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4,753 results for “SHAPE”
Palaearctic origin and repeated dispersal over the world shaped the biogeographic history of the saprophytic genus Coprinopsis (Psathyrellaceae, Basidiomycota)
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The biogeographic history of most fungi is still poorly known, as well as the patterns and processes responsible for their diversification. Recent studies uncovered that most fungi have originated and present higher diversification rates in the temperate zone. The distributional pattern known for fungi is also different from many plants, animals and microbes. Using the most comprehensive phylogeny of the saprotrophic genus <em>Coprinopsis</em>, we aim to infer the biogeographic history and test evolutionary hypotheses in the genus.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Worldwide</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> Fungi, Basidiomycota, Psathyrellaceae, <em>Coprinopsis</em></p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used a four-gene alignment with 100 species to estimate divergence times using two fossil calibrations within Agaricales. The chronograms were used to estimate diversification rates and geographic state-dependent models were applied. We further reconstructed the ancestral range history of the genus.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Molecular dating estimated that the genus has diverged ca. 41 Ma (Eocene) and originated in the Palaearctic region. Diversification rates showed a decreasing pattern towards the present across <em>Coprinopsis, </em>especially after the Miocene (ca. 14 Ma). The diversification models dependent on distribution showed cosmopolitan lineages with higher net-diversification rates. When we compared temperate and tropical regions, we found that temperate lineages have higher net-diversification rates. The biogeographic history of <em>Coprinopsis</em> estimated different routes of dispersal. The most common dispersal route was from the Palaearctic to the Nearctic (15 times), followed by the Palaeartic to the Neotropics (14 times).</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions:</strong> The study is the first to estimate the diversification rates and the historical biogeography of the coprinoid genus <em>Coprinopsis</em>. The diversification dynamics estimates in <em>Coprinopsis</em> are in agreement with the "generalized diversification rates model", where we found higher diversification rates in temperate regions compared to tropical regions. In general, the ancestral area and major dispersal routes recovered in the genus are similar to findings in other groups of fungi. </p>
Soil properties shape the heterogeneity of denitrification and N2O emissions across large-scale flooded paddy soils
<p>The dataset's contents include the relative abundance of different denitrifier types at the genus level across eight different flooded paddy soils. This dataset categorizes denitrifier types in its first column labeled 'Type.' The second column, 'Genus,' associates each type with various species at the genus level. Subsequent columns present the relative abundance of these species in diverse sampling locations. Researchers can leverage this dataset to derive more patterns regarding the differences within specific dominant denitrifier species. No ethical considerations are pertinent to the utilization of this dataset.</p>
Predator-induced shape plasticity in D. pulex
<p>All animals and plants respond to changes in the environment during their life cycle. This flexibility is known as phenotypic plasticity and allows organisms to cope with variable environments. A common source of environmental variation is predation risk, which describes the likelihood of being attacked and killed by a predator. Some species can respond to the level of predation risk by producing morphological defences against predation. A classic example is the production of so-called 'neckteeth' in the water flea, <em>Daphnia pulex</em>,<em> </em>which defend against predation from <em>Chaoborus</em> midge larvae. Previous studies of this defence have focussed on changes in pedestal size and the number of spikes along a gradient of predation risk. Although these studies have provided a model for continuous phenotypic plasticity, they do not capture the whole-organism shape response to predation risk. In contrast, studies in fish and amphibians focus on shape as a complex, multi-faceted trait made up of different variables. In this study, we analyse how multiple aspects of shape change in <em>D. pulex</em> along a gradient of predation risk from <em>C.</em> <em>flavicans</em>. These changes are dominated by the neckteeth defence, but there are also changes in the size and shape of the head and the body. We detected change in specific modules of the body plan and a level of integration among modules.<strong> </strong>These results are indicative of a complex, multi-faceted response to predation and provide insight into how predation risk drives variation in shape and size at the level of the whole organism.</p>
Environmental context shapes the relationship between grass consumption and body size in African herbivore communities
