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Fig. 8 in Form and formation of flares and parabolae based on new observations of the internal shell structure in lytoceratid and perisphinctid ammonoids

Fig. 8. Internal structure of parabolae (transversal section) in Choffatia sp. (BSPG MAn-4519) from Dubki near Saratov, SW Russia; Upper Callovian, Jurassic. A. Parabola with notches. B–E. Discontinuity of the parabolae, the primary shell forms slots at the position of the notches. A secondary shell is attached from beneath. The relief is compensated by the dorsal inner prismatic layer. Abbreviations: apc, apertural prismatic coating; dipl, dorsal inner prismatic layer; ipl, inner prismatic layer; ncl 1/2, nacreous layer of the primary/secondary shell.

Fig. 7 in Form and formation of flares and parabolae based on new observations of the internal shell structure in lytoceratid and perisphinctid ammonoids

Fig. 7. Internal structure of parabolae (median section, growth direction right) in Choffatia sp. (BSPG MAn-4520) from Dubki near Saratov, SW Russia; Upper Callovian, Jurassic. A, B. Discontinuity of the parabola, the primary nacreous layer ends abruptly. A secondary nacreous layer is attached from beneath. The relief is compensated by the dorsal inner prismatic layer. C. Discontinuity of parabolae at the position of the notches. The primary shell bends outwards and has an apertural prismatic coating. The secondary shell is attached from beneath. In front of the free edge of the primary shell a symmetric, prismatic thickening is formed. The dorsal shell compensates the relief. D. Lateral parts of the notches show the typical outward undulation of the new shell of the parabolic node. Abbreviations: apc, apertural prismatic coating; dipl, dorsal inner prismatic layer; dncl, dorsal nacreous layer; dopl, dorsal outer prismatic layer; ncl 1/2, nacreous layer of the primary/secondary shell; opl 1/2, outer prismatic layer of the primary/secondary shell; pt, prismatic thickening; S, septum.

Fig. 6 in Form and formation of flares and parabolae based on new observations of the internal shell structure in lytoceratid and perisphinctid ammonoids

Fig. 6. Internal structure of a secondary flare (median section, growth direction right) in Argonauticeras besairiei Collignon, 1949 (BSPG MAo- 1802) from Ambatolafia, Mahajanga Basin, NW Madagascar; Lower Albian, Cretaceous. Abbreviations: apc, apertural prismatic coating; dipl, dorsal inner prismatic layer; ipl, inner prismatic layer; ncl 1/2, nacreous layer of the primary/secondary shell; opl 1/2, outer prismatic layer of the primary/secondary shell; sb, shell bulge.

Fig. 2 in Form and formation of flares and parabolae based on new observations of the internal shell structure in lytoceratid and perisphinctid ammonoids

Fig. 2. Internal structure of flares (median section, growth direction right) in Argonauticeras besairiei Collignon, 1949 (BSPG MAo-1801) from Ambatolafia, Mahajanga Basin, NW Madagascar; Lower Albian, Cretaceous. A. Complete flare, the primary shell bends outwards and forms a frill. The flare ends in a backward reflection of the shell, i.e., apertural margin. Secondary shell material is attached from beneath and forms a prominent bulge in front of the flare. B. Close-up of A, contact of the primary shell and the secondary shell. The interior of the flares is covered by an apertural prismatic coating. C. Apertural margin of the flare, the primary shell wedges out. The primary outer prismatic layer and the apertural prismatic coating form a vanishing prismatic wedge. Abbreviations: apc, apertural prismatic coating; dipl, dorsal inner prismatic layer; ipl, inner prismatic layer; ncl 1/2, nacreous layer of the primary/secondary shell; opl 1/2, outer prismatic layer of the primary/secondary shell; sb, shell bulge; var, varix.

Fig. 5 in Form and formation of flares and parabolae based on new observations of the internal shell structure in lytoceratid and perisphinctid ammonoids

Fig. 5. Resorption process in flares of Lytoceratoidea. A. A complete flare with mantle cover. B. The retracting mantle begins resorption of shell material at the base of the flare. C. The mantle tissue rounds the flare stump through resorption. D. The retracted mantle begins secretion of secondary shell material. E. The mantle continues secreting the secondary shell. F. The mantle of the subsequent whorl begins to overgrow the flare stump of the preceding whorl. G. The mantle of the subsequent whorl overgrows the complete flare of the preceding whorl and begins its resorption. H. The mantle of the subsequent whorl resorbs the flare stump of the preceding whorl. I. The mantle of the subsequent whorl has smoothed the shell surface of the preceding whorl.

