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1,854 results for “Host plant”
Transgenerational inheritance of learned preferences for novel host plant odors in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
<p>Many phytophagous insects have strong preferences for their host plants, which they recognize via odors, making it unclear how novel host preferences develop in the course of insect diversification. Insects may learn to prefer new host plants via exposure to their odors and pass this learned preference to their offspring. We tested this hypothesis by examining larval odor preferences before and after feeding them with leaves coated with control and novel odors and by examining odor preferences again in their offspring. Larvae of the parental generation developed a preference for two of these odors over their development. These odor preferences were also transmitted to the next generation. Offspring of butterflies fed on these new odors chose these odors more often than offspring of butterflies fed on control leaves. In addition, offspring of butterflies fed on banana odors had a significant naïve preference for the banana odors in contrast to the naïve preference for control leaves shown by individuals of the parental generation. Thus, butterflies can learn to prefer novel host plant odors via exposure to them during larval development and transmit these learned preferences to their offspring. This ability potentially facilitates shifts in host plant use over the course of insect diversification.</p>
Data from: Dissecting the contributions of plasticity and local adaptation to the phenology of a butterfly and its host plants
Phenology affects the abiotic and biotic conditions that an organism encounters and consequently its fitness. For populations of high latitude species, spring phenology often occurs earlier in warmer years and regions. Here we apply a novel approach to decompose spatiotemporal covariation between spring temperature and the phenology of two flowering plants, Cardamine pratensis and Alliara petiolata, and a Lepidopteran herbivore, Anthocharis cardamines, across the UK, into the contributions of plasticity and local adaptation. All three species overlap in the time-window over which mean temperatures best predict variation in phenology and we find little evidence that the position of time-windows varies latitudinally, as expected if they were initiated by day-length. The focal species show pronounced temperature-mediated phenological plasticity of similar magnitude. While we find no evidence for local adaptation in the flowering times of the plants, geographic variation in the phenology of the butterfly reveals countergradient local adaptation. Geographic variation in the butterfly's phenology appears to be more sensitive to variation in temperature than the flowering times of the host plants and we find no evidence that coevolution has generated geographic variation in adaptive phenological plasticity.
Data from: Transcriptomics of host-specific interactions in natural populations of the parasitic plant purple witchweed (Striga hermonthica)
Host-specific interactions can maintain genetic and phenotypic diversity in parasites that attack multiple host species. Host diversity, in turn, may promote parasite diversity by selection for genetic divergence or plastic responses to host type. The parasitic weed purple witchweed [Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth.] causes devastating crop losses in sub-Saharan Africa and is capable of infesting a wide range of grass hosts. Despite some evidence for host adaptation and host-by-Striga genotype interactions, little is known about intraspecific Striga genomic diversity. Here we present a study of transcriptomic diversity in populations of S. hermonthica growing on different hosts (maize [Zea mays L.] vs. grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]). We examined gene expression variation and differences in allelic frequency in expressed genes of aboveground tissues from populations in western Nigeria parasitizing each host. Despite low levels of host-based genome-wide differentiation, we identified a set of parasite transcripts specifically associated with each host. Parasite genes in several different functional categories implicated as important in host–parasite interactions differed in expression level and allele on different hosts, including genes involved in nutrient transport, defense and pathogenesis, and plant hormone response. Overall, we provide a set of candidate transcripts that demonstrate host-specific interactions in vegetative tissues of the emerged parasite S. hermonthica. Our study shows how signals of host-specific processes can be detected aboveground, expanding the focus of host–parasite interactions beyond the haustorial connection.
Data from: Experimental assemblage of novel plant-herbivore interactions: ecological host shifts after 40 million years of isolation
Geographic isolation is the first step in insect herbivore diet specialization. Such specialization is postulated to increase insect fitness, but may simultaneously reduce insect ability to colonize novel hosts. During the Paleocene-Eocene, plants from the order Zingiberales became isolated either in the Paleotropics or in the Neotropics. During the Cretaceous, rolled-leaf beetles diversified in the Neotropics concurrently with neotropical Zingiberales. Using a community of Costa Rican rolled-leaf beetles and their Zingiberales host plants as study system, we explored if previous geographic isolation precludes insects to expand their diets to exotic hosts. We recorded interactions between rolled-leaf beetles and native Zingiberales by combining DNA barcodes and field records for 7450 beetles feeding on 3202 host plants. To determine phylogenetic patterns of diet expansions, we set 20 field plots including five exotic Zingiberales, recording beetles feeding on these exotic hosts. In the laboratory, using both native and exotic host plants, we reared a subset of insect species that had expanded their diets to the exotic plants. The original plant-herbivore community comprised 24 beetle species feeding on 35 native hosts, representing 103 plant-herbivore interactions. After exotic host plant introduction, 20% of the beetle species expanded their diets to exotic Zingiberales. Insects only established on exotic hosts that belong to the same plant family as their native hosts. Laboratory experiments show that beetles are able to complete development on these novel hosts. In conclusion, rolled-leaf beetles are pre-adapted to expand their diets to novel host plants even after millions of years of geographic isolation.