<p>Though herbivore grass dependence has been shown to increase with body size across herbivore species, it is unclear whether this relationship holds at the community level. Here we evaluate whether grass consumption scales positively with body size within African large mammalian herbivore communities and how this relationship varies with environmental context. We used stable carbon isotope and community occurrence data to investigate how grass dependence scales with body size within 23 savanna herbivore communities throughout eastern and central Africa. We found that dietary grass fraction increased with body size for the majority of herbivore communities considered, especially when complete community data were available. However, the slope of this relationship varied, and rainfall seasonality and elephant presence were key drivers of the variation—grass dependence increased less strongly with body size where rainfall was more seasonal and where elephants were present. We found also that the dependence of the herbivore community as a whole on grass peaked at intermediate woody cover. Intraspecific diet variation contributed to these community-level patterns: common hippopotamus (<em>Hippopotamus amphibius</em>) and giraffe (<em>Giraffa camelopardalis</em>) ate less grass where rainfall was more seasonal, whereas Cape buffalo (<em>Syncerus caffer</em>) and savanna elephant (<em>Loxodonta africana</em>)<strong> </strong>grass consumption were parabolically related to woody cover. Our results indicate that general rules appear to govern herbivore community assembly, though some aspects of herbivore foraging behavior depend upon local environmental context.</p>
Roll-to-roll, high-resolution 3D printing of shape-specific particles
<p>Particle fabrication has attracted recent attention due to its diverse applications in bioengineering, drug and vaccine delivery, microfluidics, granular systems, self-assembly, microelectronics, and abrasives. Herein we introduce a scalable, high-resolution, 3D printing technique for the fabrication of shape-specific particles based on roll-to-roll continuous liquid interface production (r2rCLIP). We demonstrate r2rCLIP using single-digit, micron-resolution optics in combination with a continuous roll of film (in lieu of a static platform), enabling the rapidly permutable fabrication and harvesting of shape-specific particles from a variety of materials and complex geometries, including geometries not possible to achieve with advanced mould-based techniques. We demonstrate r2rCLIP production of mouldable and non-mouldable shapes with voxel sizes as small as 2.0 × 2.0 μm<sup>2</sup> in the print plane and 1.1 ± 0.3 μm unsupported thickness, at speeds of up to 1,000,000 particles per day. Such microscopic particles with permutable, intricate designs enable direct integration within biomedical, analytical and advanced materials applications.</p>
Data from: cultural attraction in pottery practice: group-specific shape transformations by potters from three communities
<p>Pottery is a quintessential indicator of human cultural dynamics. Cultural alignment of behavioral repertoires and artifacts has been considered to rest upon two distinct dynamics: selective transmission of information and culture-specific biased transformation. In a cross-cultural field experiment, we tested whether community-specific morphological features of ceramic vessels would arise when the same unfamiliar shapes were reproduced by professional potters from three different communities who threw vessels using wheels. We analyzed the details of the underlying morphogenesis development of vessels in wheel throwing. When expert potters from three different communities of practice were instructed to faithfully reproduce common unfamiliar model shapes that were not parts of the daily repertoires, the morphometric variation in the final shape was not random; rather, different potters produced vessels with more morphometric variation among than within communities, indicating the presence of community-specific deviations of morphological features of vessels. Furthermore, this was found both in the final shape and in the underlying process of morphogenesis; there was more variation in the morphogenetic path among than within communities. These results suggest that the morphological features of ceramic vessels produced by potters reliably and nonrandomly diverge among different communities.</p>
Data from: Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Amazonia hosts more tree species, from numerous evolutionary lineages both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonised multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Amazonia.</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Data for the abundance of 5,082 tree species in 1,989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> In the terra firme and várzea forest types, phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate, and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R <sup>2</sup> = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). Phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R <sup>2</sup> = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization on specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions. </p>
Role of Quantum Computing in Shaping the Future of 6G Technology