Figure 3 in Observations of a rapid decline in invasive macroalgal cover linked to green turtle grazing in a Hawaiian marine reserve

Figure 3. Mean hourly temperatures (°C) (a.), total rainfall (mm h-1) (b.), wind (km h−1) (c.), and PAR (µmol photons m−2) (d.) in 2015 (red triangle), 2016 (blue square), and 2017 (black circle). Data was obtained from Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology Weather Station (http://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/weather/obs-mokuoloe/).

Figure 1 in Observations of a rapid decline in invasive macroalgal cover linked to green turtle grazing in a Hawaiian marine reserve

Figure 1. Green turtle, Chelonia mydas, feeding on Gracilaria salicornia in the back lagoon of Moku o Lo'e, Kāneʻohe Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi in March 2017. Photo by KD Bahr.

Figure 2. Surveyed sites around Moku o in Observations of a rapid decline in invasive macroalgal cover linked to green turtle grazing in a Hawaiian marine reserve

Figure 2. Surveyed sites around Moku o Loʻe, Kāneʻohe Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi in April (left) and May (right) depicting proportion of substratum classified as coral (brown), rubble (grey), sand (yellow), or Gracilaria salicornia (green). Numbers within pie charts indicate number of turtles observed at each site during the survey. Red outlined pie charts denote areas with limited accessability (only during high tides) to Chelonia mydas.

Figure 5 in Observations of a rapid decline in invasive macroalgal cover linked to green turtle grazing in a Hawaiian marine reserve

Figure 5. Back lagoon of Moku o Loʻe, Kāneʻohe Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi adjacent to a fenced enclosure on 13 April 2017 (top) and same area 21 days later on 4 May 2017 (bottom). Photo by KD Bahr.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

High-Resolution Pan-European Forest Structure Maps: An Integration of Earth Observation and National Forest Inventory Data

We developed Pan-European maps of timber volume (V), above-ground biomass (AGB), and deciduous-coniferous proportion (DCP) with a pixel size of 10 x 10 m2 for the reference year 2020 using a combination of a Sentinel 2 mosaic, Copernicus layers, and National Forest Inventory (NFI) data. For mapping, we used the k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN, k=7) approach with a harmonized database of species-specific V and AGB from 14 NFIs across Europe. This database encompasses approximately 151,000 sample plots, which were intersected with the above-mentioned Earth observation data. The maps cover 40<a> European countries, </a>forming a continuous coverage of the western part of the European continent. A sample of 1/3 of NFI plots was left out for validation, whereas 2/3 of the plots were used for mapping. Maps were created independently for 13 multi-country processing areas. Root-mean-squared-errors (RMSEs) for AGB ranged from 53 % in the Nordic processing area to <a>73 % </a>the South-Eastern area. The created maps are the first of their kind as they are utilizing a huge amount of harmonized NFI observations and consistent remote sensing data for high-resolution forest attribute mapping. While the published maps can be useful for visualization and other purposes, they are primarily meant as auxiliary information in model-assisted estimation where model-related biases can be mitigated, and field-based estimates improved. Therefore, additional calibration procedures were not applied, and especially high V and AGB values tend to be underestimated. Summarizing map values (pixel counting) over large regions such as countries or whole Europe will consequently result in biased estimates that need to be interpreted with care. The author list is sorted by last name except for the first and last authors who also serve as corresponding authors. Corresponding authors: <a href="mailto:Jukka.Miettinen@vtt.fi">Jukka.Miettinen@vtt.fi</a>, <a href="mailto:Johannes.Breidenbach@nibio.no">Johannes.Breidenbach@nibio.no</a>

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Observational data in the maiden voyage of the Sun Yat-sen University Research Vessel

From 15 to 18 June 2022, the Sun Yat-sen University research vessel conducted its maiden voyage for scientific expedition in northern SCS. Radiosonde-equipped sounding balloons were launched up during the observation period to measure meteorological elements.  This dataset encompasses a range of parameters, sequentially detailing Elapsed Time, Ascension Rate, Height Above Mean Sea Level, Atmospheric Pressure, Ambient Temperature, Relative Humidity, Dew Point Temperature, Wind Direction, and Wind Speed.  During the observation period, the data obtained from the radiosonde measurements are as follows:

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Actors and Satellites in the African Earth Observations Sector: Insights from the 2021 Radiant Earth ML for EO Market Map and the Union of Concerned Scientists Database

The database of organizational actors, "Actors and Satellites in the African Earth Observations Sector: Insights from the 2021 Radiant Earth ML for EO Market Map and the Union of Concerned Scientists Database" analyzed in "Whose Priorities? Examining Inequities in Earth Observation Advancements Across Africa" this study, is available on Zenodo, an open-access repository developed under the European OpenAIRE program. The dataset comprises information on 310 space-centric earth observation organizations, including headquarters locations. For the 31 organizations in our sample, we provide additional details including the African countries where their projects are active, the type of initiative or program, other focus areas, organizational classification (commercial, government, or nongovernmental), funding source (public or private), organizational type (research, startup, or established industry), capabilities (data analysis, data storage, image labeling, competition platforms), involvement in early warning systems, data accessibility, availability of global products, and whether they build commercial satellites. This open sharing of the compiled organizational data aims to promote transparency, reproducibility, and additional investigations into the evolving landscape of earth observation activities globally and across Africa. Analyses of this dataset's relationships, funding flows, and priorities can provide further insights to guide equitable advancement of earth observation capabilities.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Observational atmospheric angular momentum.

