteryx) in Europe. a These two species differ mainly in the male's secondary sexual character (amount of wing melanization, while females of both species are very similar. The banded demoiselle (C. splendens) has about 50 % of the wing covered with melanin, whereas the beautiful demoiselle (C. virgo) has almost the entire wing melanized. b At a sympatric locality in southern Sweden ("Klingavälsåns Naturreservat") these two species are strongly sexually isolated from each other and mate assortatively, although a few heterospecific pairs are found. c Experimental manipulation of

Fig. 5 a–c in Non-ecological speciation, niche conservatism and thermal adaptation: how are they connected?

Fig. 5 a–c. Mate preferences and species recognition is learned, rather than purely genetic among females of the banded demoiselle (C. splendens). a Female C. splendens discriminate between con- and hetero-specific males based on a visual cue: the amount of wing melanization (see also Fig. 2). Females (middle, below the two males) were allowed to choose and/or physically interact with either con- or hetero-specific males, and their mate responses were recorded (b, c). b Species discrimination is not present among sexually naïve C. splendens females that have been isolated since emergence from males of both species, but is present among sexually experienced females that have interacted with males in the field. Filled symbols Heterospecific

Fig. 4 a–c in Non-ecological speciation, niche conservatism and thermal adaptation: how are they connected?

Fig. 4 a–c. Sexual and natural selection on 12 morphological traits in the banded demoiselle (C. splendens), based on field observations of mating success of marked individuals. a Sexual selection is stronger than natural selection across all traits, irrespective over which time scale sexual selection is measured ("short" vs "long", referring to minutes and hours vs days). b Natural selection on the morphological

Fig. 3 a–c in Non-ecological speciation, niche conservatism and thermal adaptation: how are they connected?

Fig. 3 a–c. Weak interspecific thermal niche divergence between phenotypically and ecologically similar demoiselles (C. splendens and C. virgo). a Thermal images obtained from infrared (IR) photographs of demoiselles can be used to obtain accurate estimates of body temperatures, ambient temperatures and substrate temperatures. Here a copulating pair of C. virgo (pair in middle of figure). Note the white colour of the male, which reveals his substantially higher body temperature than the substrate (temperature scale on the right). b Interspecific niche divergence between C. splendens and C. virgo in minimum thorax temperature, substrate temperature, maximum substrate temperature and ambient temperature at a sympatric site ("Klingavälsåns Naturreservat" in southern Sweden). There is no

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FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic description of a new species of Leucoagaricus and utilization of the Pantone Connect app in classification research

FIGURE 3. Microscopic structures of Leucoagaricus brunneorube. A: Basidia. B: Pileipellis. C: Cheilocystidia. D: Basidiospores. Bars=10 μm.

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FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic description of a new species of Leucoagaricus and utilization of the Pantone Connect app in classification research

FIGURE 1. ML analysis of Leucoagaricus based on combined ITS and LSU sequence dataset, with Agaricus bisporus as outgroup taxon. Bootstrap values (BP) ≥ 50% from ML analysis and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) ≥ 0.95 are shown at the supported branches. The newly generated sequences are shown in bold.

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Dataset on abiotic conditions, diversity of different taxa and connectivity indices for a floodplain case study in Austria

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Fig. 15 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 15 Ziminella vrijenhoeki Valdés et al. 2018, MIMB 42255, external morphology and SEM micrographs of internal morphology. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, living specimen in natural environment. D, jaw masticatory border. E, details of denticulation of

Fig. 14 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 14 Results of molecular analysis of different aeolid groups. A, genus Cuthona, COI haplotype network produced with TCS method in PopART. Colors of circles refer to the geographic origin of each haplotype. The relative size of circles is proportional to the number of sequences of that same haplotype. B, molecular phylogenetic hypothesis of genus Cuthona, maximum likelihood, concatenated dataset of three markers (COI + 16S + H3), species-level clades and outgroups are collapsed to a single branch, except Cuthona and Bohuslania species. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference, numbers below branches, bootstrap support from maximum likelihood. C, molecular phylogenetic

Fig. 16 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 16 Zeusia herculea (Bergh, 1894), MIMB 42254, external morphology and SEM micrographs of internal morphology. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, living specimen in natural environment. D, posterior radular portion. E, anterior radular portion. F, G,

Fig. 13 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 13 Cuthona sp., MIMB 42232, external morphology and SEM micrographs of internal morphology. A, living specimen. B, radula. C, rachidian teeth. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm. Living photo by Anastassya Maiorova