Data from: Metapopulation structure of a seed-predator weevil and its host plants in arms race coevolution
Although the importance of gene flow in the geographic structuring of host–parasite interactions has been well discussed, little is known about how dispersal drives the spatial dynamics of other types of coevolutionary interactions in nature. We evaluated the roles of gene flow in the geographically structured processes of a predator–prey arms race involving a seed-predatory weevil with a long mouthpart and its host camellia plant with a thick fruit coat. Molecular genetic analyses showed that both weevil and camellia populations were structured at a spatial scale of several kilometers. Importantly, the spatial pattern of the migration of weevils, but not that of camellias, imposed significant effects on the geographic configuration of the levels of coevolutionary escalation. This result suggests that even if migration is limited in one species (camellia), local coevolution with the other species that migrates between neighboring localities (weevil) can reduce the inter-population difference in the local adaptive optima of the former species. Thus, gene flow of a species potentially homogenizes local biological environments provided by the species and thereby promotes the evolutionary convergence of its coevolving counterparts. Consequently, by focusing on coevolutionary interactions in natural communities, "indirect" effects of gene flow on the adaptive divergence of organisms could be identified.
Data from: Sympatric diversification vs. immigration: deciphering host-plant specialization in a polyphagous insect, the stolbur phytoplasma vector Hyalesthes obsoletus (Cixiidae)
The epidemiology of vector transmitted plant diseases is highly influenced by dispersal and the host-plant range of the vector. Widening the vector's host range may increase transmission potential, whereas specialization may induce specific disease cycles. The process leading to a vector's host shift and its epidemiological outcome is therefore embedded in the frameworks of sympatric evolution vs. immigration of preadapted populations. In this study, we analyse whether a host shift of the stolbur phytoplasma vector, Hyalesthes obsoletus from field bindweed to stinging nettle in its northern distribution range evolved sympatrically or by immigration. The exploitation of stinging nettle has led to outbreaks of the grapevine disease bois noir caused by a stinging nettle-specific phytoplasma strain. Microsatellite data from populations from northern and ancestral ranges provide strong evidence for sympatric host-race evolution in the northern range: Host-plant associated populations were significantly differentiated among syntopic sites (0.054 < FHT < 0.098) and constant over 5 years. While gene flow was asymmetric from the old into the predicted new host race, which had significantly reduced genetic diversity, the genetic identity between syntopic host-race populations in the northern range was higher than between these populations and syntopic populations in ancestral ranges, where there was no evidence for genetic host races. Although immigration was detected in the northern field bindweed population, it cannot explain host-race diversification but suggests the introduction of a stinging nettle-specific phytoplasma strain by plant-unspecific vectors. The evolution of host races in the northern range has led to specific vector-based bois noir disease cycles.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 2. Encolapta najuensis Park & Byun, sp. nov. A, adult, holotype; B, ditto, labial palpus; C, male genitalia, gen. slide. No. CIS-8150; D, ditto, aedeagus; E, abdomen. Scale bar for the genitalia and aedeagus: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 1. Teleiodes juglansivora Park & Byun, sp. nov. A, adult, holotype; B, ditto, close-up right forewing; C, under surface of wings, with name of veins; D, head and labial palpus, in lateral view; E, hind tibia, paratype; F, female genitalia, holotype, gen slide no. CIS-8152; F, ditto, paratype, gen slide no, CIS-8149. Scale bar for the genitalia and aedeagus: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 3. Larvae. A in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 3. Larvae. A, matured larva of Teleiodes juglansivora Park & Byun, sp. nov.; B, ditto, prepupation in the silk-net; C, matured larva of Encolapta najuensis Park & Byun, sp. nov.