Reanalyses of Earth's angular momentum from ERA data. Data are divided by 1.0e+24. Each row consists of 12 monthly means. Data are given for each of 324 latitudes, starting near the S pole. Data are given for each year from 1960, starting from November 1960 to match model predictions.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Surface Marine Carbonate System Data (2019-2024) from Volunteer Observing Ship monitoring across the Western Mediterranean Sea

1.     Introduction We present here a high-resolution dataset which spans five years (February 2019 - February 2024) and is based on weekly physicochemical observations of the surface waters along the western boundary of the Mediterranean Sea. Data were automatically collected by a Surface Ocean Observation Platform (SOOP) operating in underway mode aboard the Volunteer Observing Ship (VOS) MV JONA SOPHIE (formerly RENATE P until November 2021), a container ship managed by Nisa Maritima on the route between the Canary Islands and Barcelona. A total of 92 routes were completed in the Mediterranean Sea during the observation period. The SOOP CanOA-VOS line, designed and maintained by the QUIMA research group at IOCAG-ULPGC, is part of Spain’s contribution to the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS-ERIC) since 2021 and is recognized as an ICOS Class 1 Ocean Station, ensuring that the measurement equipment and data collection techniques meet ICOS-ERIC's high-quality standards and methodological recommendations. The data collected is also available at the ICOS Data Portal (<a href="https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/ocean-release">https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/ocean-release</a>). 2.     Data collection The dataset includes continuous monitoring of CO2 levels in both surface ocean and low atmosphere, following protocols to ensure data comparability and quality given by Pierrot et al., (2009). A detailed description is provided by Curbelo-Hernández et al., 2021a, 2021b). An automated CO2 molar fraction (xCO2) measurement system, developed by Craig Nail and commercialized by General Oceanics™, was installed on the ship. This system integrates air and seawater equilibrators with a non-dispersive infrared analyzer by LICOR® for xCO2 detection. The analyzer is regularly calibrated using standard gases provided by the NOAA, traceable to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). They were in the order of 0 ppm, 250 ppm, 400 ppm and 550 ppm until January 2021, when the gas bottles for standard 2 to 4 were changed for a new set with concentrations in the order of 300 ppm, 500 ppm and 800 ppm. In addition to xCO2, sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) were monitored using high-precision instruments. The SST was monitored by using a SBE38 thermometer placed at the main seawater intake in the engine room, with a reported error of ±0.01ºC. A SBE45 thermosalinograph and a Hart Scientific HT1523 Handheld Thermometer, with reported errors of ±0.01ºC, were used to monitor the temperature at the entrance of the wet box and inside the equilibrator, respectively. The SBE45 thermosalinograph measured the sea surface salinity (SSS) with an estimated error of ±0.005. Discrete seawater samples were also collected during three round trips in February 2020, March 2021, and October 2023, for further analysis of total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon. A total of 102 discrete samples has been collected in the Mediterranean Sea. Total alkalinity (AT) and total inorganic carbon (CT) were determined using a VINDTA 3C according to Mintrop et al., 2000. AT was analyzed via potentiometric titration with HCl, following the carbonic acid endpoint method (Millero et al., 1993; Dickson and Goyet, 1994), while CT was determined through coulometric titration (Johnson et al., 1993). The VINDTA 3C was calibrated using Certified Reference Material (CRMs) by A. Dickson, ensuring an accuracy of ±1.5 μmol kg-1 for AT and ±1.0 μmol kg-1 for CT. The dataset contains some gaps, including a year-long gap from September 2021 to 2022 due to vessel maintenance and shorter gaps due to technical issues, which were addressed during routine maintenance. Some technical issues in 2020 were delayed due to COVID-19 constraints. 3. Dataset content The dataset includes the following variables:  ·       “Date” (dd/mm/yyyy) ·       “Time” (hh:mm:ss) ·       “Latitude” ·       “Longitude” ·       “equTemp”: seawater temperature measured inside the equilibrator using a Hart Scientific HT1523 Handheld Thermometer. ·       “stdVal”: value of the standard gases used for automatically calibrations. ·       “xCO2”: measured CO2 molar fraction without performing any correlation (raw data). ·       “atmPress”: Atmospheric pressure (units: atm). ·       “equPress”: Diffeence in pressure between the atmosphere and the equilibrator (units: atm). ·       “SST_SBE38”: Sea surface temperature measured with a SBE38 thermometer at the main seawater intake of the vessel. ·       “Temp_SBE45”: Seawater temperature measured with a SBE45 thermosalinograph just before the water supply to the equilibrator. ·       “SSS_SBE45”: Sea surface salinity measured with a SBE45 thermosalinograph just before the water supply to the equilibrator. ·       “xCO2corr_sw”: CO2 molar fraction measured in the sea surface after correction by using standard gases. ·       “xCO2corr_atm”: CO2 molar fraction measured in low atmosphere after correction by using standard gases. ·       “pCO2sw”: Partial pressure of CO2 in the sea surface (units: µatm). ·       “pCO2atm”: Partial pressure of CO2 in low atmosphere (units: µatm). ·       “fCO2sw”: fugacity of CO2 in the sea surface (units: µatm). ·       “fCO2atm”: fugacity of CO2 in low atmosphere (units: µatm). ·       “AT”: Total Alkalinity (µmol kg-1) ·       “CT”: Total Inorganic Carbon (µmol kg-1) ·       “pH”: pH in surface seawater at in situ temperature computed in CO2sys using as input variables AT and fCO2sw. ·       “pH25”: pH in surface seawater at constant temperature of 25ºC computed in CO2sys using as input variables AT and fCO2sw.   Acknowledgement This research was supported by the Canary Islands Government and the Loro Parque Foundation through the CanBIO project, CanOA subproject (2019–2024), and the CARBOCAN agreement (Consejería de Transición Ecológica y Energía, Gobierno de Canarias). We would like to thank the JONA SOPHIE ship owner, the NISA-Marítima company and the captains and crew members for the support during this collaboration. Special thanks to the technician Adrian Castro-Alamo for biweekly equipment maintenance and discrete sampling of total alkalinity aboard the ship. The SOOP CanOA-VOS line is part of the Spanish contribution to the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS-ERIC; https://www.icos-cp.eu/) since 2021 and has been recognized as an ICOS Class 1 Ocean Station. The participation of D. C-H was funded by the PhD grant PIFULPGC-2020-2 ARTHUM-2