Fig. 12 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 12 Dendronotus kurilensis sp. nov., external morphology and SEM micrographs of internal morphology. A, holotype MIMB 42237, dorsal view. B, MIMB 42237, lateral view from left. C, holotype MIMB 42237, lateral view from right. D, paratypes MIMB 42235. E, paratype MIMB 42238. C, MIMB 42235b, right jaw plate. D, MIMB 42235b, denticulation of masticatory border. E, MIMB

Fig. 10 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 10 Dendronotus patricki Stout et al. 2011, external morphology and SEM micrographs of internal morphology. A, MIMB 42239. B, MIMB 42240. C, MIMB 42241, dorsal side. D, MIMB 42241, ventral side. E, MIMB 42241, left jaw plate. F, MIMB 42241, denticulation of masticatory border. F, MIMB 42241, radula. G, MIMB 42241, rachidian and lateral teeth, posterior radular portion. H, MIMB 42241, rachidian tooth, posterior radular portion. J, MIMB 42241, lateral teeth, posterior radular portion. Scale bars: A–D, 5 mm; E, G, H, 200 µm; F, I, J, 100 µm. Living photos by Anastassya Maiorova

Fig. 11 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 11 Dendronotus zakuro Martynov et al. 2020, external morphology and SEM micrographs of internal morphology. A, MIMB 42244. B, MIMB 42243. C, MIMB 42244, left jaw plate. D, MIMB 42244, denticulation of masticatory border. E, MIMB 42244, posterior radular portion. F, MIMB 42244, middle radular portion. G, MIMB 42244, anterior radular portion. Scale bars: A, B, 5 mm; C, 500 µm; D, 20 µm; F–J, 100 µm. Living photos by Anastassya Maiorova

Fig. 9 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 9 Results of molecular analysis of genus Dendronotus. A, molecular phylogenetic hypothesis, maximum likelihood, concatenated dataset of four markers (COI+ 16S + H3 + 28S), species-level clades and outgroups are collapsed to a single branch, except target species. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference, numbers below branches, bootstrap support from maximum likelihood. B, Dendronotus dalli, COI haplotype network produced with TCS method in PopART. Colors of circles refer

Fig. 8 Dendronotus dalli Bergh, 1879 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 8 Dendronotus dalli Bergh, 1879, external morphology and SEM micrographs of internal morphology. A, MIMB 42234a. B, MIMB 42234c. C, MIMB 42233. D, MIMB 42234c, right jaw plate. E, MIMB 42234c, denticulation of masticatory border. F, MIMB 42234c, radula. G—MIMB 42234c, rachidian tooth, posterior radular portion. H, MIMB 422342c, lateral teeth, posterior radular portion. Scale bars: A–C, 10 mm; D, F, 500 µm; E, G, H, 50 µm. Living photos by Anastassya Maiorova

Fig. 7 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 7 Genus Tritonia, external morphology and SEM micrographs of internal morphology. A, Tritonia tetraquetra MIMB 42248. B, Tritonia tetraquetra MIMB 42249. C, Tritonia psoloides MIMB 42245 in natural environment collected by ROV. D, Tritonia tetraquetra MIMB 42246 in natural environment; a specimen is marked by a white arrow. E, Tritonia tetraquetra MIMB 42246, rachidian and inner lateral teeth. F, Tritonia tetraquetra MIMB 42246, middle lateral teeth. G, Tritonia tetraquetra MIMB 42246, outer lateral teeth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 mm. E, F, 100 µm; G, 200 µm. Living photos by Anastassya Mayorova and team of ROV "Komanch"

Fig. 6 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 6 Colga pacifica (Bergh, 1894) MIMB 42231, external morphology and SEM micrographs of internal morphology. A, B, living specimens. C, middle radular portion. Scale bars: A, B, 5 mm, C, 500 µm. Living photo by Anastassya Maiorova

Fig. 5 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 5 Cadlina sp. MIMB 42230, external morphology and SEM micrographs of internal morphology. A, dorsal view of living specimen, ca. 15 mm in length. B, labial cuticle. C, details of labial cuticle. D, radula. E, rachidian and innermost lateral teeth. F, inner lateral teeth. G, outer lateral teeth. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, D, 300 µm; C, 10 µm; E–G, 30 µm. Living photo by Anastassya Maiorova

Fig. 4 in Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species

Fig. 4 Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions of studied groups. A, genus Bathydoris, Bayesian inference, concatenated dataset of four markers (COI+ 16S + H3 + 28S). B, genus Cadlina, maximum likelihood, concatenated dataset of four markers (COI+ 16S + H3 + 28S), species-level clades and outgroups (Dendrodoris and Aldisa) are collapsed to a single branch. C, genus Tritonia, maximum likeli-