FIGURE 5. Sysinas centralis Distant, 1883 in Redescription, new records and host plant for Sysinas centralis Distant, (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)
FIGURE 5. Sysinas centralis Distant, 1883, female genitalia: A — Anterior gonapophyses, B — Posterior gonapophyses.
FIGURE 4. Sysinas centralis Distant, 1883 in Redescription, new records and host plant for Sysinas centralis Distant, (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)
FIGURE 4. Sysinas centralis Distant, 1883, male genitalia, Parameres. Left paramere: A — ventral view, B — dorsal view. Right paramere: C — lateral view, D — dorsal view.
FIGURE 3. Sysinas centralis Distant, 1883 in Redescription, new records and host plant for Sysinas centralis Distant, (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)
FIGURE 3. Sysinas centralis Distant, 1883, male genitalia, Vesica, A — ventral view, B — lateral view.
FIGURE 2 in Redescription, new records and host plant for Sysinas centralis Distant, (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)
FIGURE 2. Patterns of head and pronotum. A - Dark area of head reduced to a median area of vertex narrowing to apex of clypeus. Dark fascia of pronotum reduced to an area on middle of disk. B - Dark area of head as above. Pronotum with a broad central longitudinal fascia on disk narrowing anteriorly and meeting the dark area of collar and head. C - Dark area of head absent. Dark fascia of pronotum reduced to an area on middle of disk.
FIGURES 668–672 in Rearing mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from host plants as an instrument for associating females with males, with the description of seven new species
FIGURES 668–672. Phytomyza torilisi spec. nov.; 668 a–b: spermathecae and ventral receptacle proportionally; a: spermathecae; b: ventral receptacle; 669: phallus and ejaculatory apodeme proportionally viewed from the side; 670: ejaculatory apodeme; 671: hypandrium viewed from the side; 672: epandrium and hypandrium viewed from below.
FIGURES 657–661 in Rearing mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from host plants as an instrument for associating females with males, with the description of seven new species
FIGURES 657–661. Phytomyza spinaciae Hendel; 657: cephalopharyngeal skeleton; 658: frontal view of head; 659: head viewed from the side; 660: oviscape, ventral receptacle and spermatheca proportionally; 661: ventral receptacle.
FIGURES 673–679. Figure 673 in Rearing mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from host plants as an instrument for associating females with males, with the description of seven new species
FIGURES 673–679. Figure 673: Phytomyza crassiseta Zetterstedt, fronto-lateral view of head; Figures 674–679: P. veronicicola Hering; 674: cephalopharyngeal skeleton; 675: fronto-lateral view of head; 676: head viewed from the side; 677: oviscape, ventral receptacle and spermathecae proportionally; 678: spermathecae; 679: ventral receptacle.
FIGURES 646–651 in Rearing mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from host plants as an instrument for associating females with males, with the description of seven new species
FIGURES 646–651. Phytomyza sedicola Hering; 646: cephalopharyngeal skeleton; 647: frontal view of head; 648: head viewed from the side; 649: oviscape, ventral receptacle and spermatheca proportionally; 650: spermatheca; 651: ventral receptacle proportionally.
FIGURES 640–645 in Rearing mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from host plants as an instrument for associating females with males, with the description of seven new species
FIGURES 640–645. Phytomyza ranunculi (Schrank); 640: cephalopharyngeal skeleton; 641: frontal view of head; 642: head viewed from the side; 643: oviscape, ventral receptacle and spermathecae proportionally; 644: spermatheca; 645: ventral receptacle.
FIGURES 634–639 in Rearing mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from host plants as an instrument for associating females with males, with the description of seven new species
FIGURES 634–639. Phytomyza pulmonaria Nowakowski; 634: cephalopharyngeal skeleton; 635: frontal view of head; 636: head viewed from the side; 637: oviscape, ventral receptacle and spermathecae proportionally; 638: spermatheca; 639 a–b: ventral receptacle; a: lateral view; b: ventro-lateral view.
FIGURES 622–627 in Rearing mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from host plants as an instrument for associating females with males, with the description of seven new species
FIGURES 622–627. Phytomyza pimpinellae Hendel; 622: cephalopharyngeal skeleton; 623: frontal view of head; 624: head viewed from the side; 625: oviscape, ventral receptacle and spermathecae proportionally; 626: spermatheca; 627: ventral receptacle.
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