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

The Longyearbyen all-sky camera full resolution image data (movie and four ASC data plots) used in the paper entitled "Auroral Morphological Changes to the Formation of Auroral Spiral during the Late Substorm Recovery Phase: Polar UVI and Ground All-Sky Camera Observations"

The uploaded movie is an animation of the Longyearbyen all-sky camera (ASC) full resolution image data from 20:00 UT to 22:00 UT, which is including all ASC snapshots used in Figure 2. This movie file is the same as Movie S1.  The uploaded four png files are the Longyearbyen all-sky camera (ASC) full resolution image snapshots, which were used in Figure S3. The numerical ASCII data to make the four ASC full resolution image snapshots are also uploaded; the count number of data detected by the ASC and associated latitude and longitude information in geographical coordinates of the ASC field of view.

Fig. 1 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 1. Distribution of Dzieduszyckia in the Famennian (363 Ma) reconstructed paleogeography (adapted from Golonka et al. 1994). Explanation: C, China; K, Kazakhstan; M, Morocco; N, Nevada; P, Poland; U, Urals, X, Mexico.

Fig. 9 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 9. Transverse serial sections of two specimens of Dzieduszyckia tenuicostata (Termier, 1936) from the Famennian of Bou Nebedou, Morocco (A, ZPAL Bp XVII/62−1; B, ZPAL Bp XVII/62−2). Numbers refer to distances in mm from the posterior of the ventral umbo.

Fig. 8 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 8. Transverse serial sections of two specimens of Dzieduszyckia intermedia (Termier, 1936) from the Famennian of Brouha Ahellal (A, ZPAL Bp XVII/61−1) and Touchchent (B, ZPAL Bp XVII/60−1), Morocco. Numbers refer to distances in mm from the posterior of the ventral umbo.

Fig. 5 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 5. Transverse serial sections of two specimens of Dzieduszyckia crassicostata (Termier and Termier, 1948) from the Famennian of Touchchent (A, ZPAL Bp XVII/54−1) and Bou Nebedou (B, ZPAL Bp XVII/59−2), Morocco. Numbers refer to distances in mm from the posterior of the ventral umbo.

Fig. 2 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 2. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic values from Dzieduszyckia samples from Morocco and Poland; solid symbols, shell fabric with admixture of sediment; open symbols, sediment.