<p>The dataset is provided for the data collected to understand the role of quantum cmputing in shaping the future of 6G technology. The dataset consist of all the raw data and analysed results with respect to the research questions.</p>
Organic compost belowground and floral diversity aboveground interactively shape natural enemies in urban gardens
<p>Plant diversity aboveground can exert top-down pressure on herbivores by attracting predatory insects, while organic soil amendments rich in beneficial microbes can limit herbivores from the bottom up by enhancing plant defensive chemistry. Aboveground and belowground forces always operate simultaneously to shape herbivore pressure, but understanding how they interact is a longstanding and persistent challenge. Here, we examine how organic composts mediate effects of plant diversity across trophic levels, using zucchini plants (<em>Cucurbita pepo</em>) as a study system. Over two field seasons, we manipulated vermicompost treatments in 18 experiments in school gardens that varied in surrounding plant and floral resource diversity, and measured responses of insect herbivores and their natural enemies. Vermicompost strengthened a positive relationship between flower richness and foliar-feeding omnivores, suggesting that robust reservoirs of omnivores at flower-rich sites mounted stronger responses to compost-treated host plants. Predators increased with flower richness, but were not affected by vermicompost. Net outcomes of vermicompost and plant diversity were neutral for herbivores.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and Applications: </em>Altogether, our results reveal that bottom-up factors protecting plants are modified by their environmental context, and may more effectively attract natural enemies in landscapes with diverse floral resources. Therefore, we recommend augmentation of biodiversity aboveground (i.e. floral resources) together with biodiversity belowground (organic soil amendments) to strengthen crop protection.</p>
The condition-dependence of male genital size and shape
<p>The male genitals of internal fertilizers evolve rapidly and divergently, and sexual selection is generally responsible for this. Many sexually selected traits are condition-dependent - with their expression dependent upon the resources available to be allocated to them - as revealed by genetic or environmental manipulations of the condition. However, it is not clear whether male genitals are also condition-dependent. Here we manipulate the condition in two ways (via inbreeding and diet) to test the condition-dependence of the genital arch of <em>Drosophila simulans</em>. We found that genital size but not genital shape suffered from inbreeding depression, whereas genital size and shape were affected by dietary manipulation of the condition. The differential effects of these treatments likely reflect the underlying genetic architecture that has been shaped by past selection: inbreeding depression is only expected when traits have a history of directional selection, while diet impacts traits regardless of historical selection. Nonetheless, our results suggest genitals can be condition-dependent like other sexually selected traits.</p>
The magnetic recording stability of vortex state irregularly shaped natural iron oxides: raw data, processing and micromagnetic modelling results
<p>Magnetic minerals, especially those existing within the vortex domain state, serve as the primary natural archives of ancient magnetic fields. In this investigation, we introduce an innovative method to examine the magnetic stability of remanence-bearing minerals. This method involves integrating <strong>Synchrotron-based Ptychographic X-ray Computed Nano-tomography (PXCT)</strong> <strong>with micromagnetic modelling</strong>. PXCT, a tomographic technique, is a non-destructive resource, which enables its application to valuable (unique) samples. When applied to a microscopic sample of weakly magnetic carbonate rock, PXCT revealed numerous nanoscopic grains of magnetite/maghemite, each exhibiting diverse morphologies, alongside various non-magnetic minerals present in the rock matrix. Subsequently, micromagnetic models were employed to predict the properties of these grains and investigate the potential impacts of irregular morphologies.</p>
Data from: Long-term climate and hydrologic regimes shape stream invertebrate community responses to a hurricane disturbance
<p>Disturbances can produce a spectrum of short- and long-term ecological consequences that depend on complex interactions of the characteristics of the event, antecedent environmental conditions, and the intrinsic properties of resistance and resilience of the affected biological system. We used Hurricane Harvey's impact on coastal rivers of Texas to examine the roles of storm-related changes in hydrology and long-term precipitation regime on the response of stream invertebrate communities to hurricane disturbance. We detected declines in richness, diversity, and total abundance following the storm, but responses were strongly tied to direct and indirect effects of long-term aridity and short-term changes in stream hydrology. The amount of rainfall a site received drove both flood duration and flood magnitude across sites, but lower annual rainfall amounts (i.e., aridity) increased flood magnitude and decreased flood duration. Across all sites, flood duration was positively related to the time it took for invertebrate communities to return to a long-term baseline and flood magnitude drove larger invertebrate community responses (i.e., changes in diversity and total abundance). However, invertebrate response per unit flood magnitude was lower in sub-humid sites, potentially because of differences in refuge availability or ecological-evolutionary interactions. Interestingly, sub-humid streams had temporary large peaks in invertebrate total abundance and diversity following recovery period that may be indicative of the larger organic matter pulses expected in these systems because of their comparatively well-developed riparian vegetation. Our findings show that hydrology and long-term precipitation regime predictably affected invertebrate community responses and, thus, our work underscores the important influence of local climate to ecosystem sensitivity to disturbances.</p>
Species richness and intraspecific variation interactively shape marine diatom community functioning
<p>The data and code provided here is used to analyze and visualize all data associated with the manuscript "Species richness and intraspecific variation interactively shape marine diatom community functioning" which is under review at L&O Letters and is authored by Patrick K. Thomas, Marrit Jacob, Esteben Acevedo-Trejos, Helmut Hillebrand, and Maren Striebel.</p> <p>Data should be analyzed in R or R studio. The code should execute automatically with no modifications by the user as long as the four csv files are placed in the same working directory that R is set to. The R project (.Rproj) file may also be opened directly to create an R project that is automatically set to the correct directory.</p> <p>ABSTRACT:<br>Biodiversity generally increases productivity in ecosystems; however, this is mediated by the specific functional traits that come with biodiversity loss or gain and how these traits interact with environmental conditions. Most biodiversity studies evaluate effects of species richness alone, despite our increasing understanding that intraspecific diversity can have equally strong impacts. Here, we manipulate both species richness and intraspecific richness (i.e., number of distinct strains) in marine diatom communities to explicitly test the relative importance of species and strain richness for biomass and trait diversity in six distinct temperature/nutrient environments. We show that species and strain richness both have significant effects on biomass and growth rates, but more importantly they interact with each other, indicating that cross-species diversity effects depend on within-species diversity and vice versa. This intertwined relationship thus calls for more integrative approaches quantifying the relative importance of distinct biodiversity components and environmental context on ecosystem functioning.</p>
Evolution of wing shape in geometrid moths: phylogenetic effects dominate over ecology
<p>Locomotory performance is an important determinant of fitness in most animals, including flying insects. Strong selective pressures on wing morphology are therefore expected. Previous studies on wing shape in Lepidoptera have found some support for hypotheses relating wing shape to environment-specific selective pressures on aerodynamic performance. Here, we present a phylogenetic comparative study on wing shape in the lepidopteran family Geometridae, covering all 374 species of the northern European fauna. We focused on eleven wing traits including aspect ratio, wing roundness, and the pointedness of the apex, as well as the ratio of forewing and hindwing areas. All measures were taken from images available on the internet, using a combination of tools available in Fiji software and in R. We found that wing shape demonstrates a phylogenetically conservative pattern of evolution in Geometridae, showing similar or greater phylogenetic signal than many of its potential predictors. Several wing traits showed statistically significant associations with predictors such as body size, flight phenology, and preference for forest habitats. Overall, however, all of these associations remained notably weak, with no wing shape being excluded for any value of the predictors, including body size. We conclude that, in geometrids, wing traits do not readily respond to selective pressures optimising aerodynamic performance of the moths in different environments. Selection on wing shape may nevertheless operate through other functions of the wings, with the effectiveness of crypsis at rest being a promising candidate for further studies.</p>
Social experiences shape song preference learning independent of developmental exposure to song
<p>Communication governs the formation and maintenance of social relationships. The interpretation of communication signals depends not only on the signal's content, but also on a receiver's individual experience. Experiences throughout life may interact to affect behavioral plasticity, such that a lack of developmental sensory exposure could constrain adult learning, while salient adult social experiences could remedy developmental deficits. We investigated how experiences impact the formation and direction of female auditory preferences in the zebra finch. Zebra finches form long-lasting pair bonds and females learn preferences for their mate's vocalizations. We found that after two weeks of cohabitation with a male, females formed pair bonds and learned to prefer their partner's song regardless of whether they were reared with ("normally-reared") or without ("song-naïve") developmental exposure to song. In contrast, females that heard but did not physically interact with a male did not prefer his song. In addition, previous work has found that song-naive females do not show species-typical preferences for courtship song. We found that cohabitation with a male ameliorated this difference in preference. Thus, courtship and pair bonding, but not acoustic-only interactions, strongly influence preference learning regardless of rearing experience, and may dynamically drive auditory plasticity for recognition and preference.</p>
A Cross-Continental Analysis of How Regional Cues Shape Developers' Stack Overflow Contributions
<p>Stack Overflow provides a wide range of knowledge for the software development community. Despite the importance of these platforms, several studies have shown that digital information tends to cluster geographically, which limits knowledge access that is otherwise necessary for innovation.</p> <p>The proposed study highlights the dynamics of users from different geographical backgrounds within Stack Overflow, which entails intra-country interactions, predominant topics of discouse, as well as their communication patterns. Finally, the study highlights that regional behavioural variations stem beyond cultural factors, encompassing technological advancement, entrepreneurial ventures, and workforce composition. </p> <p>This replication package is provided for those interested in further examining our research methodology.</p>
Dataset for neutron and gamma-ray pulse shape discrimination: radiation pulse signals and discrimination methodologies
<p>This dataset provides neutron and gamma-ray pulse signals for pulse shape discrimination experiments. Serval traditional and recently proposed pulse shape discrimination algorithms are utilized to conduct pulse shape discrimination under raw pulse signals and noise-enhanced datasets. These algorithms include zero-crossing (ZC), charge comparison (CC), falling edge percentage slope (FEPS), frequency gradient analysis (FGA), pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN), ladder gradient (LG), and heterogeneous quasi-continuous spiking cortical model (HQC-SCM). This dataset also provides the source code of all these pulse shape discrimination methods, together with the source code of schematic pulse shape discrimination performance evaluation and anti-noise performance evaluation. Detailed descriptions of this dataset can be found at: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.18242.</p>
Dataset for Modeling scattering matrix containing evanescent modes for wavefront shaping applications in disordered media
<h3>About the data set</h3> <p>The zipped folder contains the saved computational run data of the Matlab code packages associated with our manuscript titled "Modeling scattering matrix containing evanescent modes for wavefront shaping applications in disordered media". Two .mat data files "saved-data-Code-Package-1.mat" and "saved-data-Code-Package-2.mat" are available within the zipped folder which are associated with the Matlab code packages hosted in the <a href="https://github.com/michaelraju/Generalized-S-Matrix.git" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Github repository</a> . One may add the data files "saved-data-Code-Package-1.mat" and "saved-data-Code-Package-2.mat" to the <a href="https://github.com/michaelraju/Generalized-S-Matrix.git" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Github repository</a> code package folders "Code-Package-1" and "Code-Package-2" respectively. Loading the saved run data (by setting <em>new_run_flag=0</em> in the main.m file contained in the Github repository) helps to visualize the results presented in the paper, without actually performing a new computational run from scratch. On the other hand, setting the flag <em>new_run_flag=1</em> yields a fresh computational run, initializing a new disorder.</p> <div> <h3>Contribution</h3> </div> <p>The dataset, the associated code packages and the analytical and numerical formulations were developed by Michael Raju as part of his <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10468/14107" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PhD thesis</a>. Baptiste Jayet and Prof. Stefan Andersson-Engels were involved in the PhD supervision. </p>
FIGURE 3 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling
FIGURE 3. Control landmarks for the AnyBody TPS-morphing on the ADL human femur and pelvis.
Climatic adaptation and phylogenetic history shape the intra-specific variation of CSR strategies in a widespread grass
<p>Data and R script for the paper entitled "Climatic adaptation and phylogenetic history shape the intra-specific variation of CSR strategies in a widespread grass".</p>
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